• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.451-459
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• 1999

Background : In sepsis, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species plays key roles in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. The serum antioxidants such as catalase and MnSOD are elevated in sepsis and considered as predictors of acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) and prognostic factors of sepsis. Peroxiredoxin(Prx) has recently been known as an unique and major intracellular antioxidant. In this study, we evaluated the expression of Prx I and Prx II in mouse monocyte-macrophage cells(RAW 267.7) after treatment of oxidative stress and endotoxin and measured the amount of Prx I, Prx II and thioredoxin(Trx) in peritoneal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of septic animal model. Methods : Using immunoblot analysis with specific antibodies against Prx I, Prx II and Trx, we evaluated the distribution of Prx I and Prx II in human neutrophil, alveolar macrophage and red blood cell. We evaluated the expression of Prx I and Prx II in mouse monocyte-macrophage cells after treatment of $5\;{\mu}M$ menadione and $1\;{\mu}g/ml$ lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and measured the amount of Prx I, Prx II and Trx in peritoneal lavage fluid of intraperitoneal septic animals(septic animal model induced with intraperitoneal 6 mg/Kg LPS injection) and those in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of intraperitoneal septic animals and intravenous septic animals(septic animal model induced with intravenous 5 mg/Kg LPS injection) and compared with the severity of lung inflammation. Results : The distribution of Prx I and Prx II were so different among human neutrophil, alveolar macrophage and red blood cell. The expression of Prx I in mouse monocyte-macrophage cells was increased after treatment of $5\;{\mu}M$ menadione and $1\;{\mu}g/ml$ lipopolysaccharide but that of Prx II was not increased. The amount of Prx I, Prx II and Trx were increased in peritoneal lavage fluid of intraperitoneal septic animals but were not increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of intraperitoneal and intravenous septic animals regardless of the severity of lung inflammation. Conclusion : As intracellular antioxidant, the expression of Prx I is increased in mouse monocyte-macrophage cells after treatment of oxidative stress and endotoxin. The amount of Prx I, Prx II and Trx are increased in local inflammatory site but not increased in injured lung of septic animal model.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 1990

Paragonimus westermani is a tissue migrating parasite in the early stage until arriving at lung, and most of the parasites spend their life spans there. Considerable immune responses including activation of macrophages are taken place during the residence of parasites in the host. However, concerning the immunologic defense mechanisms of the host against this parasite, only a few document is available so far. In this study, the cytotoxic effect of peritoneal macrophages under the presence of antibody and/or complement against metacercariae of F. westermani was investigated in vitro. Metacercarlae were collected from the crayfish, Cambaroides similis and hatched out in Tyrode solution (pH 7.4). Plastic adherent cells from normal or infected rat (Wistar) peritoneal exudates were used as experimental macrophages. Polyclonal antibodies were obtained from infected rats and a cat. Cat IgG was fractioned with ion exchange chromatography. Fresh rabbit complement was used according to experimental scheme. Various combinations of peritoneal macrophages, normal or infected rat serum, complement and cat IgG were incubated at $36^{\circ}C$ in 5% $CO_2$ incubator for 6, 14, 24 and 48 hours. The results obtained were as follows: 1. P. westermani infection activated peritoneal macrophages non-specifically and this activation induced increases of cell adherence and cytotoxicity on metacercariae. 2. In the presence of infected rat serum the antibody.dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of peritoneal macrophages on metacercariae was significantly increased and showed a peak at 6-hour incubation. But the cytotoxic effect was markedly reduced after inactivation of complement and heat.labile IgE antibody by the heating of infected serum at 56$^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes. 3. The highest cytotoxic effect (100%) of concomitant incubation with IgG and complement showed 24 hours after incubation, although cell adherence was relatively low at 6-hour incubation and 0% at 24-hour incubation. 4. Coordinative functions of complement with serum and IgG were effective in cell adherence and in cytotoxicity, but it is not clear the independent role of complement on the macrophage- mediated cytotoxicity in this study- With these results it is assumed that P. westermani infection can induce the non-specific activation of peritoneal macrophages, and strum antibodies including IgE antibody might enhance the cytotoxicity by macrophages,

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.74-78
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• 2007

