• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1315-1322
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of several herbal extracts (obtusifolia, cinnamon, chinese pepper, licorice root) on the characteristics of rumen fermentation in vitro. Soybean meal was used as a substrate for fermentation in vitro. Herbal extracts were supplemented to media by 10% of the substrate. The substrates supplemented to Dehority artificial media with herbal extracts were fermented in 30ml serum bottles for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 hr at $39^{\circ}C$. Cumulative gas production was significantly (p<0.05) greater in the herbal extract supplements than in the control, in the order of licorice root, chinese pepper, cinnamon and obtusifolia. Methane proportions of the herbal extracts were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the control. Licorice root extract supplementation resulted in the lowest methane proportion at 3 hr fermentation. Proportion of hydrogen was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the herbal extract supplements than in the control at 12 hr fermentation. Compared to the control, ammonia concentration in the licorice root was significantly higher at 3 hr fermentation, but lower at 12 hr fermentation (p<0.05). Based on these results, supplementation of the herbal extracts used in this experiment resulted in increased cumulative gas production and stimulating methane production in vitro rumen fermentation.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.91-101
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• 2017

The in vitro experiment was conducted to ensure the supplemental level of spent Flammulina velutipes mushroom substrates(SMS) as an energy source in manufacturing of rye silage. Rye harvested at heading stage was ensiled with spent mushroom substrates of 0%(Control), 20%(R-20), 40%(R-40) and 60%(R-60) as fresh matter basis for 6week. The rumen fluid for preparation of in vitro solution was collected from two cannulated Holstein bulls fed a 40:60 concentrate:timothy diet. The experiment was conducted by 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 hrs of ncubation time with 3 replications. The silages were evaluated fermentation characteristics and dry matter digestibility(DMD) in vitro. The pH of in vitro solution was inclined to decrease with elapsing the incubation time, and that of the R-60 was significantly(p<0.05) lower than the other treatment at 48 hr of incubation. The microbial growth in vitro was inclined to increase with elapsing the incubation time, and that of the R-20 was significantly(p<0.05) greater than the Control at 48 hr of incubation. Gas production was greater(p<0.05) in the Control than the other treatments at 48 hr of incubation. In vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD) was higher with increasing the supplemental level of SMS, and was significantly(p<0.05) lower in the Control compared with other treatments throughout whole incubation time. The IVDMD for R-60 was the highest(p<0.05) among treatments at 24 hr and 48 hr of incubation. Considering of above results and the availability of SMS, SMS could be supplemented by 60% in fresh matter basis for rye silage fermentation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of saponin contained plant extracts on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and methane production. Ruminal fluid was collected from rumen cannulated Hanwoo steers fed rice straw and concentrate (5:5). Collected rumen fluids, corn starch and buffer including saponin contained plant extracts (ginseng, Ogapi, soapwort, tea plant and yucca; 0.5%/15 ml) were incubated at $39^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. All incubations were repeated five times. Rumen pH in all treatments was lower (p<0.05) compared with that of the control (no addition) during incubation time. The concentration of total VFA in all treatments was higher (p<0.05) than that of the control after 12h incubation. Compared with the control, the concentration of acetate and propionate in all treatments was lower and higher after 6h incubation, respectively. The concentration of $NH_3$-N in all treatments was lower (p<0.05) than that of the control except for Ogapi or yucca extracts supplementation. The number of protozoa in all treatments was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of the control except for soapwort extract supplementation. The total gas production and methane production in all treatments was higher (p<0.05) and lower (p<0.05) compared with the control, except for ogapi or soapwort extracts supplementation after 12h incubation, respectively. Therefore, reduction in methane production by saponins may could be results from decreased protozoal population without any negative in vitro fermentation.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.277-288
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• 2024

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of seaweeds on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and methane gas production. Five seaweeds (Dictyota dichotoma, DD; Chrysymenia wrightii Yamada, CW; Codium fragile, CF; Sargassum fusiforme, SF; Gracilaria vermiculophylla, GV) were obtained from National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS) in South Korea. The ruminal fluids were collected from 3 rumen-cannulated Hanwoo steers (average 12-months-old). The buffered ruminal fluids (50 mL) were incubated with substrates (0.4 g of concentrate and 0.1 g of rice straw in dry matter basis) and seaweeds (5% of substrates) at 39℃ for 24 and 48 hours. The total gas and methane production of all treatments incubated for 24 hours were not affected by the seaweed. However, methane production (mL/g of digested dry matter) in the CW and CF treatments incubated for 48 hours was decreased compared to control (p<0.05). Additionally, the ruminal pH of all treatments incubated for 24 and 48 hours was lower than control (p<0.05). There was no signigicant difference in total VFA concentration at 24 hours of incubation, but it was higher in the CF treatment at 48 hours of incubation (p<0.05). The dry matter digestibility of all treatments incubated for 24 and 48 hours were not affected by the seaweed. In conclusion, Codium fragile reduced in vitro methane production without negative effects on rumen fermentation characteristics.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.191-200
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• 2011

