• Title/Summary/Keyword: 발파피해

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Underwater Blasting for Removing Todo Island in the Sea of Pusan Newport by Using Bulk Emulsion Explosives and Non-electric Detonators (벌크 에멀젼 폭약과 비전기뇌관을 이용한 부산신항 토도 제거 수중발파)

  • An, Bong-Do;Kim, Gab-Soo;Lee, Soo-Hyung;Jung, Byung-Youl;Lim, Dae-Kyu
    • Explosives and Blasting
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    • v.38 no.4
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    • pp.37-45
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    • 2020
  • Todo was an uninhabited island located in the sea of Pusan Newport. It was a small island with the height of 32 m above sea level, and its area including the submerged part was approximately 24,400 ㎡. Unfortunately, the island was located exactly in the middle of the narrow entrance way to the North and South Container Wharfs of Pusan Newport so that a number of ships had to turn quickly to avoid collision with the island, which frequently caused collisions with other ships or cranes. To avoid such a danger and make the water way wider and deeper, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries decided to remove the island. This was believed to make even super-large vessels operate safely in the sea of Pusan Newport so that the competitiveness of the port could be highly enhanced. This paper describes in detail the whole process of the removing work, which was the first case of successful underwater blasting operation using bulk emulsion explosives and non-electric detonators to remove a whole island in South Korea.

A Case Study About Applying Electronic Detonator on Downtown Tunnel Construction Area (도심지 터널에 대한 전자뇌관 적용 시공 사례)

  • Hwang, Nam-Sun;Heo, Eui-Haeng;Kim, Kyung-Hyun;Kim, Jeoung-Hwan;Seong, Yoo-Hyeon;Kim, Nam-Su
    • Explosives and Blasting
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    • v.40 no.1
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    • pp.29-38
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    • 2022
  • Electronic detonators are now widely used in various construction sites and quarry mines. Including the sites where safety-thing is located nearby, Cases of using electronic detonators are increasing to maximize operational efficiency by improving blast fragmentation or reducing the cost of secondary blasting. This case study is about applying for electronic detonators on zone 00 construction site, which is the part of urban area metropolitan express rail A line project. Although the project was initially planned to utilize non-electric detonators, Electronic detonators are considered as the solution not only for safe and fast excavation, but also to minimize civil complaint and the damage of safety-thing. By applying electronic detonators, we were able to satisfy environmental regulations standards and prevent nearby safety-thing from getting damaged.

Introduction of the Best Practices in the Pakistan Gulpur HEPP (파키스탄 Gulpur 수력발전 현장의 Best Practices 소개)

