• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2008

Traffic management is becoming an important issue in turfgrass practise on golf course. The objective of this study was to investigate the combined impact of different traffic times and types of fertilization. Traffic treatment was applied in morning (AM), noon, and afternoon (PM). Fertilizers used include faster-release fertilizer (21-17-17) and slow-release fertilizers (12-6-18, 11-3-22, 20-3-20, 10-3-10). Experiment was conducted from Oct. 1 to Nov. 30, 2005 on a nursery putting green of Incheon Grand Golf Club. The growth and quality of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis polustris cv. 'Seaside II') were evaluated on visual leaf color, leaf texture, shoot density, and root length. The measurement at 20 days after treatment, turfgrass color and leaf texture showed the best result on 10-15-10 + Noon-traffic plot. Turf quality and traffic tolerance were not different at Am and Pm traffic treatment. However, traffic stress in early morning and late evening caused the most severe damage to the turfgrass. Shoot density was the highest in 10-15-10 + Noon-traffic treatment but root length was not different among treatments after 30 day measurement. Among the fertilizers, slow release fertilizer resulted in higher turf quality and traffic tolerance than fast release fertilizer, however, shoot density did not showed a significantly different. For the fast recuperation of turfgrass from traffic injury in the early winter, it is recommended to avoid early morning and late evening traffic such as cup replacement and other maintenance practise. It is also recommended to delay the first tee-up time and ending early for last tee time during cold weather season.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of spider-derived protease [Arazyme (AZ)] supplementation on egg production, egg quality, cecal microflora and viscosity of intestinal contents in laying hens at the late production. A total of two hundred, 59-wks-old, Hy-Line Brown layers were divided into four groups, placed into 5 replicates per group (50 birds per group) and fed one of four diets containing 0.05, 0.075 or 0.1% AZ or control for 5 wks. The results showed that egg weight in group fed the diet containing 0.05% AZ was significantly higher than those of other groups (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in egg interior and eggshell qualities among the groups. The serum parameters such as total cholesterol, the levels of GOT and GPT were not influenced by AZ feeding. There were no significant differences in the cecal number of total microbes, Coliforms and lactic acid bacteria among the groups. The viscosity and ammonia concentration of intestinal contents in the groups fed AZ were significantly reduced compared to those of the control (P<0.05). In conclusion, laying hens fed AZ supplemented diet improved egg weight as compared with that of control. In addition, the AZ supplemented diet reduced the viscosity and ammonia concentration of intestinal contents, reflecting a significant feed enzyme effect.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.67
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• pp.177-208
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• 2014

This study inquires how human interest news on society section of newspapers had been modulated as multi-layered political narratives that would consistently have Koreans consider, realize and question on colonial situation as well as ethnic identity. Under totalitarian censorship of the colonial government, newspapers could not publish reports on political issues and current affairs, so society page of human interest such as crime, accident, conflict, disaster, and many kinds of sufferings of peoples to death would take great public attention and consequently be considered as a substitute of political section. Society page had enjoyed its influence on formation of public opinion of the colonized ethnic society and had maintained cultural-nationalist position ever since the founding of newspaper in mother-tongue in 1920. In colonial context, there is nothing non-political to the lives of the colonized, social facts would be necessary and happen to be modulated into a narrative that could trigger nationalist sentiment. For this end, news reporting of society section usually concentrated on aspects of 'Les Mis${\acute{e}}$rqbles', dramatic quality, and psychological factors in detail. Narrative style of news reporting got used to modulate factual informations with a proper taste of exaggeration, emotional expression, and commercial touch of exciting words. Even in a case of death by drug abuse, news was written to indicate what made him/her drive to miserable death on street, that is, what is de facto reason of all of social problems like as migration, hunger, leaving home, crime, suicide, violence, gambling, love affairs to death, adultery, and even opium habit. Those social problems and personal sufferings appeared up on newspaper 3rd page at daily base. Readers could acknowledge and identify what the real matter that should be resolved and then blame colonialism, capitalism, and militarism for those social problems. Journalists put values on inciting the colonized to realize the national and ethnic situation and feel sympathy for their people tied up by a common destiny. In this terms, news on society section of newspaper under Colonial Occupation were encoded as narratives of politically layered text and then decoded as intriguing sentiments against colonial dominance. I argue that society page of newspaper of colonial period engaged in a sort of cultural politics of sentiment and emotion which is a private area outside of imperial sight.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.268-275
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• 2015

