• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.87-99
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• 2016

This study was carried out to characterize 127 recently developed cultivars of Rose of Sharon (Hibiscus spp.) in Korea and foreign Countries for landscape uses. The examined factors were growth characteristics such as tree height of a 1-year grafted plant(cm), plant type, growth habit, leaf characteristics such as shape and size, flower characteristics such as color, shape, size, and red eye during 2014 and 2015 for landscape uses. The results are obtained as follows; Hibiscus hybrid 'Daewangchun', 'Daeil', 'Lohengrin', 'Yeonam', 'Joomong', 'Jina', and H. syriacus 'Honggarosu' had vigorous shoot growth and tall tree size of 100cm. New Hibiscus cultivars, Hibiscus hybrid 'Daewangchun' and 'Daeil', having vigorous growth, uniform plant habit, upright, and compact branches were developed through interspecific crosses between H. syriacus 'Samchully' (♀) and H. sinosyriacus 'Seobong' (♂). This newly developed cultivar 'Daewangchun', 'Daeil', 'Lohengrin', 'Yeonam', 'Joomong', 'Jina', and H. syriacus 'Honggarosu' having tall vigorous growth d unique flower with long red eye can be used as street tree or specimen plant in landscape. Otherwise, H. syriacus 'Tamla', 'Melrose', 'Bidan', 'Hi Lea', 'Byeollee', 'Byunghwa', 'Mibak', 'Hanyang', 'Chungam', 'Lil Kim Violet', 'Jongmoo', 'Eunhasu', Hibiscus hybrid 'Saehanseo', and Hibiscus hybrid 'Yousoon' were selected as small tree of 30~39cm. They had dwarf form in tree seemed to be suitable for pot or flower bed planting on both indoor and outdoor conditions. H. syriacus 'Antong', 'Chungjo', and 'Lil Kim' were less than 30 cm of tree size. H. syriacus 'Antong', 'Chungjo', and 'Lil Kim', characterized by its compact, upright and outwardly spreading plant habit; freely branching habit; dark green-colored leaves; good garden performance. Therefore, the new cultivars with tall and small tree size were a promising cultivar as a ground covers or pot planting as woody landscape plant.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.183-200
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• 2019

In this study, the characteristics of seasonal $PM_{2.5}$ behavior in South Korea and other Northeast Asian regions were analyzed by using the $PM_{2.5}$ ground measurement data, weather data, WRF and CMAQ models. Analysis of seasonal $PM_{2.5}$ behavior in Northeast Asia showed that $PM_{2.5}$ concentration at 6 IMS sites in South Korea was increased by long-distance transport and atmospheric congestion, or decreased by clean air inflow due to seasonal weather characteristics. As a result of analysis by applying BFM to air quality model, the contribution from foreign countries dominantly influenced the $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations of Baengnyeongdo due to the low self-emission and geographical location. In the case of urban areas with high self-emissions such as Seoul and Ulsan, the $PM_{2.5}$ contribution from overseas was relatively low compared to other regions, but the standard deviation of the season was relatively high. This study is expected to improve the understanding of the air pollutant phenomenon by analyzing the characteristics of $PM_{2.5}$ behavior in Northeast Asia according to the seasonal weather condition change. At the same time, this study can be used to establish the air quality policy in the future, knowing that the contribution of $PM_{2.5}$ concentration to the domestic and overseas can be different depending on the regional emission characteristics.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.264-274
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• 2013

This study investigates long-term trends and characteristics of aerosol light scattering coefficient at Seoul and Baengnyeongdo in order to understand aerosol optical and radiative properties around Korea. The analysis period is limited to one year of 2011. First, the aerosol scattering coefficients (${\sigma}_{sp}$) of both sites show strong linear dependence on the $PM_{2.5}$ mass concentrations with significant correlations between both. Further, correlations and sensitivity between ${\sigma}_{sp}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ increase with relative humidity, implying both relationships are strongly dependent upon moisture amounts in the atmosphere. This study applied 3-step careful quality control procedures to the analysis of ${\sigma}_{sp}$ for the insurance of data confidence. For the relationship analysis of extinction coefficients (${\sigma}_{ext}$) to visibility and aerosol optical depth, ${\sigma}_{sp}$ observed at 3 p.m. have been used with help of aerosol absorption coefficients (${\sigma}_{ap}$) in order to remove its dependence upon relative humidity, and also those of rainy period have been excluded. As expected, ${\sigma}_{ext}$ estimated are inversely proportional to visibility observation by eye. Finally, aerosol extinction coefficients have been vertically integrated with an assumption of nearly well-mixed within an e-folding height to determine aerosol optical depth, and compared with those retrieved from sunphotometer. The results show a reasonable agreement in spite of an inherent difference of each definition. We expect these findings would help to eventually understand aerosol radiative forcing and its effect on the regional climate change around Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.411-423
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• 2017

