• Title/Summary/Keyword: 반응면

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두경부암의 6MV 광자선 치료 시 표면선량 증가를 위한 Spoiler의 유용성 평가

  • 이강혁;김원택;이화중;김대영
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.41-47
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    • 2002
  • 1.목적 두경부암(head and neck Ca)과 쇄골상부(Supraclavicular)에 6MV 광자선으로 치료 시 치료부위(Target volume)가 피부에서 대략 $1^{\sim}2mm$정도 깊이에 위치할 경우, 6MV 광자선의 선량분포는 표면선량이 낮아서 치료에 적합하지 않기 때문에 Bolus와 같이 사용하지만 Skin Sparing(피부보호)효과의 손실로 피부의 손상이 발생할 수 있다. 이러한 이유로 피부의 보호와 치료 시 표면선량의 증가를 위해 Spoiler(산란판)를 제작하여 측정 후 그 특성을 이해하고 선량의 분포를 통하여 Bolus와 비교한 후에 Spoiler의 유용성에 대해 평가하고자 하였다. 2.방법 Siemens사 선형가속기(PRIMUS)의 6MV 광자선을 사용하여 Spoiler의 사용여부 및 Spoiler의 사용 시에는 조사면의 크기를 $5{\times}5,\;7{\times}7,\;10{\times}10,\;15{\times}15,\;20{\times}20cm^2$로 하고 Spoiler와 표면과의 거리는 6, 10, 15cm로 바꾸어 가면서 물팬톰(PTW. 독일)을 이용해 깊이와 측방에 따른 선량분포를 Markus 전리함(PTW. 독일)으로 측정하였으며 전리함의 방수를 위해 씌어진 방수 캡 때문에 표면선량을 별도의 고형 팬톰으로 측정하였다. 표면의 측정선량은 전리함의 측면 벽 등에 의한 선량 측정치의 증가 현상으로 과 반응을 보였으며 이를 교정하였다. 그리고 측정된 데이터를 치료계획 시스템(Pinnacle 6.0m)으로 비교, 분석하였다. 3.결과 Spoiler의 사용 시 3cm깊이 측정선량 백분율과 Spoiler를 사용하지 않은 해당 치료 조사면의 3cm깊이 선량의 백분율에 일치하도록 하여 가상의 치료 깊이인 2mm에서 측정값을 비교하여 본 결과 조사면 $5{\times}5,\;10{\times}10,\;20{\times}20cm^2$에서 OPEN시 62, 64, $70\%$, Bolus는 97, 97, $99\%$로 Spoiler의 사용 시 표면과의 거리가 6cm에서 82, 98, $103\%$, 10cm에는 72, 89, $101\%$, 15m에 65, 79, $96\%$로 나타났으며 표면에서의 측정값을 비교하여 본 결과 OPEN시 11, 17, $27\%$, Bolus는 84, 84, $86\%$, Spoiler의 사용 시 6cm에서 40, 71, $93\%$, 10cm에는 25, 50, $81\%$, 15cm에 18, 36, $67\%$를 나타내었다. 또한 3m깊이에서의 측방 선량분포에서 Spoiler의 거리변화(6, 10cm)는 심부선량의 변화에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 위의 실험측정치를 치료계획 시스템에 입력하여 선량분포를 확인한 결과 Spoiler를 사용하는 경우 OPEN에 비해 선량분포 영역을 표면으로 끌어 올릴 수 있으며 Bolus 보다 피부 보호효과는 어느 정도 유지가 되는 것을 보여주었다. 4.결론 이와 같이 Spoiler는 Bolus와 비교하여 6MV 광자선의 build up 영역을 표면으로 증가시키는 동시에 Skin Sparing(피부보호)효과를 유지할 수 있으며 두경부암의 치료에서 Spoiler의 사용이 가능한 조건으로는 조사면이 $5{\times}5cm^2$에서 Spoiler와 표면과의 거리가 6cm일 때, $7{\times}7cm^2$에서 6cm, 10cm였고 $10{\times}10cm^2$는 10cm, 15cm로, $15{\times}15cm^2$는 15cm의 간격으로 평가되었다. 또한 $20{\times}20cm^2$의 조사면, Spoiler가 6cm 간격 인 경우 Bolus를 사용한 것 보다 더욱 높은 표면선량을 나타내었다. 그러나 Spoiler와 표면간의 거리를 다르게 함으로써 깊이에 따라 선량분포를 다양하게 나타낼 수 있기 때문에 표면선량의 증가와 피부의 보호를 위해 환자의 피부 두께, 실제 치료 부위의 깊이 등을 고려한다면 Spoiler를 사용하는 것이 bolus를 사용하는 것보다 더 유용하게 적용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

