• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 2011

This study was performed to assess the microbiological quality and potential health risk of fresh-cut produce and organic vegetables sampled from supermarkets and department stores in Korea. A total of 96 samples comprised three types of fresh-cut produce (sprouts, mixed-vegetables, fruit) and three types of organic vegetables (lettuce, perilla leaf, green pepper). The samples were analyzed for total viable cell counts, coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus. The microbiological counts of fruit were very low. Sprouts were highly contaminated by total viable cell counts ($8.3{\pm}0.57$ log CFU/g), Enterobacteriaceae ($7.1{\pm}0.76$ log CFU/g), and coliforms ($4.9{\pm}0.40$ log MPN/g), and showed a high incidence level of B. cereus ($2.9{\pm}0.48$ log CFU/g). Of the fresh-cut produce analyzed, six (13.6%) mixed-vegetable salads were E. coli positive. S. aureus was detected in only one sprout sample and one mixed-vegetable salad, and its contamination levels were under 2 log CFU/g, which is appropriate for Korean standards (<3 log CFU/g) of fresh-cut produce. Of the organic vegetables, lettuces were highly contaminated by total viable cell counts ($6.4{\pm}0.74$ log CFU/g), Enterobacteriaceae ($5.7{\pm}0.98$ log CFU/g), and coliforms ($3.7{\pm}1.72$ log MPN/g). Two (13.6%) organic lettuce and one (7.1%) perillar leaf sample were E. coli positive, and S. aureus was detected in one lettuce and two perilla leaf samples. Salmonella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected in any of the fresh-cut produce or organic vegetables analyzed.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.204-210
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• 1998

The experiment was conducted to obtain the basic data required to characterize and improve rhizosphere environment of salt-accumulated greenhouse(SAG) soils by comparing the soil properties and the microbial flora of such soils to those of unprotected arable upland(UAU) soils. Soils were sampled from greenhouses and unprotected upland fields around the country. Microbial propulation, biomass C content and soil chemical properties were of interest. Population density of fluorescent Pseudomonas was high in UAU soils, while those of pathogenic Fusarium sp. and fluorescent Pseudomonas were low in SAG soils. With increasing soil organic matter(OM) content, the population densities of Bacillus sp., fluorescent Pseudomonas sp., Enterobacteriaceae, and microbial biomass C content increased. As soil electrical conductivity(EC) increased higher than $5.1dS\;m^{-1}$, the ratios of bacteria to fungi(B/F) and actinomycetes to fungi(A/F) and the population density of fluorescent Pseudomonas decreased remarkably. The soil pH was positively related to the population density of aerobic bacteria, while it was negatively related to that of fungi. The soil OM content was significantly correlated to the population densities of actinomycetes($r=0.226^*$). Bacillus sp.($r=0.334^{**}$), Enterobacteriaceae($r=0.276^*$), and the microbial biomass C content($R=0.439^{**}$). The population density of actinomycetes was also significantly correlated with soil exchangeable Ca($r=0.334^{**}$) and Mg($r=0.352^{**}$).

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.278-283
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• 2003

Feasibility tests on using liposomes for detecting food-borne pathogenic bacteria were studied with E. coli 0157:H7 as a model analyte. lmmunoliposomes, whose surface was conjugated with anti-E. coli 0157:H7 IgG and which encapsulated the marker dye, sulforhodamine B, were used for the detection label. Among the feasibility tests, the first test was to use a test-strip on which antibodies to anti-E. coli O157:H7 IgG were immobilized. In this format, immunoliposomes that did not bind to E. coli O157:H7 in sample were captured and then exhibited a visible signal which was inversely related with the number of E. coli O157:H7 in sample. The second test was a direct liposome assay followed by immunomagnetic separation. In this format, immunoliposomes which were bound to E. coli O157:H7 were lysed with detergent and produced a signal which was proportionally related with the number of E. coli O157:H7 in sample. The results from both formats indicate that liposomes can be utilized as a detection label.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.71-81
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• 2007

Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae and 4 Vibrio spp.(V. anguillarum, V. splendidus, V. harveyi and V. ordalii) were isolated from the diseased olive flounders, Paralichthys olivaceus. The isolates were tested on the pathogenicity in vitro. The properties of extracellular products(ECPs) were investigated with enzymatic activities, hemolytic activities toward the sheep and olive flounder erythrocytes, and cytotoxicity activities on the cell-line. And potential signal transduction pathways of the bacterial internalization were detected by using signal transduction inhibitors. P. damselae was high in phospholipase activity, hemolytic activity to olive flounder erythrocytes and cytotoxicity activity. And P. damselae had diversified internalizing pathways as compared to isolated vibrios. Therefore, these activities may be related with pathogenicity of P. damselae.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.620-626
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• 2006

Recently, indoor air quality (IAQ) is one of the greatest problems in our modern societies. Although research for IAQ is made rapid progress but IAQ problems concerning in door microorganism contamination is required to be studied still more. So we have investigated the indoor microorganism concentration of a variety of department store, subway station, underground shopping center, kindergartens, library where people complain about the in-door air quality. The experiment on microorganism concentration of indoor air was carried out and the average of total microorganisms was measured. Comparing the experimental results with existing foreign criterion, the experimental results show that the ministry of environment recommendation microorganism concentration value ($800 CFU/m^3$) is in need of revision in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1984

Twenty two cultures of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from cultured eels(Anguilla japonica) from Asan Hatchery. The bateria were characterized by their biochemical properties, serological relationships, infectivity to gold fish and susceptibility to various antimicrobial compounds. Fourteen of 22(64%) cultures were identified as Edwardsiella tarda, five (23%) as Aeromonas hydrophila and three (14%) as Vibro anguillarum. Edwardisiella tardo isolates proved to be the main cause of the disease in cultured eels. They were serologically homogeneous and their virulency to gold fish was higher than any of the other groups of bacteria tested. The virulence of 3 isolates were low in gold fish exposed to the bacteria by the waterborn route. Ten strains were tested for their susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial compounds and were resistant to from one to six drugs: in particular, tetracycline derivatives and sulfisoxazole.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.372-379
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• 1999