We evaluated the effect of mixed liquid fertilizer (MLF) on growth responses of plants and soil chemical properties. To do so, a pot experiment with cherry tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme) using loam soil was conducted for 81 days in a temperature-controlled glasshouse, and four N fertilization treatments were laid out in a completely randomized design with three replicates: control (C), chemical fertilizer treatment (CF), and two rates (MLF-0.5 and MLF-1.0) of MLF treatment. Soils were periodically sampled and analyzed for pH, EC, total N, inorganic N and total C, and growth characteristics of cherry tomatoes were measured. During the experimental periods, the pH of MLF soils was higher than that of CF soils. Soil total-N content increased right after CF-application and ultimately decreased to the level of the control (C) soil, while MLF-application slightly increased the level of soil total-N and this level remained unchanged throughout the experiment. The levels of soil inorganic N content increased after application of CF or MLF, but the initial increase disappeared in 56 days after transplanting (DAT). The dry weight of shoots and roots increased in CF or MLF plants, while the number of fruit increased only in MLF plants. Whereas soluble solid contents were higher in MLF plants than in the other (C and CF) plants, the titratable acidity was not different among treatments. However, no consistent effect of N treatments on major elements of the organs of cherry tomatoes was found. The amounts of N taken up by plants were 0.91 g for CF, 0.61 g for MLF-1.0, 0.43 g for MLF-0.5, and 0.25 g for control treatments, resulting in greater N efficiency for CF than for MLF.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the nutritional value of soybean meal (SBM) from various geographic origins and the effects of their dietary supplementation on performance of broiler chickens. Nutritional value of dehulled SBM originating from USA, and non-dehulled SBM from India (IND), Argentina (ARG) and Korea (KOR) were evaluated by analyzing chemical composition, urease activity (UA) and KOH solubility, and determining true metabolizable energy (TME), nitrogen corrected TME (TMEn) and true amino acid availability (TAAA). The contents of crude protein ranged from 45.43% (ARG) to 48.47% (USA) and those of crude fiber varied widely from 3.48% (USA) to 7.12% (IND). The measurements of lysine varied from 2.79% (IND) to 3.09% (USA) and those of methionine from 0.56% (IND) to 0.65% (USA). The values of TMEn varied from 2986.6 kcal/kg (IND) to 3228.9 kcal/kg (USA) and the averages of TAAA were from 91.61% (IND) to 92.27% (USA). UA was found to be from 0.02 (ARG) to 0.04 (KOR, USA) and those of KOH solubility from 73% (ARG) to 84% (USA). A total of four hundred 20-days-old male broiler chicks were divided into four groups and fed with isocaloric and isonitrogenous experimental diets containing 27.5% of SBM and same amounts of lysine and sulfur amino acids for 15 days. Final body weight and body weight gain were the highest in birds fed with SBM from USA and lowest in birds fed with SBM from IND although the differences were not statistically significant. The feed/gain in chicks fed diet containing SBM from USA was significantly improved (p<0.05) compared to those of the other groups. There were no significant differences in carcass characteristics and the concentration of total cholesterol in serum among the treatments. The results of in vitro assay and bioassay agreed with the performance of broiler chicks, and thus there were close correlation between the broiler performance and the measured nutritive values of SBM. In conclusion, dehulled SBM from USA was superior to non- dehulled SBM from ARG and IND with regard to nutritive values.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.289-295
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• 2001

The objectives or this study were to improve duck meat qualify during storage period in onion-red ducks which contained antioxidants. Experimental animals (1 day old, Cherry Valley $F_{1}$, 360 chicks) were randomly assigned in eight treatment group. Treatments were control, 3%, 6% of chopped onion-fed, 5%, 10% of onion extract fed, 6% of onion meal, 3%, 6% of fermented onion-fed. pH was significantly high (P<0.05) in treatment group after 3 day storage in pectoralis muscle. Meat color was low in r* and a* value. TBA value was not different in day 1, was significantly low (P<0.05) 6% chopped and 6% fermented group after day 3 storage. Also, TBA value was significantly high (P<0.05) in control group and was significantly low in 3% chopped, 5%, 10% extract after day 6 storage. VBN value was lower in all treatment groups except 5% ferment group than control group. Meat order was high score in 3% and 6% chopped group and duck specific smell was reduced in all treatment groups. Meat appearance was higher score in treatment groups than in control group during 9 day storage. In result, onion feeding was reduce duck specific smell and improve meat quality during long period storage in ducks.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2001