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A STUDY ON THE VARIABLES OF CHILDHOOD ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR (반사회적행동(Antisocial Behavior) 아동의 특성에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Tae-Ryeon;Lee, Kyung-Sook
    • Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.14-25
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    • 1992
  • The present study was purposed to find out variables of childhood antisocial behavior. The variables consisted of social cognition competence(Peer perception. acquaintance perception, frustration situation perception). academic competence(Visual integration function. written expression function, grammar closure function). The subject in this study were 32 nine year old-fourteen year old antisocial behavior boys and 32 third grade in elementary school-second grade in middle school normal boys and girls. The results of this study were obtained as follows. 1) In peer perception antisocial behavior children perceived peer as more supportive than normals. In acquaintance perception. there was no difference between groups. 2) In frustration situation perception, normal children used intropunitive attack still more than antisocial behavior children and antisocial behavior children perceived frustration situation more sensitive than normals and they were less active in problem solving aspects than normals. 3) In Academic competence, antisocial behavior children have deficits in visual motor integration function, written expression function. grammar closure function.

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Comparion of Rockwool, Reused Rockwool and Coir Medium on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Growth, Fruit Quality and Productivity in Greenhouse Soilless Culture (시설 내 수경재배에서 암면, 재사용암면, 코이어 배지에 따른 토마토의 생육 및 생산성 비교)

  • An, Cheol Bin;Shin, Jong Hwa
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.30 no.3
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    • pp.175-182
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    • 2021
  • This experiment was conducted to find out the possibility of use of reused rockwool and comparison of growth, productivity and quality of tomatoes according to the use of rockwool and coir medium. The experiment was conducted in an automatic controlled greenhouse at Andong National University, College of Life Science, located in Andong, Gyeongsangbuk-do.. As a result of the experiment, there was no difference in the number of leaves, plant height, and leaf area between treatments, and the crown diameter was slightly higher in rockwool medium, also there was no difference between reused rockwool and coir medium. Fruit productivity showed different responses depending on the cultivation environment, but there was no significant difference between rockwool, reused rockwool and coir medium. In addition, the quality of fruit was observed to be different according to the concentration of EC in the medium. Therefore, in tomato hydroponic cultivation, there was no difference in the type of medium in growth, productivity, fruit quality and the environmental and water management had a great effect, and it is expected that the reuse of rockwool will have a positive effect on the economic point of view.

High-Frequency Bottom Loss Measured at Near-Normal Incidence Grazing Angle in Jinhae Bay (진해만에서 측정된 높은 수평입사각에서의 고주파 해저면 반사손실)

  • La, Hyoung-Sul;Park, Chi-Hyung;Cho, Sung-Ho;Choi, Jee-Woong;Na, Jung-Yul;Yoon, Kwan-Seob;Park, Kyung-ju;Park, Joung-Soo
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.223-228
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    • 2010
  • High-frequency bottom loss measurements for grazing angle of $82^{\circ}$ in frequency range 17-40 kHz were made in Jinhae bay in the southern part of Korea. Observations of bottom loss showed the strong variation as a function of frequency, which were compared to the predicted values using two-layered sediment reflection model. The geoacoustic parameters including sound speed, density and attenuation coefficient for the second sediment layer were predicted from the empirical relations with the mean grain size obtained from sediment core analysis. The geoacoustic parameters for the surficial sediment layer were inverted using Monte Carlo inversion algorithm. A sensitivity study for the geoacoustic parameters showed that the thickness of surficial sediment layer was most sensitive to the variation of the bottom loss.

Development of Preliminary Quality Assurance Software for $GafChromic^{(R)}$ EBT2 Film Dosimetry ($GafChromic^{(R)}$ EBT2 Film Dosimetry를 위한 품질 관리용 초기 프로그램 개발)

  • Park, Ji-Yeon;Lee, Jeong-Woo;Choi, Kyoung-Sik;Hong, Semie;Park, Byung-Moon;Bae, Yong-Ki;Jung, Won-Gyun;Suh, Tae-Suk
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.113-119
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    • 2010
  • Software for GafChromic EBT2 film dosimetry was developed in this study. The software provides film calibration functions based on color channels, which are categorized depending on the colors red, green, blue, and gray. Evaluations of the correction effects for light scattering of a flat-bed scanner and thickness differences of the active layer are available. Dosimetric results from EBT2 films can be compared with those from the treatment planning system ECLIPSE or the two-dimensional ionization chamber array MatriXX. Dose verification using EBT2 films is implemented by carrying out the following procedures: file import, noise filtering, background correction and active layer correction, dose calculation, and evaluation. The relative and absolute background corrections are selectively applied. The calibration results and fitting equation for the sensitometric curve are exported to files. After two different types of dose matrixes are aligned through the interpolation of spatial pixel spacing, interactive translation, and rotation, profiles and isodose curves are compared. In addition, the gamma index and gamma histogram are analyzed according to the determined criteria of distance-to-agreement and dose difference. The performance evaluations were achieved by dose verification in the $60^{\circ}$-enhanced dynamic wedged field and intensity-modulated (IM) beams for prostate cancer. All pass ratios for the two types of tests showed more than 99% in the evaluation, and a gamma histogram with 3 mm and 3% criteria was used. The software was developed for use in routine periodic quality assurance and complex IM beam verification. It can also be used as a dedicated radiochromic film software tool for analyzing dose distribution.

