• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.143-172
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• 2012

While e-commerce market(B2C) grows rapidly, many experts argue that EC(B2C) transactions have not reached its full potential. A notable difference between online and offline consumer markets that is suppressing the growth of EC(B2C) is the decreased presence of human and social elements in the online shopping environments. Generally online shopping lacks human warmth and sociability. In this study, social presence in online shopping mall was proposed as a substitute for face-to-face social interaction in the traditional commerce and author explored what variables affect social presence(human warmth and sociability) on online shopping malls and how human warmth and sociability can influence on online store loyalty. To achieve research objectives, we reviewed literatures related with marketing, psychology and communication research areas. Based on literature review, we proposed a research model on the online shopping mall. To examine the proposed research model, we gathered data by using a self-report questionnaire. Respondents consists of online shoppers with at least five or more times of purchase experience in online shopping malls. Because social presence is a feeling which needs frequent contacts with malls to experience, respondents must have enough purchase experiences. The empirical results are as follows : First, shopping mall's customization efforts influence perceived social presence on the mall significantly. Second, shopping mall's responsiveness influences perceived social presence significantly. Third, perceived activity of community of online shopping mall influences perceived social presence significantly. Mall managers have to activate their customer community to reinforce social presence, resulting in trust building. Finally, perceived social presence influences trust and enjoyment on the mall significantly. And then trust and enjoyment on the mall affect store loyalty significantly. From these findings it can be inferred that perceived social presence appears determinant which is critical to the formation of core variables(trust and loyalty) in existing online shopping papers.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.145-155
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• 2002

Background: Inflammation, where vascular endothelial cells are activated by cytokines, recruits circulating leukocytes such as neutrophils into the tissues. Mononuclear phagocytes as well as tissue cells activated by these stimuli produce these chemokines. In this study, thr effects of IL-1 and LPS on the expression of CXC chemokines such as GRO-${\alpha}$, IL-8 and ENA-78 in vascular endothelial cells and the neutrophil adhesion effects of ENA-78 and GRO-${\alpha}$ was investigated. Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured and stimulated with various concentrations of IL-1 and LPS. The concentrations of the GRO-${\alpha}$, IL-8 and ENA-78 secreted were measured using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. The effects of ENA-78 and GRO-${\alpha}$ on neutrophil adhesion to the endothelial cells were also investigated. Results: The addition of IL-1 and LPS to the vascular endothelial cells induced GRO-${\alpha}$ IL-8 and ENA-78 secretion in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The neutrophil adhesion was also increased by induction of ENA-78 and GRO-${\alpha}$ to the vascular endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: CXC chemokines such as GRO-${\alpha}$, IL-8 and ENA-78 secreted by the vascular endothelial cells play an important role in the acute inflammatory responses by stimulating neutrophil adhesion to the vascular endothelial cells, raising the possibility that the CXC chemokines are one of the targets in the clinical application of acute inflammation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1-18
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• 2022

This study critically analyzed the user experience (UX) of mobile applications, focusing on the advertising platforms of mobile applications for culture and arts content. This study aims to examine the direction for growth of the related mobile applications and propose alternative approaches to improve usability. In this study, a mobile app named 'Moviepre' was selected, and a heuristic evaluation was performed for in-depth exploration. For the selected case, the UX Honeycomb model was reconstructed to analyze useful, usable, desirable, findable, accessible, and credible elements of the case. First, since the users' preference for the price factor did not show a significant correlation with the usefulness of the content and the interface, it is necessary to make sure that the mobile application has unique values to gain a competitive advantage in the market. Second, by adopting customer path stages for analysis, the result indicated that users continuously interact with the service from the first moment they are aware of the mobile application. Third, if the user feels uncomfortable, it is likely that these factors hinder the establishment of a long-term relationship between the users and the mobile application. Finally, brand identity should be clearly established, and brand image strategy needs to be developed to satisfy users' expectations that high-quality culture and arts content will be available through the mobile application.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.323-328
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• 2019

