• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.3
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• pp.204-214
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• 2008

This study was conducted to analyze the influence of simulated acid rain on growth of Liliodendron tulipifera seedlings. The seedlings were treated with four levels of simulated acid rain, 5.6, 4.9, 3.9, or 2.9, and dry weight, growth of stem and root were investigated. There were statistically significant differences at 1% and 5% in the total dry weight of the above-part among the simulated acid rain treated groups with different levels of pH and different types of soil. The dry weight of the above part tended to decrease as the acidity of the simulated acid rain increases. The total dry weight of the below-part was significantly different according to the levels of acidity of the acid rain in all three soils and was shown a significant difference according to the soil types at only pH 2.9 plot. The dry weight of the below part in soils A and C decreased as the pH level decreases. The rate of stem growth was significantly different among the treatment groups of acidity of the acid rain at significance level of 0.01 and among the treatment groups of soil types at 0.01 and 0.05 levels from June to August. In all three soil types, the greatest stem growth occurred during the period of June. Moreover, stem growth was promoted at pH 3.9 plot and pH 4.9 plot whereas it was suppressed at pH 2.9 plot. Though the amount of fine roots and very fine roots in soil depth of 0-7 cm and 7-14 cm were significantly different among the treatment groups of pH level, fine root was not shown a significant difference among the pH groups in soil depth of 14-21cm. The types of soil significantly affected only on the amount of the very fine root.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.51-63
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• 2013

To assess the effect of environmental factors on the sustainability of cultured production shellfish, we investigated the habitat characteristics of tidal flat (Namhae-po in Taean). We measured the physiochemical parameters (temperature, salanity, pH, dissolved oxygen and nutrients) and the geochemical characteristics (chemical oxygen demand, ignition loss, C/N ratio and C/S ratio). Surface sediments were collected from several site of tidal flat to examine the geochemical characteristics of both the benthic environment and heavy metal pollution. The grain size for research area of tidal flat were similar at the ratio of silt and clay in comparison with the other site of it. The C/N ratio was more than 5.0, reflecting the range arising from the mix of marine organism and organic matter. The C/S ratio (about 2.8) showed that survey area had anoxic or sub-anoxic bottom conditions. The enrichment factor (Ef) and index of accumulation rate (Igeo) of the metals showed that those research areas can be classified as heavily polluted, heavily to moderately polluted, or more or less unpolluted, respectively. Adult surf clam (Mactra veneriformis) density was highest at St. 2 (middle part of the Namhae-po), on the other hand, surf clam spat density was highest at St. 3 (lower part of the Namhae-po). Heavy rain, terrigenous suspended clay with fresh water from neighboring agricultural land, and severe high air temperature during summer could be thought as detrimental causes of spat and adult mortality in Namhae-po tidal flat. We suggested that the growth of shellfish in the tidal flat was effected by the various environmental conditions, so an improvement in the cultured method was needed.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.70
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• pp.63-88
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• 2007

The purpose of this writing is to examine the places and instruments of the dissection for deformed animal carcasses excavated in shellfish stacks of the period of the Proto-Three Kingdoms(삼한) and the Three Kingdoms(삼국). The remains were chosen, which had been excavated and finished in the analysis of the animal carcasses, and the main objects are all shells and deer, especially among Mammalia. As the result, the dissection of shells was not taken place in the habitats of the animals, but inside or around of the residence of the people. For deer, too, it was done in the public place or specific area around and inside the residence. As concerns the method of dissection for shells, for Pelecypoda(부족류), represented by Meretrix lusoria(백합), the inner meat was taken out by wrenching the shell with a kind of small knives, or by boiling, and sometimes by cracking the middle of the shell in the case of big Meretrix lusoria and Dosinorbis japonicus(떡조개). For Rapana venosa(피뿔고둥), representative of Gastropoad(배발류), the people broke the top or some parts of the body to get the inner meat or used some kind of needles and stylus to pick the inner meat out after boiling. Abalones‘ meat was attached firmly to the shell, so very sharp and proper metal instruments were used to take the meat out Relatively small-sized Reishia clavigera(대수리),Top shell(밤고둥) meats were taken out by breaking the top parts after boiling, then sucking the meats, or by picking them out by using needles and stylus in the original shape. In the case of large Mammalia like deer, in the full consideration of the point that deer itself are used in various ways, they were dissected in the order of skinning, taking out the internal organs, cutting front and rear legs, separating joint parts and meats, extracting bone-marrow by 철정, 철부, ironed hand knife in very delicate ways. It seems that skinning, and front and rear legs' cutting were taken place in the place around the residence, on the other hand joint parts' separating and bone-marrow extracting in the residence. The tools for the dissection were confirmed to be hand-knife, honed ax, hammer stone, bondstone, needles and stylus, and some other sharp instrument. They were used properly according to objects.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1988

