• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.40-53
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• 1992

고온고압장치(High Temperature and Pressure Vessels)의 적용을 위한 기초연구로서 9Cr-1Mo강 용접부의 연화특성에 대하여 검토하였다. 9Cr-1Mo 강재에 Bead-on-Plate용접을 실시한 후, 용접부의 기계적 성질과 그 현미경조직관찰 및 미세경도를 측정한 결과, As-Welded 및 용접 후열처리(PWHT)등의 조건에 관계없이 용접열향부의 변태역과 템퍼링역의 경계에서 모재의 경 도보다 낮은 경도값(연화역)을 나타내었으며 이러한 원인은 결정립계(Grain boundary)에 석출 되는 탄화물의 형성에 의한 뜨임 현상임이 판명되었다.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.141-147
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• 1993

The behavior of reverted austenite in Fe-Ni-Mn(Ti) maraging steels has been investigated in the temperature range from $400^{\circ}C$ to $550^{\circ}C$ using TEM equipped with EDX. Four kinds of reverted austenite appeared depending on the aging temperatures and time : Widmanstatten, granular, lath-like and recrystallized austenite. The reverted austenites are enriched in Ni and Mn due to the dissolution of precipitates and redistribution of alloying elements. Widmanstatten austenite appears unformly in the lath martensite having the K-S orientation relationship with the martensite lath, while lath-like martensites showed K-S and N relations depending on the chemistry and heat treating condition. The recrystallized austenite forms at $550^{\circ}C$ after long aging times : some becomes unstable and transforms to lath martensite on cooling.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Industrial Safety Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.107-112
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• 2003

형상기억합금(shape memory alloy; SMA)은 소성가공을 통하여 원하는 형태로 변형시킨 이후에도(현재로서는 최대 10%미만의 변형) 일정조건의 열을 가하면 원래의 형상으로 복원되는 합금을 말한다. 형상기억효과는 고상(solid state)에서의 금속조직이 오스테나이트(austenite: 이하 A 또는 B2상)로부터 마르텐사이트(martensite: 이하 M 또는 B19'상)로, 다시 역으로 마르텐사이트에서 오스테나이트로의 변태에 기인되는 것으로 밝혀지고 있으며 이러한 변태는 온도유기변태(temperature induced transformation)와 응력유기변태(stress induced transformation)로 분류할 수 있다.(중략)

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.60-65
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of reverse transformation on the damping capacity in high manganese austenitic stainless steel. ${\alpha}^{\prime}$-martensite was formed with the specific direction and surface relief by deformation. Over 95% of the austenite phase was transformed to deformation-induced ${\alpha}^{\prime}$-martensite by 70% cold rolling. Reverse transformation became rapid above an annealing temperature of $550^{\circ}C$, but there was no significant transformation above $700^{\circ}C$. In addition, with increasing annealing time at $700^{\circ}C$, reverse transformation was induced rapidly, but the transformation was almost completed at 10 min. Damping capacity was increased up to $700^{\circ}C$, and than unchanged with the increasing annealing temperature. Damping capacity increased steeply with an increasing reverse treatment time up to 10min, whereas there were no significant change with a treatment time of more than 10 min. Damping capacity increased with an increasing the reversed austenite and was strongly affected by reversed austenite.

• 한국전자현미경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.27-27
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• 2000

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.431-437
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• 2001

This research was examined the effect of intercritical heat treatment on the mechanical Properties and retained austenite formation in 0.1C-6.5Mn steels for the development of a high strength high ductility steel. using of transformation induced plasticity due to retained austenite. The stability of retained austenite is very important for the good ductility and it depend on diffusion of carbon and manganese during reverse transformation. It is effective to heat treat at$ 645^{\circ}C$ in order to obtain over 30 vol.% of retained austenite. However, it is more desirable to heat treat at $620^{\circ}C$, considering the volume fraction and mechanical stability of retained austenite. The strength-elongation combination in cold rolled steel sheets after reverse transformed at $620^{\circ}C$ for 1hr was about 4000k9/mm7, but it decreased rapidly with increasing holding time at high temperature due to the decrease of ductility. The addition of 1.1%Si in 0.14C-6.5Mn TRIP steel does not improve the mechanical properties and retained austenite formation.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.21-39
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• 1994

In order to study the optimum environmental condition for larvae culture of the freshwater crab, Eriocheir japonicus, larvae from different growth stages and young crab were cultured under the 16 different conditions of $4\times4$ temperature-salinity combinations (4 different temperatures at 22, 24, 26, $28^{\circ}C$ with 10.5, 17.5, 24.5 and $31.5\%$ of salinity). The duration of metamorphosis, metamorphosis rate, the interval of moulting period, and survival rate were measured from each experimental group of larvae and young crab under the different conditions. The results indicated that the optimum conditions may be a $24.5\%o$ of salinity at water temperature at 22, 24, and $26^{\circ}C$. At $28^{\circ}C$ with $24.5\%o$), the duration of metamorphosis reduced somewhat, nevertheless metamorphosis and survival rate decreased a lot. And the lower the salinity showed the lower the metamorphosis and survival rates at $28^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.392-397
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• 2000

The effect of pressure on the phase transformation in Fe-30Ni-0.35C Alloy and pure metals was investigated by using PDSC(pressure differential scanning calorimeter). As the pressure increased from 1 atm to 60 atm, the $A_s$points of the ausformed martensite and the marformed martensite in Fe-30Ni-0.35C Alloy were lowered about $2~4^{\circ}C$ at reverse transformation. This is why the volume change came down at phase transition(from martensite to autenite). As the pressure increased from 1 atm to 60 atm, $A_f$ points were constant or slightly increased. This is due to the promotion of carbide precipitation with increasing pressure. The enthalpy change of the ausformed martensite in Fe-30Ni-0.35C Alloy was increased by 10~14J/g. The melting points of the pure metals, Se, Sn, Pb, Zn and Te were slightly increased with increasing pressure. The enthalpy changes of the pure metals at melting were little changed or slightly increased with increasing pressure.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 1996.05a
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• pp.93-93
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• 1996

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.257-266
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• 2001

To investigate the process of spermoigenesis and glycogen effect during the spermatogenesis of Rana catesbeiana, the morphological characteristics of the testes were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Spermiogenesis of R. catesbeiana was divided into three stages on the basis of the features of the nucleus and the cytoplasm organelles. Except for the primary spermatogonia, the phases from the spermatocytogenesis to the spermatids before spermiation phase were surrounded by spermatocyst. Especially , the glycogen particles were not observed until in the stage of spermatocytogenesis, but from the early spermatids to the maturation phase were observed in the nucleus, acrosome and cytoplasm of the spermatids. The present result suggests that the glycogen may play an important role in the sperm maturation, and as a source of the energy in the wave-movement of sperm tail.