Development of a compact fuel processor for building fuel cells (건물용 연료전지를 위한 컴팩트 연료개질기 개발)

  • Jung, Un Ho;Koo, Kee Young;Yoon, Wang Lai
    • 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2010.06a
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    • pp.224.2-224.2
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    • 2010
  • 연료개질기는 연료전지 시스템의 핵심 구성요소 중의 하나로 도시가스로부터 수소를 생산하는 역할을 담당한다. 연료개질기는 주로 탈황, 수증기 개질, 수성가스 전이, 선택적 산화 반응의 4단계로 구성되어 있으며 이 중 상온 탈황부분을 제외한 나머지 부분은 일체화 설계를 통해 제작된다. 탈황의 경우 도시가스에 포함된 부취제인 황화합물를 제거하여 후단에 위치한 촉매층이 황에 의해 피독되는 것을 막는 역할을 하며 주로 상온흡착식 탈황제를 사용한다. 황이 제거된 도시가스는 물과 함께 연료개질기로 도입되어 수증기 개질반응을 통하여 수소, 일산화탄소, 이산화탄소 및 소량의 메탄과 미반응 수증기로 구성된 개질가스로 전환된다. 이후의 수성가스 전이반응에서는 일산화탄소가 물과 반응하여 수소 생산량을 늘리며 동시에 일산화탄소의 농도를 낮추게 된다. 또한 고분자 전해질 연료전지에 공급되는 개질가스는 선택적 산화반응을 통하여 일산화탄소의 농도를 10ppm이하로 유지하게 된다. 이러한 기능의 연료개질기 개발의 주요 이슈로는 컴팩트화 및 고효율화이며 이 두가지 요소를 고려하여 연료개질기를 설계하여야 한다. 연료전지 시스템의 전체부피를 줄이기 위한 노력의 일환으로 연료개질기의 컴팩트화가 요구되는데 가정용 연료전지 기술 선진국인 일본 제품의 경우 $1Nm^3/h$급 연료개질기의 부피는 20L정도로 알려져 있다. 또한 연료전지 시스템의 효율은 연료개질기의 개질효율과 연료전지 스택의 발전효율의 곱으로 계산되기 때문에 연료개질기의 연료개질 효율은 전체 시스템의 효율에 직접적으로 영향을 미치게 된다. 한국에너지기술연구원에서는 수소생산량 기준 $1Nm^3/h$급 연료개질기의 개발을 완료하였으며 크기 및 효율면에서 선진국 제품과 비교하여 동등 또는 우위의 수준을 달성하였다. 연료개질기 내부의 혼합 및 분배 구조를 개선하고 각 촉매층의 최적 배치를 통해 연료개질기의 부피를 최소화 하였으며 연료개질기 내부에서 고온부위와 저온부위 사이의 최적 열교환을 통해 열효율을 극대화 시켰다. 현재 개발된 $1Nm^3/h$급 개질기의 단열 후 부피는 13.5L 그리고 단독운전 시 열효율은 80%(LHV)로 측정되었다. 또한 $1Nm^3/h$급의 연료개질기의 스케일-업 설계를 통하여 수소생산량 3, $5Nm^3/h$ 규모의 연료개질기를 개발하였으며 성능평가가 진행 중이다.

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Production of Polyclonal Antibodies Specific to Porcine Adipocyte Plasma Membrane Proteins in Sheep (면양을 이용한 돼지 지방제포 원형질막 단백질 특이 항체의 생산)