The spacial potential source contribution function (PSCF) method was utilized by considering topography and height of back trajectories based on the measurement of organic typo matter (OM), $NO_3{^-}$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, and $NH_4{^+}$ at the Baegryungdo Super Site ($37^{\circ}57^{\prime}N$, $124^{\circ}37^{\prime}E$, 135 m a.s.l. (above sea level)) for three selected periods (i.e., January~April, May~August, and September~December) in 2013. The PSCF were calculated on the contributions of trans-boundary transport to the hourly mean concentrations using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). The cluster analysis using back trajectories was performed to identify the major airflows to the sampling site. The upper atmosphere in the Tianjin area of China and the lower atmosphere in the western coast area of Korea can be the major source of trans-boundary pollution to the sampling site during January~April resulted from PSCF. The area in Lianyungang-city and Liaoning-sheng, China can be responsibile for the nitrogen related secondary compounds during May~August, and Shandong Peninsula in China is the major source area during September~December. In addition, relationships between the cluster analysis of back trajectories and PSCF were investigated for the statistically significance level for the source areas.

• Journal of Environmental Analysis, Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.220-228
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• 2018

$PM_{2.5}$-bound mercury (PBM) was monitored at weekly intervals for three years (from 2014 to 2016) at an urban (Seoul) and rural site (Baengnyeong) in South Korea. The average PBM concentrations in $PM_{2.5}$ samples over the entire sampling period were $12{\pm}11pg/m^3$ and $36{\pm}34pg/m^3$ for Baengnyeong and Seoul, respectively. Seasonal differences were pronounced, with concentrations being highest in winter due to local meteorological conditions (high gas-particle coefficient due to low temperature and low mixing layer height in winter) as well as seasonal factors, such as coal combustion for heating purposes in China. In Baengnyeong, the significant positive correlation of PBM with $PM_{2.5}$, air pollutants, and heavy metals suggested that coal combustion in China might be the most important source of ambient mercury in Korea. In winter, no correlation of PBM with $PM_{2.5}$, air pollutants, and heavy metals was seen in Seoul. Furthermore, Seoul showed higher $PBM/PM_{2.5}$ and $Pb/PM_{2.5}$ ratios in winter due to the strong atmospheric oxidation-reduction reaction conditions as well as local and regional PBM sources. We conclude that immediate attention must be given to addressing PBM levels in Korea, including considering it as a key component of future air quality monitoring activities and mitigation measures.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.164-172
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• 2019

Rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is the most important disease of rice in both South and North Korea. Cultivation of disease-resistant cultivar is the best way to prevent this notorious disease, but M. oryzae races have been continuously changed to adapt a new cultivar. Therefore, it is important to get the information about the race and avirulence genes of the pathogen for developing blast-resistant rice cultivar. Since the entrance of North Korea was prohibited, the information about the races of M. oryzae in North Korea border areas and South Korea was collected to get the information about the diversity of rice blast pathogen in North Korea. The disease occurrence on monogenic lines carrying single resistant gene was investigated in Jeonju, Suwon, Cheorwon, Goseong, and Baengnyeongdo in Korea, and Dandong in China. The monogenic lines in Jeonju and Suwon showed diverse ranges of the response, while those in Baengnyeongdo and Dandong showed relatively high resistant responses to rice blast. All the field isolates of M. oryzae were characterized for rice blast races by the Korean differential varieties and screened for known avirulence genes to determine the spatial distribution of avirulence genes and the population of M. oryzae.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.142-154
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• 2016

Worldwide production of mushrooms has been increasing by 10-20% every year. Recently, Pleurotus eryngii and P. nebrodensis have become popular mushroom species for cultivation. In particular, China exceeded 8.7 million tons in 2002, which accounted for 71.5% of total world output. A similar trend was also observed in Korea. Two kinds of mushrooms-Gumji (金芝; Ganoderma) and Seoji-are described in the ancient book 'Samguksagi' (History of the three kingdoms; B.C 57~A.D 668; written by Bu Sik Kim in 1145) during the Korea-dynasty. Many kinds of mushrooms are also described in more than 17 ancient books during the Chosun-dynasty (1392~1910) in Korea. Approximately 200 commercial strains of 38 species of mushrooms were developed and distributed to cultivators. The somatic hybrid variety of oyster mushroom, 'Wonhyeong-neutari,' was developed by protoplast fusion, and distributed to growers in 1989. Further, the production of mushrooms as food was 199,829 metric tons, valued at 850 billion Korean Won (one trillion won if mushroom factory products are included) in 2015. In Korea, the major cultivated species are P. ostreatus, P. eryngii, Flammulina velutipes, Lentinula edodes, Agaricus bisporus, and Ganoderma lucidum, which account for 90% of the total production. Since mushroom export was initiated in 1960, the export and import of mushrooms have increased in Korea. Technology was developed for liquid spawn production, and automatic cultivation systems led to the reduction of production cost, resulting in the increase in mushroom export. However, some species were imported owing to high production costs for effective cultivation methods. In academia, RDA scientists have conducted mushroom genome projects since 1997. One of the main outcomes is the whole genome sequencing of Flammulina velutipes for molecular breeding. With regard to medicinal mushrooms, we have been conducting genome research on Cordyceps and its related species for developing functional foods. There are various kinds of beneficial substances in mushrooms; mushroom products, including pharmaceuticals, tonics, healthy beverages, functional biotransformants, and processed foods have also became available on the market. In addition, compost and feed can likewise be made from mushroom substrates after harvest.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.300-307
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• 2006