Four ruminally cannulated Hanwoo steers (BW 600 ${\pm}$ 48.4 kg) fed whole crop rice silage (WRS) as forage were used to investigate the effects of its dietary on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites at different harvesting time such as milk, dough, yellow ripe and mature stages of WRS, respectively. Mean ruminal pH sampled at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after the morning feeding was not significantly (p>0.05) different between the WRS by the harvesting time. In diurnal pattern in ruminal pH, the lowest pH for the mature stage treatment (Mature) appeared at 6 h after the feeding while it appeared at 2-4 h for the other treatments. This may indicate that retention time in the rumen of Hanwoo fed WRS harvested at the Mature increased. Although feeding WRS harvested at different stages did not significantly (p>0.05) affect ruminal ammonia N concentration, the ammonia N for WRS harvested at the milk stage (Milk) tended (p=0.11) to decrease compared with that for the yellow stage treatment (Yellow). In the blood metabolites analysis, BUN concentration for Yellow numerically decreased compared with that for Milk. This, taking lower concentration of ruminal ammonia N for Milk than the other treatments into account, clearly indicates that the BUN concentrations may not increase in proportion to ruminal ammonia N concentration according to ammonia N concentration entering into the lower gastric tracts. Lower (p=0.03) concentration of blood albumin for the dough stage treatment than that for Mature may indicate high protein synthesis in Hanwoo fed WRS at the dough stage, but further studies in terms of mechanism of nutrients distribution should be required. Present results indicate that different harvesting time did not affect rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in Hanwoo. Thus, based on the results of the present and the previous studies, utilizing WRS harvested at yellow stage could be recommendable for Hanwoo steers.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 2004

In order to determine the effect of fermentation by the mycelia of fungal species, Formitella fraxinea and Sarcodon aspratus, on the in vitro dry matter digestibility and pH of mixtures with sawdust plus 20% wheat bran w/w, on dry matter basis to use as a feedstuff or an additive including fungal mycelium into a feedstuff. The mixtures were unfermented (UF) and fermented by Formitella fraxinea(FF) and Sarcodon aspratus(SA) for two weeks at $29^{\circ}C$ in a incubator. Fungal fermentation products were added to the basal diet to the level of 0, 1, 3 and 5%, w/w of diets each. The in vitro dry matter digestibilities, soluble sugar contents and pH of fermentation fluids were measured at 24, 48 and 72hr after fermentation begin. Neutral detergent fiber(NDF) contents in mixtures were lower for SA and UF(80.4 and 82.2%) than for FF(88.3%) (P<0.05). In vitro DM digestibility for 48h was higer for SA(21.2%) than for UF and FF(17.9 and 12.2%). The in vitro dry matter digestibility for 24hr was higher for diets added with FF 1% as 49.18%, and lower for diet added with FF 5%(43.07%) than basal diet(44.98%)(P<0.05), and tended to be higher for the diets added with fungal products. The pH of in vitro fermentation fluids for 24 and 48 hrs fermentation were lower for diets added with all FF and SA than for UF(P<0.05). However, those for 72 hrs fermentation were higher for SA 1%(6.74) than other diets(P<0.05). The soluble sugar concentration of in vitro fermentation fluid was not different between diets for 24 hr fermentation. However, those were higher for all additive diets than basal diet for 48 and 72 hrs fermentation(P<0.05). It could be concluded that dairy cow's diets added with fungal fermentation products have positive effects, and expected it will be more beneficial if more fungal mycelium was contained.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2010

