• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.98-105
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• 1989

The examination to find out how the activity of glutamine synthetase (GSA) develop in each wheat leaves during the growth period was carried out. GSA/g FW/leaf were very low at leaf differentiation stage and increased highly several times by unfolding and development of leaf, and declined deeply with the advance of senescence in each leaves. GSA/g FW/leaf were risen gradually from the every lower leaves to the every upper leaves, in consequence activity level and maximum peak per g fresh weight of 7th-flag leaves were two or three times higher than those at the 1st-4th leaves in all of 12 applied nitrogen treatments, thereupon. the highest activities per g fresh weight showed in the 8th leaves. GSA/g FW/leaf was shown two peaks in the 6th-flag leaves and one peak in 1st-4th leaves, respectively. GSA/g FW/leaf (except for senescence leaves) and GSA/plant were increased gradually to the infloresscence emerging stage and were shown the first maximum peak at 13 days before anthesis, then were declined rapidly. to the milk ripe stage (7 days after anthesis). and were shown the second maximum peak at the early dough ripe stage (22 days after anthesis) .

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.1 s.145
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• pp.153-158
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• 2007

This study was conducted to develope the observing methods for density of stink bugs in soybean reproductive stage. The adults and nymphs of bean bug, Riptortus clavatus, red-banded shield bug, Piezodous hybneri, green stink bug, Nezara antennata, Sole bug, Dolycoris baccarum, and brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys were observed by three observing methods such as beating, sweeping net, and visual counting methods in the full bloom (R2), full pod (R4) and beginning maturity (R7) of soybean. As a result, total number of stink bugs observed was the highest with 5,214.2 by beating method, and then was 2,581.8 by visual counting method, and was the lowest with 103.1 by sweeping net method. Total number of stink bugs observed by the beating and visual counting methods was P. hybneri, followed by N. antennata, H. halys, R. clavatus and D. baccarum with clear difference in observed number of each stink bugs while total number of stink bugs observed by sweeping net method was very low in the range of 18 to 23. Accordingly, the observed density of stink bugs exception of R. clavatus adult by beating method was generally high. However, the number of R. clavatus adult was more observed by flushing method than that by beating method from the beginning bloom (R1) to full maturity (R8), and was more observed at morning time than that at afternoon time. Therefore, two observation methods that flushing method for R. clavatus and beating method for the other stink bugs were recommended for the occurring density of stink bugs in soybean because both bean bug and pentatomidae stink bugs have distinct behavior characteristics such as flying and dropping.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.512-516
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• 2013

Pear cultivar 'Sinhwa' (Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta Nakai) was originated from a cross between 'Niitaka' and Whasan' with the aims of improving the fruit quality and the traits of cultivation and of early maturing more than 'Whasan' cultivar at Pear Research Station of National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration in 1995. 'Sinhwa' was preliminarily selected in 2004 and named in 2009. The tree shows vigorous growth habit and semi-spread characters like 'Niitaka'. Furthermore, it has a sufficient and well upkeep of the flower bud, so it can be more easily cultivated in orchards. In the flower characteristics, flowering time of 'Sinhwa' is $11^{th}$ April like as maternal parent 'Niitaka'. Also 'Sinhwa' has short of pollen grains, so it is need above two pollinizer cultivars. 'Sinhwa' is highly resistant to black leaf spot (Alternaria kikuchiana) and relatively strong to pear scab (Venturia nashicola) in field condition. The optimum harvest time is around Sep. $15^{th}$ in Naju, which is ahead of 'Whasan' about 10 days in the harvest period. The fruit shape is oblate and fruit skin color is yellowish-brown during harvesting time. The average weight of fruit is 627 g, and the soluble solids content is $13.0^{\circ}Brix$. The flesh is very soft and juicy, and renders good eating quality. Shelf life is about 30 days under the room temperature condition.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.133-138
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• 1983

In Korea, Brassica species planted in summer remain in rosette and do not flower. Seed production of vernalized rape seedlings grown in summer was evaluated to establish method of generation shortening and genetically pure seed production without isolation of seed fields. When vernalized rape seedlings of different maturity groups were transplanted in summer, all plants bolted and flowered, and average days from sowing to bolting and flowering was 37 and 58. respectively. It took 85days for early maturity group, 88 days for medium maturity group, and 108 days for late maturity group to mature. Seed yield of vernalized plants grown in summer was 8.8 gr per plant and 53kg per l0a which was 23% of seed yield of rape planted in autumn. However, enough seeds were produced to test oil composition and cake and to plant for a next generation. If seedlings are raised, they can be transplanted in more than 1, 000 times of original seed field, indicating that genetically pure seed can be produced without caging seed fields with nets and isolation of seed fields since other Brassica species do not flower in summer.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.95-111
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• 1989