  • JANG, Ock Jae;HONG, Won Pyo;CHAE, Hee Moon
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2022.05a
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    • pp.216-217
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    • 2022
  • Gulpur 수력발전 프로젝트는 전력난을 겪고 있는 파키스탄에 102 MW 규모의 수력발전소를 건설하여 30년 동안 운영 관리한 후 파키스탄 정부로 양도하는 IPP(Independent Power Producing) 형식의 투자사업이다. 남동발전과 DL E&C, 롯데건설이 Sponsor로서 출자한 자본금과, ADB, IFC, K-EXIM 등의 대주단로부터의 차입금을 재원으로 하여 소요 사업비를 조달하고 사업을 개발하였다. DL E&C와 롯데건설이 EPC(Engineering, Procurement, Construction)를 수행하였고, 이산이 Design consultant의 역할을 수행하였다. Gulpur 수력발전 프로젝트의 발전형식은 수로식(run-of-river)으로 201 m3/s의 발전유량과 102 MW의 발전 시설용량을 이용하여 연평균예상발전량은 398 GWh이다. 주요 구조물로는 설계 재현빈도 1년의 유수전환시설(가물막이댐 & 가배수터널)과 콘크리트 중력식댐(H 67 m, L 205 m), 도수터널(D 6.7 m, L 215 m, 2기), 옥외형 발전소 (H 51 m, W 60 m, L 38 m, Kaplan 2기)가 있으며, 2015년 10월 착공하여 2020년 3월 상업발전을 시작하였다. 본 프로젝트는 DL E&C의 첫 번째 EPC 해외수력발전 프로젝트이다. 따라서 프로젝트의 성공적 수행을 위한 경제적 설계, 시공의 효율성 및 안정성 확보 등을 위하여 많은 연구를 수행하는 과정에서 다양한 기술 개선을 이룰 수 있었다. 본고에서는 Gulpur 프로젝트를 통하여 도출된 성공 사례들을 소개 및 공유하고자 한다. 첫 번째로 콘크리트 중력식댐 시공을 위한 유수전환시설의 최적 설계빈도를 산정하였다. 일반적으로 유수전환시설의 규모는 설계기준에 제시된 설계 재현빈도를 이용하는데, 해외 설계기준에서는 10년, 국내 설계기준에서는 1~2년으로 다르게 제시되어 있는 문제점이 있다. 유수전환시설의 규모는 프로젝트의 경제성에 큰 영향을 미치기 때문에 최적 설계빈도의 결정이 필요하며, 위험도분석기법(Risk Analysis)과 기대화폐가치법(Expected Monetary Value)을 이용하여 유수전환시설의 최적 설계 재현빈도와 이에 영향을 미치는 인자를 분석하였다. 위험도는 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션으로 산정된 가물막이댐 파괴확률과 재현빈도를 이용하여 산정된 가물막이댐 월류확률을 고려하였으며, 비용 및 피해액으로는 유수전환시설의 공사비, 가물막이댐 파괴시의 재건설비용과 지체보상금, 가물막이댐 월류시의 복구비용을 고려하였다. 이에 대한 연구결과로, 유수전환시설의 사용기간과 월류시의 복구비용이 유수전환시설의 설계 재현기간 결정에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 특히 월류시의 복구비용이 작을수록 낮은 설계 재현빈도를 선택하는 것이 타당한 것으로 나타났다. 예를 들어, 유수전환시설의 사용기간이 3 ~ 5년, 복구비용이 0.5 ~ 1.0 mil USD 이하인 조건에서 가물막이시설의 최적 설계빈도는 1년 ~ 2년인 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 유수전환시설의 사용기간은 본댐의 규모와 시공기간 등을 고려하여 결정되는 사항으로 설계자가 임의 조정할 수 없지만, 복구비용은 시공 관리자에 따라 결정되는 부분으로, 적극적 홍수 피해 저감 및 복구방안을 마련하는 것이 프로젝트의 경제성을 향상시킬 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 두 번째로 프로젝트의 경제성 향상, 홍수기 댐 시공시의 안전성 확보를 위하여 홍수 조기경보시스템(Early Warning System)을 개발 및 활용하였다. 수로식(Run-of-river) 수력발전댐은 대부분 산악지역에 위치하기 때문에 국지성 강우 및 급한 지형 경사로 인하여 돌발홍수(flash flood)의 발생 가능성이 높다. 따라서 시공 중 홍수(월류) 발생을 미리 감지하고 현장에 전파할 수 있는, 수로식(Run-of-river) 수력발전댐 현장을 위한 홍수 조기경보시스템이 필요하며, 이를 리스크 인식, 모니터링 및 경보, 전파 및 연락, 반응 능력 향상의 4가지 부분으로 나누어 구축하였다. 리스크 인식 부분에서는 가물막이댐 월류 발생 상황에 대한 위험도, 취약성, 리스크를 제시하였으며, 모니터링 및 경보 부분에서는 상류 측정수위에서 유도된 현장 예상수위와 실제 현장 측정 수위를 대상으로 경보홍수위와 위험홍수위로 나누어 관리하였다. 전파 및 연락 부분에서는 현장 시공 조직을 활용하여 홍수시를 대비한 비상연락체계도(Emergency communication flow chart)를 운영하였으며, 반응 능력 향상을 위해 비상연락체계도의 팀별 Action plan을 상세화 하였다. 세 번째로 현장의 지질특성과 50여 차례 발파시험으로 현장 고유의 발파진동감쇄곡선을 도출하였으며, 이를 통해 현장의 시공성과 콘크리트 품질 확보를 동시에 달성할 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다. 콘크리트댐 공사에서는 제한된 공기 내에 공사를 완료하기 위해 사면부 굴착과 콘크리트 타설이 동시에 수행될 수밖에 없는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 그러나 신규 콘크리트 타설면 근처에서 발파를 수행하는 경우 발파로 발생되는 탄성파가 일정 수준을 초과하게 되면, 콘크리트 양생에 영향을 주게 된다. 따라서 다수의 현장 발파시험을 통해 발파거리와 최대진동속도의 상관관계 즉, 발파진동감쇄곡선을 도출함으로써 현장의 발파진동특성을 도출할 수 있었다. 또한, 기존 연구 논문들을 통해 콘크리트 재령기간 별 안전진동속도를 선정하고, 해당 안전진동속도를 초과하지 않는 범위에서 콘크리트 타설면과 발파위치의 거리에 따라 1회 발파 가능한 장약량을 산정하여 적용하였다. 이와 같은 체계적인 접근을 통해 콘크리트 타설과 발파 작업 동시 수행에 대한 논란을 해소할 수 있었다.