Tuberculosis, a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), differs in its status latency and activity because of the characteristics of MTB, immune status of the host, and genetic susceptibility. The host defense mechanism against MTB is caused mainly by interactions between macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells. CD44 is expressed in activated T cells when infected with MTB and regulates lymphocyte migration. In addition, CD44 mediates leukocyte adhesion to the ECM and plays a role in attracting macrophages and $CD4^+$ T cells to the lungs. Therefore, genetic polymorphism of the CD44 gene will inhibit the host cell immune mechanisms against MTB. This study examined whether the genetic polymorphism of the CD44 gene affects the susceptibility of tuberculosis. A total of 237 SNPs corresponding to the CD44 genes were analyzed using the genotype data of 443 tuberculosis cases and 3,228 healthy controls from the Korean Association Resource (KARE). Of these, 17 SNPs showed a significant association with the tuberculosis case. The most significant SNP was rs75137824 (OR=0.231, CI: 1.51~3.56, $P=1.3{\times}10^{-4}$). In addition, rs10488809, one of the 17 significant SNPs, is important for the tuberculosis outbreak can bind to the JUND and FOS transcription factors and can affect CD44 gene expression. This study suggests that polymorphism of the CD44 gene modulates the host susceptibility to tuberculosis in a variety of ways, resulting in differences in the status of tuberculosis.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.205-218
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• 2008

Interaction between pain and sleep has long been proved through many researches, and various studies are being conducted to identify its mechanism. However, these studies have targeted on patients with systemic disease, such as rheumatic disease and fibromyalgia. There are few researches on patients with orofacial pain including temporomandibular disorder(TMD). In this study, we studied interaction between pain aspect and sleep quality in 229 patients with TMD, who visited the TMJ and Orofacial pain clinic. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale(ESS) questionnaire were surveyed and sleep-screening device was operated. PSQI showed that sleep quality in TMD patients with pain was poorer than that in TMD patients without pain. The ratio of poor sleeper was higher in TMD patients with pain. Especially, TMD patients with chronic pain showed obviously poorer sleep quality than TMD patients with acute pain. The result of ESS showed that patients with painful TMD showed more daytime sleepiness than painless TMD patients. The ratio of TMD patients with chronic pain who had daytime sleepiness was higher than TMD patients with acute pain, and the amount of daytime sleepiness was higher in the group of chronic pain. In TMD patients with chronic pain, only the poor sleeper(PSQI>5) presented mean ESS>10(diagnostic criteria of daytime sleepiness). There was no correlation between pain intensity and sleep quality or daytime sleepiness. The result of ApnealinkTM for screening of sleep related breathing disorder showed that only 1 patient presented AHI>5 among 19 participants. TMD patients with chronic pain presented poor sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness similar to other chronic pain patients. Evaluation of sleep state by questionnaire might be useful for diagnosis and management of TMD, because sleep disturbance decreases pain threshold and pain disturbs sleep. In addition, sleep-screening device would be useful for screening sleep related breathing disorder in dental clinic.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.21-35
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• 2016

Recently, there has been a rapid increase in the sale and purchase of an array of organic products. In particular, organic milk has grown in popularity. This growth could lead to expensive, premium retail prices for various organic cow's milk products. In fact, most consumers believe that (1) dairy farming to produce organic milk is beneficial for human health and (2) organic milk products are made without the use of various antibiotics, synthetic chemicals, genetic modification, extra hormones, and so on. Several factors, including breed, diet, and stage of lactation, are known to influence the composition of milk. Therefore, this review (1) presents a research outline to compare organic and conventional milk and (2) provides a summary of individual elements that affect the composition of milk.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.308-313
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• 2007

Background: The nitric oxide (NO) released by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Corticosteroids also play a role in the hemodynamic and inflammatory reactions in sepsis. Both have been shown to have a relationship theoretically, but their correlation and clinical impacts have rarely been evaluated. Methods: 26 patients with sepsis and 14 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. The initial random plasma total NO and the serum cortisol levels were measured. The same measurements were serially carried out on the $3^{rd}$, $5^{th}$, and $7^{th}$ days. Results: The initial total plasma levels of NO and cortisol were higher in the patients with sepsis than in the healthy controls. The total NO levels were higher in patients with severe sepsis than in the those with mild sepsis. There was a correlation between the total NO and cortisol level throughout the study. Conclusion: In patients with sepsis, the levels of plasma NO and cortisol were well correlated during the first week of sepsis, which suggests an interrelationship. However, the clinical and pathogenetic implications await further evaluation.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.9
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• pp.767-776
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• 2014