To clarify the morphological and geographical differentiation among the polyploid complexes of L. lancifolium collections in Korea, the mo게hological variation of 173 accessions were analyzed by ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance) and PCA (principal component analysis) on the basis of 38 morphological characters. 173m accessions were grouped into 78 diploids and 95 triploids by ploid levels and the triploids separated into 75 inland triploids (all around the Korea) and 20 island triploids (Backryung-do and Sochung-do, westemmost and northernmost islands of Korea) by geographic distribution and morphology. Island triploids showed significant morphological differences with inland triploids in ANOVA by many floral and leaf characters. In PCAs, diploids were separated from inland triploids by having longer plant height, smaller flower characters, higher pollen fertility and more stomata. The first four principal components accounted for 44.1% of the total variation. Plots of the island and inland groups for the first and second principal components separated each other with slight overlapping. Although the ploid forms are different between diploid and island triploid, island triploids were more closely overlapped with diploids by principal component 1 and 2 than inland triploids. This reflects that the whole external morphology of island triploids are similar to that of diploids. This, the phenotypic differentiation between inland and island triploids seems to be partly related to their geographical origins.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.38-55
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• 2018

Hourly measurements of $PM_{2.5}$ mass, organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), and water-soluble ionic species were made at the air quality intensive monitoring stations in Baengryeongdo (BR) and Seoul (SL) during the winter (December 01~31, 2013) and summer (July 10~23, 2014) periods, to investigate the increase of $PM_{2.5}$ and secondary ionic species and the reasons leading to their increase during the two seasons. During winter, $PM_{2.5}$ and its major chemical species concentrations were higher at SL than at BR. Contribution of organic mass to $PM_{2.5}$ was approximately 1.7 times higher at BR than at SL, but the $NO_3{^-}$ contribution was two times higher at SL. Total concentration of secondary ionic species ($SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $NH_4{^+}$) at BR and SL sites accounted for 29.1 and 40.1% of $PM_{2.5}$, respectively. However, during summer, no significant difference in chemical composition of $PM_{2.5}$ was found between the two sites with the exception of $SO{_4}^{2-}$. Total concentration of the secondary ionic species constituted on average 43.9% of $PM_{2.5}$ at BR and 53.0% at SL. A noticeable difference in chemical composition between the two sites during summer was attributed to $SO{_4}^{2-}$, with approximately twofold concentration and 10% higher contribution in SL. Low wind speed and high relative humidity were important factors in secondary formation of water-soluble ionic species during winter at SL, resulting in $PM_{2.5}$ increase. While the secondary formation during summer was attributed to strong photochemical processes in daytime and high relative humidity in nighttime hours. The increase of $PM_{2.5}$ and its secondary ionic species during the winter haze pollution period at SL was mainly caused either by long-range transport (LTP) from the eastern Chinese regions, or by local pollution. However, the increased $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ during summer at SL were mainly caused by LTP, photochemical processes in daytime hours, and heterogeneous processes in nighttime hours.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2005

World production of mushrooms has been increasing 10-20% every year. Recently, Pleurotus eryngii and P. nebrodensis are very popular as new mushroom species for cultivation. Two kinds of mushrooms, Gumji (Ganoderma) and Soji, were described in old book of Samguksagi (History of the three kingdoms; 1145) in Koryo-dynasty. Many kinds of mushrooms were also described in more than 16 kinds of old books during Chosun-dynasty in Korea. One hundred and sixty commercial strains of 25 species in mushrooms were distributed to cultivators. By the way, only 8 varieties of them have registered variety protection. Mushroom industry as important export products developed from 1960 to 1980. Production of mushrooms as food was 181,828 metric tons valued at 800 billion Korean won in 2003. Isolated and identified substances from mushrooms are promising antifungal, antiinflammatory, antitumor, antiviral (anti-HIV), antibacterial & antiparasitic, antidiabetic, immunomodulating, kidney tonic, hepatoprotective, nerve tonic, and sexual potentiator. These substances can also be used for blood pressure regulation and effective against cardiovascular disorders, hypocholesterolemia & hyperlipidemia, and chronicbronchitis. Mushroom products including pharmaceuticals, tonics, healthy beverages, functional biotransformants, and processed foods have also became available on the markets. Compost and feed can likewise be made from mushroom substrates after harvest. The mushroom industry is already one of the fastest growing investment sectors in Korea. By the way, there is a need to strain improvement for variety protection, advanced cultivation technology at low cost for growers, and control of demand and supply for marketing in order to more upgrade development of mushroom industry in the future.