The objectives or this study were to examine reed value or waste onion in duck. Experimental chicks (Cherry Valley F$_1$, 1day old, 350 chicks) were randomly assigned in 8 treatment groups, each 45 chicks, and man-aged for 7 weeks (3 kg BW, 49 days old). Treatments were control, 3%, 6% of chopped onion-fed, 5%, 10% of onion extract fed, 6% of onion meal, 3%, 6% of fermented onion-fed. Feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) high in control group, but ADG was high in 3% chopped onion-fed group. Feed requirement was very efficient in all treatment groups except 6% fermented onion-fed group. Dressing rate was high in 5% onion extract-fed group, but it was not significant. Abdominal fat was the highest in control and 6% fermented onion-fed group and lowest in 6% chopped onion-fed group. Cholesterol content was lower in all treatment groups than in control group, but it was not significantly different. Stearic acid ($C_{18:0}$) content was significantly low in all treatment group (P<0.05). However, arachidonic acid ($C_{20:4}$) content was higher in treatment group than in control group. In result, onion diet was not significantly effect on palatability, feed intake, ADG in ducks. Duck meat of onion-fed contained low cho-lesterol and high unsaturated fat content.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.351-359
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate dietary effects of extracts of Skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) (SCE) grown in Korea on growth performance, immune and physiological responses in broiler chickens. Total of seven-hundred fifty 1-d-old Ross male broiler chicks were divided into five groups and fed control diets (antibiotics medicated or non-medicated commercial diets) or each experimental diet (non-medicated diets containing 0.1, 0.3 or 0.5% SCE) for 5 weeks. The body weight gain and feed conversion rate in the groups fed diets containing 0.1% or 0.3% SCE were significantly improved as compared with those of non-medicated control group (P<0.05). The levels of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol of blood were not influenced by feeding the SCE. The average antibody titers against NDV and IBV in the groups fed diets containing SCE were significantly increased compare to those of the control groups (P<0.05). The number of coli form bacteria was significantly reduced by feeding 0.3% or 0.5% SCE as compared to that of non-medication control (P<0.05). The results demonstrated that the SCE used in this study modulated humoral immunity and the profiles of cecal microflora and thus can be used as a potential alternative substance to replace antibiotics for feeding broiler chicks.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2009

The present study was conducted to compare the carcass yields and meat characteristics of three types of commercial male chicks White mini broilers, Ross broilers and Hy-Line brown chicks under the identical feeding condition. One-hundred 1-d chicks of each type were randomly placed into four pens per group (25 chicks per pen) and fed corn-soybean meal based commercial diets for 35d, 18d or 49d, respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, the birds were sacrificed and subjected to carcass measurements. The dressing percentages of White mini broilers and Ross broilers were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of Hy-Line brown cockerels. The rate of breast meat of Hy-Line brown cockerels was significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of White mini broilers and Ross broilers. However, Hy-Line brown cockerels showed higher (P<0.05) leg meats than the others. There were no significant differences in serum total cholesterol and the activities of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase among the groups. The breast meats of White mini broilers presented highest lightness value. The yellowness of breast and redness of leg meats of White mini broilers and Ross broilers were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of Hy-Line brown cockerels. There were no significant differences in the SOD-like activity and change of pH in edible meats among the groups. The meat color in White mini broilers was significantly higher than that of Hy-Line brown cockerels. No significant differences were observed in term of flavor, tenderness and overall acceptability. In conclusion, the physico-chemical properties and sensory characteristics of edible meats were not greatly affected by genotype if they were similar body weights and kept under the identical feeding condition. But the Hy-Line brown cockerels were less desirable as a meat-type strain due to lower carcass yields and inferior growth and feed conversion ratio.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2011

To investigate the toxicological effects of ${\beta}$-glucan, we performed basic studying on ${\beta}$-glucan in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Standard endpoints in this study included mortality, clinical observations, changes of body weights, analysis on food consumption, ophthalmoscopic examination, hematologic examination, serum biochemistry, analysis of organ weights, gross anatomic pathology and histopathology. No clinical signs and mortality were observed in animals treated with beta-glucan throughout the experimental period. The average body weight of each treatment groups showed similar levels at end of experiment. There were no treatment-related changes in mortality, body weights changes, food consumption, ophthalmoscopic examination. Although there were statistically significant differences between the control and treated groups in some relative and absolute organ weights, and hematological and biochemical analysis, the data were in biologically normal ranges and did not show a dose-dependent manner. In the morphological change, hepatic tissue were not showed ballooning degeneration and irregular arrangement of hepatic cell in ${\beta}$-glucan treatment groups with control group. Also, organs weights (liver, heart, kidney and stomach) and hematological indices (WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct and Platelet) did not show statistically significant differences among the experimental groups. In summary of these results, there were no changes in mortality, mean body weight, clinical signs, food consumption. There were no changes in ophthalmological examination, hematology, blood chemistry, necropsy and histopathology. In conclusion, although further investigation of glucan should be performed in the functions registered in many ancient literatures, ${\beta}$-glucan is physiologically safe and may have potential as candidate food for human health.