Changes in climate have largely increased concentrated heavy rainfall, which in turn is causing enormous damages to humans and properties. Floods are one of the most deadly and damaging natural disasters known to mankind. The flood forecasting and warning system concentrates on reducing injuries, deaths, and property damage caused by floods. Therefore, the exact relationship and the spatial variability analysis of hydrometeorological elements and characteristic factors is critical elements to reduce the uncertainty in rainfall-runoff model. In this study, grid resolution depending on the topographic factor in rainfall-runoff models presents how to respond. semi-distribution of rainfall-runoff model using the model GRM simulated and calibrated rainfall-runoff in the Gamcheon and Naeseongcheon watershed. To run the GRM model, input grid data used rainfall (two event), DEM, landuse and soil. This study selected cell size of 500 m(basic), 1 km, 2 km, 5 km, 10 km and 12 km. According to the resolution of each grid, in order to compare simulation results, the runoff hydrograph has been made and the runoff has also been simulated. As a result, runoff volume and peak discharge which simulated cell size of DEM 500 m~12 km were continuously reduced. that results showed decrease tendency. However, input grid data except for DEM have not contributed increase or decrease runoff tendency. These results showed that the more increased cell size of DEM make the more decreased slope value because of the increased horizontal distance.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.39-57
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• 2012

Recently, due to the introduction of high-tech equipment in interactive exhibits, many people's attention has been concentrated on Interactive exhibits that can double the exhibition effect through the interaction with the audience. In addition, it is also possible to measure a variety of audience reaction in the interactive exhibition. Among various audience reactions, this research uses the change of the facial features that can be collected in an interactive exhibition space. This research develops an artificial neural network-based prediction model to predict the response of the audience by measuring the change of the facial features when the audience is given stimulation from the non-excited state. To present the emotion state of the audience, this research uses a Valence-Arousal model. So, this research suggests an overall framework composed of the following six steps. The first step is a step of collecting data for modeling. The data was collected from people participated in the 2012 Seoul DMC Culture Open, and the collected data was used for the experiments. The second step extracts 64 facial features from the collected data and compensates the facial feature values. The third step generates independent and dependent variables of an artificial neural network model. The fourth step extracts the independent variable that affects the dependent variable using the statistical technique. The fifth step builds an artificial neural network model and performs a learning process using train set and test set. Finally the last sixth step is to validate the prediction performance of artificial neural network model using the validation data set. The proposed model is compared with statistical predictive model to see whether it had better performance or not. As a result, although the data set in this experiment had much noise, the proposed model showed better results when the model was compared with multiple regression analysis model. If the prediction model of audience reaction was used in the real exhibition, it will be able to provide countermeasures and services appropriate to the audience's reaction viewing the exhibits. Specifically, if the arousal of audience about Exhibits is low, Action to increase arousal of the audience will be taken. For instance, we recommend the audience another preferred contents or using a light or sound to focus on these exhibits. In other words, when planning future exhibitions, planning the exhibition to satisfy various audience preferences would be possible. And it is expected to foster a personalized environment to concentrate on the exhibits. But, the proposed model in this research still shows the low prediction accuracy. The cause is in some parts as follows : First, the data covers diverse visitors of real exhibitions, so it was difficult to control the optimized experimental environment. So, the collected data has much noise, and it would results a lower accuracy. In further research, the data collection will be conducted in a more optimized experimental environment. The further research to increase the accuracy of the predictions of the model will be conducted. Second, using changes of facial expression only is thought to be not enough to extract audience emotions. If facial expression is combined with other responses, such as the sound, audience behavior, it would result a better result.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.15
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• pp.1-31
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• 1974