야외 조건에서 생장한 한국산 들잔디(Zoysia japonica Steud)의 잎, 줄기, 뿌리, 지하경의 관부와 절간에 있어서 질산환원효소 활성도(NRA)와 전분분해효소의 활성도(AA)를 측정하였다. 각 기관에서의 효소 활성도는 4월 중순부터 증가하여 6월의 개화기때 최대값에 도달하였다. 그후 효소 활성도는 급격히 감소하여 겨울철에는 최소에 이르렀다. 이 결과는 잔디의 각 기관에서 NR과 Amylase는 계절적 활성변이를 가진다는 것을 제안한다. NR과 Amylase가 낮은 활성도를 가지는 1986년 7월 31일에 6cm의 높이에서 잔디의 지상부를 예초(cuting)한 결과, 모든 기관에서의 AA와 잎, 줄기에서의 NRA는 2일간의 지연기 후에 급격히 증가하여 7일째에 최대에 이르렀다. 이 값은 대조구의 효소 활성도 보다 약 3배 높았고, 계절적 변이에서의 최대 활성도의 약 90%에 도달하였다. 예초된 잎에서의 조단백질(CP)의 함량은 예초후 7일째 까지 증가하였으나, 건물생산량(DM)과 총가용성 탄수화물(TSC) 함량은 예초후 4,5일 동안 감소하다가 다시 증가하여 7일째에 예초전의 수준에 도달한 후 일정한 값을 유지하였다. 또한 각 기관에서의 NRA와 AA는 예초후 8일째에 정상 수준으로 급감하였다. 이 결과는 완전히 자란 잔디 자체는 NR과 Amylase의 활성에 대한 억제제로서 작용하며, cutting과 같은 외부 성처요인이 개체 수준에서 적용되었을때 손상된 물질을 회복하기 위하여 분자 수준에서 수준에서 효소가 활성화 된다는 것을 제안한다.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2007

To improve the accuracy of frost warning system for pear orchard in a complex terrain in Naju area, the daily minimum temperature forecasted by Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) was interpolated using a regional climate model based on topoclimatic estimation and optimum scale interpolation from 2004 to 2005. Based on the validation experiments done for three pear orchards in the spring of 2004, the results showed a good agreement between the observed and predicted values, resulting in improved predictability compared to the forecast from Korea Meteorological Administration. The differences between the observed and the predicted temperatures were $-2.1{\sim}2.7^{\circ}C$ (on average $-0.4^{\circ}C$) in the valley, $-1.6{\sim}2.7^{\circ}C$ (on average $-0.4^{\circ}C$) in the riverside and $-1.1{\sim}3.5^{\circ}C$ (on average $0.6^{\circ}C$) in the hills. Notably, the errors have been reduced significantly for the valley and riverside areas that are more affected by the cold air drainage and more susceptible to frost damage than hills.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.14
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• pp.173-189
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• 1973

The followings are the results obtained in a series of experiments concerning of the varieties, the short-day-treatment, the fertilizer application, and the planting space of soybean, which were carried out to investigate the methods best suited for cultivating green soybean as the preceding crop of the rice. in the paddy-field in the middle parts of Korea at the practice farm attached to Agriculture College of Kon Kuk University in 1972. 1. Though the varieties of soybean was planted on the hot-bed on March 15 and then set in the main plot, none of them did flower within May 15, which is the limit time of flowering in growing soybean as the preceding crop of the rice in the paddy-field without the short-day-treatment being applied during raising seedlings. 2. The earliest-maturing variety groups such as HOKKAl#l, WASEMIDORI, YAEHUSANARI, MIT AKARAHAKUCHO, and VERDE flowered within May 15 by the short-day-treatment during raising seedlings. 3. The optimum hours of the day length was known to be 7 to 9 in the medium-maturing and late-maturing variety groups and 7 to 11 in the early-maturing and the earliest-maturing variety groups in the case of appling the short-day-treatment for 10 days from the beginning of the primary regular compound leaf development. 4 The optimum days in appling the short-day-treatment for 11 hours a day was recognized to be about 10 days regardless of the maturity of varieties. 5. Reduction of days required to flower by the short-clay-treatment, that is, light-sensitivity was remarkably higher in the medium-maturing and the late-maturing variety groups than in the earliest-maturing and the early-maturing variety groups. 6. The yield showed an increase of about 17 per cent in the case of appling the standard amount of nitrogen(4.0 kg/10 a), but it tended to reduce on the contrary in appling the increased amount of nitrogen. 7. The application of increased amount of phosphate had less significant effect on the yield increase than in the case of application of its standard amount( 4.0 kg/l0 a). 8. When the number of transplantation plant was changed from 54 to 130 per 3.3 $m^2$, the yield in 130 plant plot was about two times so higher than in 54 plant plot that the effect of close planting cultivation on the yield was proved to be remarkable. 9. Conditions possible for cultivating green soybean as the preceding crop of the rice in the paddy-field in the middle parts of Korea are turned to be as follows: (a) to plant the earliest-maturing-variety groups on the hot-bed on March 15. (b) to apply the short-day-treatment by 11 hours a day for 16 days from April 16, which is about the time when the primary regular leaf begin to develop. And it was, found to be a most remarkable in the increased yield that apply nitrogen 4.0 kg, phosphate 4.0 kg, and potassium 6.0 kg per 10 a as basic manuring totally and apply the close planting by 130 plants per $3.3{m^2}$(50 cm $\times$ 5 cm).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.380-386
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• 2007