A bacteriological study of sea water and oyster in Tongyeong coastal area was conducted to evaluate sanitary conditions of the bay and compliance of waters with the recommended bacteriological criteria fur the designated area of shellfish cultivation. The Samples were collected at 5 zone, 34 sampling stations(Fig. 1) established once a month from September 1997 to August 1998. During the study period, temperature ranged from 6.9 to 23.6$^{\circ}C$, transparency ranged from 2.6 to 6.2 m, chemical oxygen demand ranged from 1.35 to 1.82 mg/ι, dissolved oxy-gen ranged from 5.0 to 9.9 mg/ι, dissolved nitrogen ranged from 1.60 to 8.17 $\mu\textrm{g}$-at/ι, phosphate ranged from 0.14 to 1.21 $\mu\textrm{g}$-at/ι, Chlorophyll-a ranged from 2.03 to 69.9 mg/㎥, respectively. The coliform group and fecal coliform MPN's of sea water were ranged from <3.0~1,600 and <3.0~540, respectively. The coliform group and fecal coliform MPN's of oysters were ranged from <18~16,000 and <18~2,200, respectively. The viable cell counts in oyster ranged from $1.5\times$10$^2$to 8.2$\times$10$^3$. The coliform stoup, fecal coliform, classification of coliform group with IMViC reactions and pathogenic vibrios were analyzed. 437 strains that were obtained from Tongyeoung coastal area seawater samples represented E. coli group 47.5%, C. freundii group 14.8%, K. aerogenes 10.9%, unknown 26.8%, respectively. During the study period, infectious bacteria such as Vibrio ohoEerae, Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. were not detected from the samples, but detection ratios of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus were 12~21% in summer months.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of rhizosphere bacterium and pathogenic fungi on the growth of corn(Zea may L.) in continuous corn cultivation soil(CCCS) and non-continuous cultivation soil(NCCS). Corn was established by seeding into pots of 30 cm in diameter and 50 cm in depth containing 1 : 1 mixture of soil and vermiculite. Rhizobacterium and pathogenic fungi were inoculated into the soils. The field experiment was carried out at the Animal Research Station, College of Agriculture, Chonnam National University. Sample of corn was taken from each pot at 50 days and 90 days after sowing. Corn was cultivated in a vinyl house with three replications under natural daylight conditions. The bacterium used in this study was Bacillus subtilis. B. subtilis was directly isolated and identified from forage rhizosphere soil. Dry matter(DM) of coron plant in treatment without B. subtilis was lower than that in treatment of B. subtilis. DM of corn plant inoculated with B. subtilis was higher than that of corn inoculated with pathogenic fungi in both CCCS and NCCS. DM of corn plant in NCCS was more increased than that in CCCS. The effect of B. subtilis inoculation on the growth of corn was better in NCCS than in CCCS. However, DM of corn plant was apparently decreased by the inoculation of the pathogenic fungi in both CCCS and NCCS.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to investigate the microbial contamination level of domestic kitchen environments and to provide information to improve food safety in 50 domestic house kitchens located in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do. Dishcloth, chopping board, and refrigerator swabs were examined for the presence of coliforms, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni/coli, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. The means and standard deviations of coliform counts for dishcloths was $4.8{\pm}1.84log\;CFU/100g$, chopping boards, and refrigerator drawers were $4.04{\pm}1.53$, $4.11{\pm}1.65log\;CFU/100cm^2$, respectively. Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni/coli were not detected in all samples. E. coli were detected in 3 on the dishcloths and 1 of 50 samples in the refrigerator drawer. Listeria monocytogenes was detected in the drawer of the refrigerator in 2 of 50 samples. In the case of Staphylococcus aureus, the detection on dishcloths, chopping boards, and drawers in refrigerators was 21, 12, and 14 of 50 samples, respectively. The results of microbiological tests of domestic kitchen utensils can be used to emphasize the importance of the sanitary conditions in domestic kitchen environments.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.577-587
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• 1989

소의 하부호흡기계 질병을 진단하고자 기침과 비루를 주증상으로 하는 31두의 환우와 임상증상을 나타내지 않는 9두의 소에 5 fr. urinary catheter를 이용한 transtracheal aspiration technique를 적용하고 이 방법의 유용성 및 분리된 병원성 세균과 세포상을 임상증상과 관련하여 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Transtracheal aspiration technique은 구강내 정상상재균에 오염되지 않은 가검물을 하부호흡기로부터 채취하는데 호흡장애와 합병증을 유발하지 않았다. 총 40두로부터 분리한 세균중 Pasteurella multocida가 48.7%로 가장 많이 분리되었으며 점액 화농성 염증이 40%로 가장 많이 나타났다. 심한 임상증상을 보인 소중 점액화농성 염증이 60%로 가장 많이 나타났으며 Pasteurella multocida가 63.2%로 높게 분리되었다. 경미한 임상증상을 보인 소에서는 염증세포에 따른 세포상이 고루 나타났으며 Pasteurella multocida가 40% 분리되었다. 세포학적 관찰에서는 정상인 경우는 섬모원주상피세포가 다수 관찰되었고 점액성 염증인 경우는 소수의 호중구 및 상피세포가 관찰되었으며 점액화농성 염증인 경우는 다수의 밀집된 호중구, 상피세포 및 점조한 삼출물이 동시에 관찰되었다. 복합세포성 염증에서는 대식구, 호중구, 임파구 및 상피 세포가 혼재하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 transtracheal aspiration technique은 소의 하부호흡기계 질병을 진단하는데 실제 임상에서 응용할 수 있는 쉽고 안전하며 유익한 방법으로 사료된다.