  • 최창본;이명진;권은진
    • Biomedical Science Letters
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.57-63
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    • 1998
  • The objectives of this study were to produce polyclonal antibody to adipocyte plasma membrane (APM) proteins isolated from pig, and to investigate its tissue specificity. Plasma membrane proteins from adipocyte, brain, heart, kidney, liver and spleen were isolated using a self-forming Percoll gradient. Sheep (40kg) was immunized three times at three week interval with the purified APM proteins. Blood was taken from non-immunized sheep (NS) and from immunized sheep at 10 (AS-1), 12 (AS-2), and 14 (AS-3) days after the third immunization. Antisera titers and cross-reactivity against other tissues were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antisera reacted strongly to APM proteins showing detectable amounts of antibody at 1:81,000 dilution. And antisera showed much stronger reactivity to APM proteins than any other tissue plasma membrane proteins. Furthermore, tissue specificity of antisera against APM was reconfirmed by immunoblotting using anti-sheep immunoglobulin G-horseradish peroxidase conjugate as a secondary antibody Antisera to APM proteins showed adipocyte specificity compared with other tissues. In conclusion, polyclonal antibody against APM proteins isolated from pig was developed successfully in our laboratory, and these antisera showed tissue specificity with APM.

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Thermophilic Biohydrogen Production from Glucose with a Long-term Operation of CSTR (CSTR의 장기운전을 통한 포도당으로부터의 고온 수소생산)

  • Ahn, Yeong-Hee;Oh, You-Kwan;Park, Sung-Hoon
    • KSBB Journal
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    • v.20 no.6
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    • pp.425-430
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    • 2005
  • Thermophilic $H_2$ was produced for 1 year using a bench-scale continuous stirred tank reactor(CSTR). The CSTR was inoculated with anaerobically digested sludge after heat treatment and fed with a glucose-based medium. The reactor showed relatively short start-up period(30 days) and high maximal $H_2$ yield(2.4 mol $H_2/mol$ glucose). Keeping pH 5.0 or less suppressed methanogenic activity. Bacteria affiliated with Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum kept being dominant from approximately 40 days as determined by DGGE. Environmental perturbation(pH or temperature) caused the decrease of biomass concentration in the reactor and the instability of reactor performance, $H_2$ production rate and $H_2$ yield. The unstable performance was accompanied with high concentration of lactate in the effluent. Taken together, the poor recovery of CSTR after perturbations could be partly explained by low biomass concentration and/or metabolic shift of the major population in the CSTR.

Serodiagnosis of cysticercosis by ELISA-inhibition test using monoclonal antibodies (단세포군항체를 이용한 효소면역억제측정 법에 의한 유구낭미충증의 혈청학적 진단)

  • 용태순;여인석
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.149-156
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    • 1993
  • Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were produced against crude scolex extract of T solium metacestodes, and applied to ELISA-inhibition test for improving the specificity of serodiagnosis of human cysticercosis. Four hybridomas secreting species-specific anti- cysticercal Mabs (Cya-1, Cya-7, Cya-28 and Cya-31) were selected. Each Mab reacted on antigenic components of 25.5 kDa (Cya-1), 28 kDa (rcya-7), 87.5 kDa (Cya-281), and 12.5 kDa (Cya-31). IFA showed that Cya-1 was located at the calcium corpuscles, and Cya-7 at the loose connective tissue of T soLium metacestode scolex. Cya-28 and Cya-31 reacted on the tegument of the scolex. By conventional ELISA, 23 out of 28 (82.1%) cysticercosis patients were found serologically positive, but 1 out of 9 (11.1%) sparganosls cases and 6 out of 31 (19.4%) paragonlmiasis cases showed false positives. By ELISA-Inhibition test using species-specific anti-cysticercal Mab Cya-7, 19 out of 28 (67.9%) cystlcercosis cases were found serologically positive, but there were no false positives In other parasitic infections.

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GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE DENTAL PULP IN HEALTHY AND CARIES TEETH (치아 우식증에 따른 치수내 유전자 발현 변화에 관한 분석)

  • Oh, So-Hee;Kim, Jong-Soo
    • Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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    • v.37 no.3
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    • pp.275-287
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    • 2010
  • Deep caries may induce pulpitis and the pulpal tissue interacts with microbial invasion. The immune response to protect the pulpal tissue can be mediated by cellular signal molecules produced by the pulpal cells. The understanding of these processes is important to find future therapeutic method for the diseased pulp. The pulp tissue from sound teeth was set as control group (n=30) and the pulp tissue from decayed teeth was set as test group (n=30). Total RNA was extracted from the pulp of each group and it was used for cDNA microarray and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). The expression of TGF-${\beta}1$ was studied by immunohistochemistry. The results were as follows: 1. cDNA microarray analysis identified 520 genes with 6-fold or greater difference in expression level with 143 genes more abundant in health and 377 genes more abundant in disease. 2. The RT-PCR analysis was done for randomly selected 14 genes and the results supported the result of cDNA microarray assay. 3. TGF-${\beta}1$ was highly expressed in the carious pulp and it was found in odontoblast by immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, many cytokines were found to be significantly changed their expression in the diseased pulp(/M/>1.6).