• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.139-207
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• 2022

As various state restrictions on individual freedom were imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic, concerns have been raised that excessive infringements on fundamental rights were indiscriminately permitted based on the public interest of preventing infectious diseases. Therefore, the question of how to set acceptable limits of liberty restrictions on individuals has emerged. However, since the phenomenon of infections spreading to the population is only predicted statistically, how to deal with the risk of the infected individual as a subject of legal analysis has become a problem. In the absence of a theoretical framework of legal analysis of risk, the risk of infected individuals during the pandemic was not analyzed strictly, and proportionality review of infection prevention measures was often only an abstract comparison of the importance of public interest and individual rights. Therefore, this research aims to conduct a theoretical review on how risk can be conceptualized legally in a public health crisis, and to develop a theoretical framework for proportionality review of the risk of liberty-limiting measures during a pandemic. Chapter 2 analyzes the legal philosophical concepts of risk, which are the basis for liberty restrictions during a public health crisis, and applies and extends them to the pandemic. Chapter 3 reviews previous studies related to liberty restriction measures in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and points out they have a limitation that specific criteria for the proportionality review of public health measures in the pandemic have not been presented. Accordingly, Chapter 3 specifies the methodological framework for proportionality review, referring to the theoretical discussion on risks in Chapter 2. Chapter 4 reviews the legitimacy of gathering restriction orders, applying the theoretical discussion in Chapter 2 and the criteria for proportionality review established in Chapter 3. In particular, Section 4 examines logic of proportionality review in judicial precedents over the ban on gathering restrictions implemented in the COVID-19 pandemic. In analyzing the precedents, the logic of proportionality review in each case is critically reviewed and reconstructed based on the theoretical framework presented in this research.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.219-225
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• 2006

As the number of old people grows in today's modern society, dental hygienist's role is more emphasized than ever before for oral hygiene management of the aged. It is also important to find out college students' knowledge, attitude and behavior towards the elderly. Therefore, this study is conducted through interview with college students who are majoring in dental hygiene of health care in Busan and will be in charge of oral hygiene. According to the interview, this study obtains the following results: 1. The level of undergraduate students' knowledge of old people shows a total score of $14.53{\pm}2.35$ (correct response rate is 69.9%). 2. The average score of undergraduate students' attitude towards old people is in a neutral range(50~70), recording 63.12(${\pm}7.22$) on a scale of 100. 3. The average score of undergraduate students' behavior towards old people is lower than a neutral range(43~60), recording 39.09(${\pm}13.43$) on a scale of 85 and showing negative behavior. 4. Experience of living together with the elderly and participating in volunteer jobs lead to significant differences in undergraduate students' attitude towards old people. 5. Experience of living together with the elderly causes significant differences in undergraduate students' behavior towards old people. That is, undergraduate students living together with the elderly show a positive behavior towards old people. 6. Undergraduate students' knowledge shows a strong positive relationship with their attitude, but it has a bit positive correlation with behavior even though there are no statistically significant differences between knowledge and behavior. No relationship is found between behavior and attitude. That is, undergraduate students have more positive attitude as their knowledge of the elderly is higher, but their behavior is not positive.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.101-130
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• 2012

This study examines mortality change in North Korea and its association with state production and welfare systems. Two main subjects are analyzed. The first theme is to examine the reliability of mortality related data released by North Korea government authorities. Examining inner consistencies among mortality related statistics and comparing with mortality trends in other socialist societies, the study finds that mortality rate was under estimated. Under-estimation of mortality by North Korean authorities is regarded to result not only from political purpose which aims to propagate the regime's superiority but also from enumeration errors of vital statistics based on the residence registration. The second theme is to estimate the change in mortality of North Korean people since the establishment of DPRK, correcting errors of mortality data. Mortality of North Korean people is estimated to have improved largely by the early 1970s, to have been sluggish hereafter, and finally to have increased during the economic hardship period between 1993 and 2008. While large people died during the food crisis in the late 1990s, however the population loss caused by mortality increase was not so great as the proposition of the huge starvation was expected. It is partly because population turbulence occurred not just by mortality increase, rather it has progressed in the joint effects of fertility decline and exodus of North Korean people for food. It is also due to North Korean people's voluntary activities of informal economy. It is also worth noting the high mortality rate of North Korean men. The high mortality of North Korean men is likely due to men's mobilization for long time in army and labor with high risk of accident and their life styles.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.167-178
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• 2024

In this study, we investigated the perceptions of science-related careers and career education among middle school science teachers. Sixty-four science teachers experienced in teaching unit 7 in the first year of middle school participated. The results of the study revealed that not only careers in science but also careers with science were found to be quite high when teachers were asked to provide examples of science-related careers. Jobs related to research/engineering, which are careers in science, comprised the highest proportion of teachers' answers, followed by jobs related to education/law/social welfare/police/firefighting/military, and health/medical, which are careers with science. However, the proportion of jobs mentioned related to installation/maintenance/production was extremely low. The skills required for science-related careers were mainly perceived to consist of tools for working and ways of working. The number of skills classified under living in the world was perceived to be extremely low across most careers, irrespective of career type. Most teachers only taught unit 7 for two to four sessions and devoted little time to science-related career education, even in general science classes. In the free semester system, a significant number of teachers responded that they provide science-related career education for more than 8 hours. Teachers mainly utilize lecture, discussion/debate, and self-study activities. Meanwhile, in the free semester system, the resource-based learning method was utilized at a high proportion compared to other class situations. Teachers generally made much use of media materials, with the use of textbooks and teacher guides found to be lower than expected. There were also cases of using materials supported by science museums or the Ministry of Education. Teachers preferred to implementing student-centered classes and utilizing various teaching and learning methods. Based on the above research results, discussions were proposed to improve teachers' perceptions of science-related careers and career education.