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of some environmental factors on mycerial growth, sporulation and sclerotial formation of Botrytis elliptica cultured on artificial media. Mycerial growth of B. elliptica was the most favorable on V-8 juice agar among the seven different media tested and sporulation of the fungus was favorable on the medium under NUV light irradiation. Abundant conidia could be obtained from V-8 juice agar medium by NUV light irradiation after 3 days of incubation at $23^{\circ}C$ under darkness. The optimum temperature for mycerial growth and conidial germination was $23^{\circ}C$ and the mycerial growth was favorable at relatively lower temperature ranged $19^{\circ}C$ to $23^{\circ}C$. The optimum pH of the medium for mycerial growth of this fungus ranged 4.5 to 5.0 and that was inhibited at higher pH of the media. Mycerial growth of the fungus was not highly influenced by irradiation of fluorescent light, however sporulation was stimulated under NUV light irradiation. Sclerotia of B. elliptica were formed when it was cultured at lower temperature below $19^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

A series of the studies on the applied physical properties of domestic species have been conducted last three years. Liriodendron tulipifera, Betula costata, Paulownia coreana were examined on sorption property, thermal property, electric property, acoustic property. Because the same apparatus and experimental procedures were used for all species, their results can be easily comparable. The experiments for sorption property were conducted with 80 mesh wood powder and resulted in their EMC's and sorption isotherms. The thermal conductivity and diffusivity, and electric resistance and volumetric electric resistivity were measured with a thermal-wire device and a high electric resistance meter. The differences of the thermal and electric properties between quarter-and flat-sawn specimens were observed, which was partially attributed to their anatomical differences. An acoustic measurement system was used to evaluate dynamic MOE and internal friction. This paper provides the useful fundamental data for designing a wood structure, correcting a portable resistance-type moisture meter, and acoustic properties of wood.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.4
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• pp.537-542
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• 2013

Field performance of somatic plants (somatic embryo derived-plants) of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) produced from somatic embryogenesis was compared with that of seedlings at age 5. In comparison of photosynthetic rate (seedling, $10.67{\mu}mol$ $CO_2m^{-2}s^{-1}$; somatic plant, $9.04{\mu}mol$ $CO_2m^{-2}s^{-1}$), stomatal conductance rate (seedling, 0.2 $H_2Om^{-2}s^{-1}$; somatic plant, 0.166 $H_2Om^{-2}s^{-1}$) and respiration rate (seedling, 1.71 mmol $H_2Om^{-2}s^{-1}$; somatic plant, 1.513 mmol $H_2Om^{-2}s^{-1}$), no significant differences were found between plants. The seedlings were a little higher in comparison of stomatal density (seedling, $23.33/mm^2$; somatic plant, $22.43/mm^2$), length (seedling, $25.83{\mu}m$; somatic plant, $23.46{\mu}m$) and width (seedling, $15.87{\mu}m$; somatic plant, $15.3{\mu}m$). In comparison of DNA content of the leaves using flow cytometry, no differences in ploidy level were found between the seedlings and somatic plants.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.311-319
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• 2015

Near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy was employed to develop moisture content prediction model of pitch pine (Pinus rigida), red pine (Pinus densiflora), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) wood below fiber saturation point. NIR reflectance spectra of specimens ranging from 1000 nm to 2400 nm were acquired after humidifying specimens to reach several equilibrium moisture contents. To determine the optimal moisture contents prediction model, 5 mathematical preprocessing methods (moving average (smoothing point: 3), baseline, standard normal variate (SNV), mean normalization, Savitzky-Golay $2^{nd}$ derivatives (polynomial order: 3, smoothing point: 11)) were applied to reflectance spectra of each specimen as 8 combinations. After finishing mathematical preprocessings, partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis was performed to each modified spectra. Consequently, the mathematical preprocessing methods deriving optimal moisture content prediction were 1) moving average/SNV for pitch pine and red pine, 2) moving average/SNV/Savitzky-golay $2^{nd}$ derivatives for Korean pine and yellow poplar. Every model contained three principal components.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.206-214
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• 2011