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Prediction of Damage Area due to Explosion of LNG-Hydrogen Mixed Gas (도시가스-수소 혼합가스의 누출사고 영향범위 분석)

  • Chan-sik, Yoon;Jin-du, Yang;Gil-soo, Na;Sung-Hyun, Im;Ki-young, Kim;Eun-ki, Choi
    • Explosives and Blasting
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    • v.40 no.4
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    • pp.27-34
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    • 2022
  • The government is promoting various policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions for carbon neutrality, one of the key tasks is to revitalize the hydrogen economy. As one of these policies the government has formulated a plan to incorporate hydrogen into existing city gas pipes, and aims to commercialize 20% hydrogen mixing by 2026. In preparation for the commercialization of city gas and hydrogen mixture, this study quantitatively predicts the scale of damage and the range of impact in the event of leakage of these two gas mixtures. The quantitative damage prediction method is to calculate the damage conversion distance through the calculation of the TNT equivalent by setting the leakage amount of the gas mixture in the event of an accident under a virtual scenario.

A Study on the Establishment of Management Criteria for Underwater Noise (수중소음 관리 기준 설정을 위한 소고)

  • Lim, Dae-Kyu;Shin, Young-Cheol;Jun, Yang-Bae
    • Explosives and Blasting
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.119-132
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    • 2010
  • There are many dispute with a construction due to such environment problem as vibration and noise. Generally, we have a standard for acceptance level in land. But we have not a sufficient standard for acceptance level or guide line in underwater sound. In other countries, a acceptance level or guide line in underwater sound has been suggested. Especially the management criterion of underwater noise for fish has bee suggested using the measurement data (peak pressure, rms, energy and SEL) by a hydrophone. In Korea, there is no management criterion of underwater noise for fish. This study suggested the management criteria of underwater noise for fish based on the measured data by a hydrophone.

Case Study on Vibration Monitoring of Area Adjacent to Blast Hole (발파공 주변의 인접거리 진동계측 사례 연구)

  • Lee, Hyo;Won, Yeon-Ho;Kim, Jin-Soo;Ju, Young-Og
    • Explosives and Blasting
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.83-91
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    • 2006
  • Over the past few decades, blasting vibration has been mainly analysed to understand characteristics of far field vibration in the area comparatively far from blast hole in the respect of proving limit of building damage. However, over the last few years, many works have been carried out to estimate damage within the rock adjacent to a blast hole, especially for the Purpose of over break in tunnel blasting and rock slope stability There are several methods to estimate rock damage, but method of using blast vibration has been mostly used to estimate rock damage. Formerly, to estimate rock damage, method of expecting near field vibration using the characteristics of far field vibration had mainly used but nowadays, it is practically possible to measure near field vibration according to development of monitoring system. A few repels relating to this have been studied aboard, but very little work has been conducted in our country because of difficulty of monitoring and choice of monitoring system. Accordingly, in this Paper, measurements of near field vibration were conducted and wave forms were analyzed and some problems were investigated in measuring system.

Prediction of Principal Frequency of Ground Vibration from Delayed Blasting (지연시차에 따른 발파진동의 주파수 특성 예측)

  • Chung, Doo-Sung;Kang, Choo-Won;Ko, Jin-Seok;Chang, Ho-Min;Ryu, Pog-Hyun
    • Tunnel and Underground Space
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.112-118
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    • 2010
  • Before blasts that can have direct impacts on human bodies or structures, it is necessary to assess impacts of ground vibration. Therefore, frequency has been recognized as an important factor in order to assess impact on ground vibration and damages. There have been many studies on impacts of frequency. But, there have been no studies on relations between vibration and frequency according to delay time difference. In this study, we examined the relations between delay time difference and frequency according to each frequency with which reinforcement and destructive intervention repeat through delay time difference obtained using superposition modeling of single hole blasting waveform based on the theory of time difference developed by Langefors.