Introducing genes for earliness of wheat varieties is important to develop early varieties in winter wheat. In oder to obtain basic informations on the response of heading to the different day length and temperature treatments and on the inheritance of heading dates, experiments were conducted at the field and greenhouse of the Crop Experiment Station, Suwon. Varieties used in this experiments were, early variety Yecora F70, medium varieties Suke #169, Parker and Yukseung #3, and late varieties Changkwang, Bezostaia, Sturdy and Blueboy. The parents and F$_1$s of partial diallel crosses of above eight varieties were subjected the following four different treatments; 1. high temperature and long day, 2. high temperature and short day, 3. low temperature and long day, and 4. low temperature and short day. The same materials were grown also in field condition. Parents, F$_1$ and F$_2$ generation were grown also in both greenhouse under high temperature and short day and in field. The results obtained were summarized as follow: 1. No effects of temperature and daylength on the number of leaves on the main stem were found when -varieties were vernalized. The number of main stem leaves were fewer for spring type of varieties than for winter type of varieties. 2. The effects of temperature and daylength on the days to flag leaf opening were dependent on the speed of leaf emergence. The speed of leaf emergence were faster for lower leaves than for upper leaves. 3. The response to short day and long day (earliness of narrow sense) of varieties were found to be direct factor responsible to physiology of heading dates in vernalized varieties. Great difference of varieties to heading date was found in high temperature and short day treatment, but less differences were found in high temperature and long day, low temperature and long day and low temperature and short day treatments respectively. The least varietal difference for heading dates was found in the field condition. 4. Changkwang and Parker were found to be the most sensitive to short day treatment (photosensitive) and the heading of these varieties were delayed by short day treatment. No great varietal differences were found among other varieties. 5. Varietal differences of heading dates due to daylength were greater in high temperature than in low temperature. 6. Varietal differences of heading dates due to temperature were not great. but in general the heading dates of varieties were faster under high temperature than under low temperature. 7. Earliness of heading dates was due to partial dominance effect of genes involved in any condition. The degree of dominance was greater under short day than under long day treatment. 8. The varietal differences of heading date under high temperature and long day were due to earliness or narrow sense (response to long day) of varieties. The degree of dominance was greater for Yecora F70, spring type than for other winter type of varieties. No differences or less differences of degree of dominance was found among winter type of varieties. The estimated number of effective factor concerned in the earliness of narrow sense was one pair of allele with minor genes. 9. The insensitivity of varieties to short day treatment in heading dates was due to single dominant gene effect. Under the low temperature the sensitivity of varieties to short day treatment was less apparent. 10. The earliness of short day and long day (earliness of narrow sense) sensitivities of varieties appearea to be due to partial dominance of earliness over lateness. In strict sense, the degree of the dominance should be distinguished. 11. Dominant gene effects were found for the thermo-sensitivity of varieties, and the effect was less, significant than the earliness in narrow sense. 12. One pair of allele, ee and EE, for photosensitivity was responsible for the difference in the heading dates between Changkwang and Suke #169. Two pairs of alleles, ee, enen and EE, EnEn. appeared to be responsible for the difference between Changkwang and Yecora F70. The effects of EE and EnEn were, additive to the earliness and the effects of EE were greater than EnEn under short day. However, the effects of EE were not evident in long day but the effects of EnEn were observed in long day. 13. Two pairs of dominant alleles for the earliness were estimated from the analysis of F$_1$ diallels in the field but the effects of these alleles in F$_2$ were not apparent due to low temperature and short day treatment in early part of growth and high temperature and long day treatment in later part of growth. The F$_2$ population shows continuous variation due to environmental effects and due to other minor gene effects. 14. The heritabilities for heading dates were ranged from 0.51 to 0.72, indicating that the selection in early generation might be effective. The extent of heritability for heading dates varied with environments; higher magnitude of heritability was obtained in short day treatment and high temperature compared with long day and low temperature treatments. The heritabilities of heading date due to response to short day were 0.86 in high temperature and 0.76 in low temperature. The heritabilities of heading date due to temperature were not significantly high. 15. The correlation coefficients of heading dates to the number of grains per spike, weight of 1, 000 grains. and grain yield were positive and high, indicating the difficulties of selections of high yielding lines from early population. But no significant correlation coefficient was obtained between the earliness and the number of spikes, indicating the effective selection for high tillering from early varieties for high yielding.