An in situ ruminal disappearance trial and an in vivo sheep metabolism trial were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of spent mushroom substrate (SMS, originated from Pleurotus osteratus bed-type cultivation). The raw SMS was ensiled (ESMS) for 30 days with 5% (w/w, DM basis) molasses, 0.5% (v/w) yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and 0.5% (v/w) lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum). Two ruminally cannulated Holsteins (average BW 620 kg) were used to evaluate in situ disappearance. Six sheeps (average BW 48 kg) were fed, in $3{\times}3$ Latin square design, rice straw alone (Control), 25% (ESMS-25) and 50% (ESMS-50) of rice straw were replaced with ensiled SMS. For an in situ trial, ruminal DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance of SMS were increased after ensiling (P<0.05). For a sheep trial, protein and fiber (NDF, acid detergent fiber, crude fiber) digestibilities were decreased (P<0.05), crude ash digestibility was increased (P<0.001), and nitrogen retention was not affected (P>0.05) as rice straw was replaced with ensiled SMS. Ruminating time was decreased by an average of 28% by feeding ensiled SMS (P<0.05). Ensiled SMS (Bed-type cultivation) had 76% of energy value of rice straw. Consequently, ensiled SMS (Bed-type cultivation, 100% cotton waste) could be used as a roughage source appropriate for maintenance type rations for ruminants.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.709-718
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• 2006

In order to know the effects of Garlic, Scallion, Flavonoid, Urushiol, Anthocyanidin and Bio-MOS?? on pathogenic microbes and rumen anaerobic microbes, the growth rate of pathogens (including Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella paratyphi, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and in vitro rumen microbial growth, gas production, ammonia concentration, carboxymethylcellulase(CMCase) activity, and microbial populations were investigated.The growth of pathogens was inhibited by supplementation of 0.1% Flavonoid, Scallion or Bio-MOS?? as biological active materials. And Scallion and Flavonoid had powerful antimicrobial properties on the pathogens applied in paper disc method.Although few effects by biological active materials disappeared in rumen fermentation in vitro, CMCase activity removed with supplementation of 1% of Flavonoid which had antimicrobial property in paper disc method. Scallion, having powerful antimicrobial property on pathogens and no inhibiting on rumen fermentation, might be a source in development of natural antimicrobial agent for ruminants.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.647-656
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• 2007

In order to investigate the effects of supplemental ionic surfactants in in vitro ruminal fermentation, N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt(N-LSS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) for negative(－) ionic surfactant, and hexadecylpyridinium chloride monohydrate(HPCM) and hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(HTAB) for positive (+) ionic surfactant were supplemented by 0.05% and 0.1% into the Dehority’s artificial medium containing rice straw(1mm) as a substrate. In vitro DM digestibility, the growth of rumen mixed microbes, pH, cumulative gas production and SEM(Scanning Electron Microscopy) observation of microbial attachment on rice straw particle were investigated through the experiment composing 9 treatments (two supplemental levels of two positive ionic(+) surfactant, two supplemental levels of two negative(－) ionic surfactant) including the control. The sample collection was at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post fermentation with 3 replications per treatments. DM digestibility in treatments supplemented (+) or (－) surfactants almost stopped afterward 12 h fermentation, in vitro DM digestibility at 72 h post fermentation in the ionic surfactants was at half level of that of the control(P<0.05). Accumulative gas production in in vitro was less(P<0.05) with addition of ionic surfactants compared to the control. The amount of rumen mixed microbes recovered from in vitro incubation fluid pleateaued at 12 h post fermentation for the positive (+) ionic surfactants, but steadily increased as fermentation time elapsed for the control. Rumen microbial growth rate was significantly(P<0.05) low in the negative(－) ionic surfactant compared to the control. pH of the incubation fluid was ranged from 6.02 to 7.20, and was the highest in the negative(－) ionic surfactants, and was the lowest in the control(P<0.05). In SEM observation, rumen microbial population attached on rice straw particle was less with addition of ionic surfactants than the control. In conclusion we could not found any positive effects of negative- and positive- charged surfactants on rumunal fermentation characteristics and rumen microbial growth rates.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.25-32
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• 1999

An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effects of the addition of activated charcoal (AC) on the ruminal fermentation characteristics, nutrient disappearance, and ruminal gas production. AC was added at the levels of 0.00, 0.25, and 0.50 % to each of the four types of diets (roughage/concentrate ratio : 8/2, 6/4, 4/6 and 2/8), respectively. Although not significant, ruminal pH tended to increase by adding AC, and as the concentrate level increased, ruminal pH decreased (P<0.05). Acetate concentration and acetate/propionate molar ratio tended to decrease in AC diets. but molar % of propionate tended to increase by the addition of AC. Ruminal degradation of dry matter, crude protein, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose in AC diets tended to increase than in non-AC diet, however, no tendency in ruminal degradation of crude fat was observed. As the concentrate level increased, rumunal degradation of dry matter and nutrients in AC diets increased significantly(P<0.05). Ruminal gas production tended to decrease in the 0.50 % AC diets, however, it tended to increase in high roughage diets. Although there appeared some beneficial effects in adding AC to ruminant diets in this study, more works should be done with AC before we can make clear conclusion on the use of AC in the ruminant diets.