Fifteen clones of poplars, 2 clones of willows, and yellow poplar were used to evaluate the effects of 5 treatments such as SCBLF (slurry composting and biofiltration liquid fertilizer), general slurry liquid fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, groundwater, and control (no treatment) on vitality, growth performance, and biomass production. Five cuttings for each tree species were planted in 3 replications. After planting cuttings, a coppice was induced by cutting off stems at 10cm above the ground. Data were collected for first growing season and trees were harvested at the end of October. Maximum mortality rate i.e. 96% was recorded in the cuttings treated with groundwater and minimum 92% with control (no treatment). In all tree species, sprouting of stump was not differ significantly among the treatments. Total nitrogen concentrations of leaves and stump sprouts were higher in the treatment of SCBLF than the control, 26.6% and 22.9%, respectively. Biomass production was highest in the stumps treated with chemical fertilizer, $1.98Mg\;ha^{-1}\;year^{-1}$, and lowest in control ($1.34Mg\;ha^{-1}\;year^{-1}$).

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2013

In this study, growth-line analysis was carried out on the hard clam (Meretrix petechialis) collected from the Neolithic shell middens in Daejuk-ri, Seosan, Korea, to reconstruct palaeoenvironment. Growth increments of 206 specimens of the clam were examined. The ages of the specimens were determined from the rings on the shells. The relationship between shell length and ring radius in each ring group was expressed as a regression line, indicating a correspondence in each ring formation. Growth pattern of the midden specimens was compared to that of modern ones collected from Gimje, Jeonbuk. Growth curves for shell length fitted to the von Berta anffy's growth curve were expressed respectively as follows: $SL_t=102.9025[1-e^{-0.18657(t+1.0906)}]$ in the shell midden specimens, $SL_t=104.2583[1-e^{-0.2277(t+0.7499)}]$ in the modern ones. The relationship between shell length (SL; mm) and shell height (SH; mm) was expressed by the following equations: SH = 0.7791 SL + 3.6636 ($R^2$ = 0.946) in the midden specimens, SH = 0.8103 SL + 0.5145 ($R^2$ = 0.991) in the modern ones. The results of the tests regarding the differences between regression coefficients and elevations of growth curves of these two populations demonstrate that the slopes were not significantly different (p < 0.05), but the elevations were (p > 0.05). However, overall growth curves of the midden and modern populations were not significantly different, indicating that shell growth environments of the two areas are similar. Therefore, it is likely that sea temperature near the midden area could be similar to that of present Gimje area, and thus temperature during the period of the midden formation could be higher than presently known.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.2
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• pp.324-332
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of container types on seedling growth of Betula costata, Liriodendron tulipifera, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Fraxinus mandshurica, Zelkova serrata, and Ulmus parvifolia in the container nursery system. We used three container types [20 cavities (150 seedlings/$m^2$-400 mL), 24 cavities (200 seedlings/$m^2$-320 mL), and 35 cavities (260 seedlings/$m^2$-240 mL)] and measured root collar diameter (RCD), height, biomass, seedling quality index (SQI), and root density. The root collar diameter, height, biomass, SQI, and root density of seedlings were the highest at 20 cavities/tray in all six species because this container type has the largest volume and lowest seedling density. However, F. rhynchophylla growth at both 20 and 24 cavities/tray, Z. serrata growth at both 24 and 35 cavities/tray and B. costata growth at all sizes were not significantly different. As expected, container volume was positively correlated with RCD, height, and biomass of five species except for Z. serrata, but seedling density negatively did. Based on these results, 20 cavities/tray are optimal for L. tulipifera, F. mandshurica, and U. parvifolia, 20 or 24 cavities/tray for F. rhynchophylla, 24 or 35 cavities/tray for Z. serrata, and 35 cavities/tray for B. costata, respectively. Usage of optimal container will make us get good quality seedlings as well as reduction of production costs in the container nursery.