Ixeris sonchifolia Hance(Godulbaegi), Oenanthe javanica(Dolminari), Fagopyrum esculentum Moench(Buckwheat), Hizikia fusiforme(Seaweed Fusiforme) and Zingiber officinale Roscoe(Ginger) have all been used as one of the traditional remedies as well as food source. There are few studies However, on their immunomodulating effects have been reported. We previously reported that ex vivo supplementation of each of the Ish, Oj, Fem, Hf and Zor water extracts enhanced the splenocytes proliferation compared to the control group. In this study, the combined immunomodulative effects of a plant water extract mixture containing these five food sources(Ish+Oj+Fem+Hf+Zor) was compared to the individual effect of each. The production of cytokine(IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$), secreted by macrophages stimulated with LPS or without, were detected via ELISA assay using a cytokine kit. After 48hrs of incubation with mitogen(ConA or LPS) stimulation, the mouse splenocyte proliferation in the experimental group had significantly increased at two different concentrations compared to the control group. The results of this study may suggest that the supplementing with a plant water extract mixture could regulate immune function by increasing splenocyte proliferation as well as enhance immune function by regulating the cytokine production capacity activated macrophages in mice.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.624-629
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• 2007

Hizikia fusiforme(sea weed fusiforme) has long been used for food source in this country. This study was performed to evalute the immunomodulative effects of Hizikia fusiforme (sea weed fusiforme) in mouse, using in vivo experiments. In vivo experiment, different concentration (0, 50, 500 mg/kg B.W.) of Hizikia fusiforme water extracts were orally administrated into mouse every other day for two weeks. The proliferation of mouse splenocytes, the production of three cytokines ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha})$ secreted by activated macrophage. Splenocyte proliferation was enhanced in mouse orally administrated with 50 mg/kg B.W. and 500 mg/kg B.W. concentration compared to that of control group. Especially, the highest proliferation of spleoncyte was seen from the mouse orally administrated at the concentration of 50 mg/kg B.W. Also, the mouse of Hizikia fusiforme water extracts supplementation group in the both concentrations showed enhanced levels of cytokine production by activated peritoneal macrophages compared to those in control group. The highest level of cytokine ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha})$ production was observed at 50 mg/kg B.W. supplementation group with LPS stimulation in all cases.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.19-32
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• 1994

가장 효과적인 H-2b 항원에 대한 시험관내 항체 생산 조건을 찾기 위하여 근교계 생쥐인 C57BL/6BySnj의 비장세포를 UV로 불활성학 시킨 후 항원으로 사용하고, A/wySnJ$\times$Sm/J(ASmJF1, hybrid)의 비장세포를 항원 수용자 계통으로 하여 5-7일동안 배양기에서 항체 생산을 유도하였다. 본 실험에서 T 임파구 대식세포와 임파구 분화 촉진 인자인Concanavalin A Lipopolvsaccharide. Pokeweed mitogen 등을 사용하여 20가지 조건으로 실험을 수행하여, 항체 생성 여부는 보체 의존성 세포 장애 실험과 면역 효소법에 의해 조사하였다 그 결과 모든 조건에서 항체생산이 확인되었으며. 가장 좋은 시험관내 항체 생산 조건으로는 T 임파구와 대식세포를 함께 사용하여 면역시킨 것이 가장 효과적이었다. 이 방법을 이용하여 항체 생산을 유도한 후 5일째 면역된 비장세포를 Sp2/0-Ag 14와 세포 융합시켜 H-2b 마우스의 체포 표면 항원에 대한 단일군항체 생산을 시도하였다. 또한 생체내 면역 방법과 비교하기 위해 6주간 C57BL/6BySnJ의 비장세포를 복강내에 주사하여 같은 조건으로 세포융합을 시도하였다. 그 결과 H-2b 세포의 표면 항원에 대한 항체 생산을 하는 세포군은 시험관내 면역 방법에서 3개 생체내 면역 방법에서 4개부 확인되었다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2002

This study were constructed to investigate effects of duck's egg oil on antitumor agent or a new natural immunomodulator. To obtained the aboved objectives, Duck's egg oil was purified the large scale from Duck. Duck's egg oil was accelerated the increasing reaction of mouse spleen cells, while inhibited to increase the YAC-cells. However, there is no significance the rate of CD4'/CD8'cell. The normal rate of CD4'-T and CD8'-T cells were accelerated the higher rate than that normal mouse group, and Duck's egg oil feeding mice showed a significant enhancement of expression of IL-2 receptors, an increase of numbers of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells. Otherwise, Duck's egg oil stimulated the production of NO from peritoneal macrophages and the production of TNF-a and also significantly accelerated in the spleen mice. On the other hands, lung localization of B16F10 melanoma cells inhibited by Duck's egg oil. These results found that Duck's egg oil is useful new functional materials as antitumor agent or immunomodulator.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1471-1478
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• 2008