This study was conducted to clarify the effective application method, uptake, and translocation of germanium(Ge) in mungbean plants. The foliar application of liquid Ge at 7 mg/l during the flowering period, seeds containing 38.7, $14.1{\mu}g/kg$ of Ge, from the first and second harvesting. It had 2.5 and 2.3 times more Ge than the seeds raised by using granule Ge at 7 mg/kg with basal fertilization. The foliar application of Ge at 3.5, 7, 14 and 28 mg/l during the flowering period, yielded a relatively high record of seeds containing $14.9{\sim}77.8{\mu}g/kg$ and $6.9{\sim}26.7{\mu}g/kg$ of Ge, from the first and second harvesting. However, seeds from the first harvesting contained $2.2{\sim}4.1$ times more Ge than the seeds of from the second harvesting. On the other hand, seeds from first and second harvesting of the non-treatment group Ge contained 1.9 and $3.2{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. When the foliar application of Ge at 7 mg/l was conducted two or three times, the Ge content of the seeds in the first to third harvesting were all over $20{\mu}g/kg$. This indicates that a certain level of Ge can be accumulated. In seeds of mungbean containing $96{\mu}g/kg$ of Ge, cotyledon had $138{\mu}g/kg$ of Ge, which was 79% more than seed coat per unit weight. The growth and quantity of mungbean was not significantly different according to the formulation of Ge, the concentration and the frequency of foliar application of Ge used for in study.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.222-225
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• 2010

'Seoritae' is a very famous variety of black soybean for mixed cooking with rice in Korea. However, it has a couple of bad traits such as late flowering and maturity. To improve these characteristics, seeds of original 'Seoritae' were irradiated using a 250 Gy gamma ray in 1994. Some mutants were identified and finally a new soybean variety 'Josaengseori' was developed in 2005. This variety has a few distinguishable characteristics such as smaller grain size, early maturity and high yielding compared to the 'Seoritae'. The flowering period of 'Josaengseori' is 57 days after seeding (DAS), which is 10 days earlier than that of 'Seoritae' (67 DAS). The maturation period of 'Josaengseori' is 130 DAS, which is 34 days earlier than 'Seoritae' (164 DAS). And the total yield of the new variety with 179 kg/10a is 2.4 times higher than that of 'Seoritae' with 74 kg/10a. 100 grain weight of 'Josaengseori' is 32.8 g, which is 20% lower than that of 'Seoritae' with 40.1 g.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.492-496
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• 2010

This experiment was carried out to obtain the maximum quantity of essential oil on the basis of harvesting time, cultivation regions & types, and drying methods. We have selected 6 native and introduced herbs viz. $Thymus$ $quinquecostatus$, $Agastache$ $rugosa$, $Chrysanthemum$ $indicum$, $Rosmarinus$ $officinalis$, $Chamaemelum$ $nobile$, and $Lavandula$ $stoechas$. The quantity of essential oil ranged from 0.06% to 3.46% in all six herbs. Native herbs produce 30.5% higher quantity of oil in comparison to introduced herbs. The quantity of essential oil obtained from $Lavandula$ $stoechas$ was 3.46%, followed by $Rosmarinus$ $officinalis$ 2.89%, while minimum in $Agastache$ $rugosa$ 0.60%. Higher quantity of essential oil obtained if they are cultivated under rain shelter culture (PE film) in comparison to open field conditions. Recovery of essential oil is always high if herbs flower in July. Semi-alpine region was found better than the plain region for herbs production. Quantity of oil is high if oil is extracted from fresh herbs followed by freezed herbs, shade dry and hot wind dry herbs. As far as plant part is concern flower produced maximum oil than any other part.