Consideration on Limitations of Square and Cube Root Scaled Distances in Controled Blast Design (제어발파설계에서 자승근 및 삼승근 환산거리 기법의 적용한계에 대한 고찰)

  • Choi, Byung-Hee;Ryu, Chang-Ha;Jeong, Ju-Hwan
    • Explosives and Blasting
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.27-39
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    • 2010
  • Blast design equations based on the concept of scaled distances can be obtained from the statistical analysis on measured peak particle velocity data of ground vibrations. These equations represents the minimum scale distance of various recommendations for safe blasting. Two types of scaled distance widely used in Korea are the square root scaled distance (SRSD) and cube root scaled distance (CRSD). Thus, the design equations have the forms of $D/\sqrt{W}{\geq}30m/kg^{1/2}$ and $D/\sqrt[3]{W}{\geq}60m/kg^{1/3}$ in the cases of SRSD and CRSD, respectively. With these equations and known distance, we can calculate the maximum charge weight per delay that can assure the safety of nearby structures against ground vibrations. The maximum charge weights per delay, however, are in the orders of $W=O(D^2)$ and $W=O(D^3)$ for SRSD and CRSD, respectively. So, compared with SRSD, the maximum charge for CRSD increases without bound especially after the intersection point of these two charge functions despite of the similar goodness of fits. To prevent structural damage that may be caused by the excessive charge in the case of CRSD, we suggest that CRSD be used within a specified distance slightly beyond the intersection point. The exact limit is up to the point, beyond which the charge difference of SRSD and CRSD begins to exceed the maximum difference between the two within the intersection point.

Measurements and Data Processing for Blast Vibrations and Air-blasts (발파진동 및 발파소음의 측정 및 자료처리)

  • Choi, Byung-Hee;Ryu, Chang-Ha
    • Explosives and Blasting
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    • v.33 no.3
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    • pp.29-50
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    • 2015
  • Safe blast criteria based on the concept of scaled distances can be obtained from the statistical analysis on measured peak particle velocity data of blast vibrations. Two types of scaled distance widely used in Korea are the square root scaled distance (SRSD) and cube root scaled distance (CRSD). In contrast to SRSD scheme, however, the function of maximum charge per delay for CRSD increases without bound after the intersection point of these two functions despite of the similar goodness of fits. To prevent structural damage that may be caused by the excessive charge in the case of CRSD, it is suggested that CRSD be used within a specified distance slightly beyond the intersection point. On the other hand, there are several attempts that predict vibration level(VL) from the peak particle velocity(PPV) or estimate VL based on the scaled distances without considering their frequency spectra. It appears that these attempts are conducted in blasting contracts only for the purpose of satisfying the environment-related law, which mainly deals with the annoyance aspects of noises and vibrations in human life. But, in principle there could no correlation between peaks of velocity and acceleration over entire frequency spectrum. Therefore, such correlations or estimations should be conducted only between the waves with the same or very similar frequency spectra. Finally, it is a known fact that structural damage due to ground vibration is related to PPV level, the safety level criteria for structures should be defined by allowable PPV levels together with their zero crossing frequencies (ZCF).

A Study on the Correlation between Underwater Noise and Ground Vibration (지반진동과 수중소음의 상관성 연구)

  • Park, Jung-Bong;Kang, Choo-Won;Lee, Chang-Won
    • Explosives and Blasting
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.11-22
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    • 2013
  • This study compared and analysed ground vibration, size of underwater background noise in fish farms and underwater object noise of blasting and obtained ground vibration prediction equation through a regression analysis and correlation equation between underwater object noises in order to predict degrees of underwater noise in blasting and organize underwater noise control regulations. Before the study, when background noise of fish and shellfish farms with different conditions was measured, levels of background noise were different according to environmental characteristics of each farm. Ground vibration which causes underwater noise was measured to obtain a correlation equation between ground vibration and underwater object noise. Therefore, if underwater noise is predicted for each construction with a use of a correlation and permissible standards appropriate for each condition are applied for design and construction, financial loss from damages to fish and shellfish caused by development of insufficient technological and engineering logic can be prevented and successful construction with safety of underwater creatures guaranteed can be achieved.