In this study, nitric oxide (NO) production in a macrophage-lymphocyte co-culture system was used to assess the cytokine producing capability of cells during endotoxin tolerance in mice. Incubation of peritoneal macrophages with interferon-$\tau$ (IFN-$\tau$) in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) augmented NO synthesis. Exogenous tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$(TNF-$\alpha$) could also replace LPS for the stimulation of NO production. Macrophages co-cultured with splenic lymphocytes showed augmented NO synthesis by LPS alone. However, pretreatment of mice with 2.5 mg/kg LPS completely prevented the lethality and the increase of blood TNF-$\alpha$ and IFN-$\tau$ after the second challenge with a lethal dose of LPS. In addition, when macrophages prepared from LPS-tolerant mice were co-cultured with normal splenocytes, LPS also could not induce the production of NO, even in the presence of exogenous TNF-$\alpha$. Moreover, when normal macrophages were co-cultured with splenocytes obtained from LPS-tolerant mice, stimulation with LPS could not evoke the NO production enhancement. However, this down-regulation was able to reverse by exogenous IFN-$\tau$ or concanavalin A (ConA), a stimulator of IFN-$\tau$ production. Our results indicate that not only macrophages but also lymphocytes contribute to LPS tolerance. As INF-$\tau$ can enhance the expression of TNF-$\alpha$, the decrease of INF-$\tau$synthesis from lymphocytes may orchestrate with the decrease of TNF-$\alpha$ synthesis from LPS-tolerant macrophages for the production of tolerant state and the prevention of excessive inflammation. Therefore, LPS tolerance may be exploited for prophylaxis of severe sepsis in patients at risk.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.148-153
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• 1997

The immunomodulating effects of polysaccharide extracted from Ganoderma lucidum(PSG) on macrophage were evaluated using murine macrophage cell line ATCC TIB 71 cells or peritoneal exudate cells of BALB/c mice. The cell were incubated with various content of PSG for 24 hours at 0.5% $CO_2$ incubator under varying experimental conditions. PSG stimulated the non-specific activites of macrophage such as mitotic activity and expression of surface interleukin-2 receptors by dose-dependent pattern with statistic significance(p<0.001): however, PSG had little immunoregulatory effects on cytokines derived from peritoneal macrophages of BALB/c mice. There were no significant changes in the se-cretion of interleukin-6, interleukin-6, or tumor necrosis factors(Tn) of PSG treated cells compared to the control group. But PSG increased secretion of cytokines(IL-1 and TNF) when the cells were primed and trigged with BCG and IFN-${\gamma}$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.488-492
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• 2003

Yeast cell wall mutant, Saccharomyces cerevisiae IS2 was screened by the NTG treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCTC 7911. The mutant was highly resistant to zymolase, which specifically degrades ${\beta}$-1,3-D-glucose chain of ${\beta}$-glucan and mechanical disruption by glass beads. These phenomena demonstrate that the yeast mutant has cell wall structure different from the wild-type. The ${\beta}$-glucan of yeast mutant and wild-type strains was recovered by sequential extraction with NaOH. The injection of ${\beta}$-glucan into the abdominal cavity of mouse resulted in an increase in the number of peritoneal immune cells, NO (nitric oxide) production, and phagocytic activity of macrophage. The number of immune cells was found to be $3.90{\times}10^6\;cells/10\;mL$ and $5.48{\times}10^6\;cells/10\;mL$ with the wild-type and mutant ${\beta}$-glucan, respectively. The effect on the NO production and phagocytic activity of mutant ${\beta}$-glucan were 1.69 and 1.43-fold higher than those of wild-type. These results indicate that the immuno-stimulating activity of alternated ${\beta}$-glucan from mutant yeast is higher than that of wild-type.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.118-127
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• 2007

Germanium-fortified yeast (GY) is a organic germanium-fortified yeast with potent immune modulating activities including anti-inflammatory effect. Through cell line studies, we observed that GY can modulate the diverse immune activity but little evidence was provided on the mechanism of GY in modulating immune activities in other higher animals. In this study, we investigated the effect of GY on modulation of immune function in mice. GY was administered in normal mice or tumor-bearing mice and then effect of GY on modulation of host immune system was analyzed by using ex vivo isolated macrophages, B cells, NK cells. Admistration of GY in mice induced macrophage activation thereby increased effector function of macrophage such as increased phagocytosis, chemotaxis, adherence, $O_2-release$, NO, $TNF-{\alpha}$ production. In addition, GY administration Increased B lymphocyte activation and plaque forming cells. Furthermore, GY administration increased NK-cell mediated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, GY administration suppressed progression of tumor in mice by increasing $TNF-{\alpha}$ production and effector function of NK cells. Our results showed that GY has a potent immunostimulatory function in vivo mice model. Proper modulation and administration of GY in human could be helpful to maintaining immunological homeostasis by modulating host immune system.