• Toxicological Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 2002

The subacute oral toxicity of 1-(4-methylpiperazinyl)-3-phenylisoquinoline (CWJ- a-5) was investigated in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Five groups of 5 males and 5 females were orally administered at doses of 0, 37.5, 75, 150 and 200 mg/kg with CWJ-a-5 for 2 weeks. In clinical signs, Salivation was observed in the 75, 150 and 500 mg/kg male and female groups. Loss of fur was observed in the 500 mg/kg male and female group. Body weight were significantly decreased in the 150 and 500 mg/kg male groups and in the 500 mg/kg female group. Food consumption was significantly decreased in the 300 mg/kg male group. In serum biochemistry, total cholesterol and phospholipid were significantly increased in 500 mg/kg male and female group. Aspartate aminotransferase was significantly increased in the 500 mg/kg female group. In histopathological examination, vacuolar degeneration of renal tubules in the kidney, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes in the liver vacuolar degeneration of myocytes in the heart, vacuolar degeneration of histiocytes in the spleen and thymus, atrophy of seminiferous tubule and degeneration of germinal epithelium in the testis, vacuolar degeneration of corpus luteum, granulosa cell and theca cell in the ovary were observed in the 150 and 500 mg/kg male and female groups. Based on these results, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) with CWJ-a-5 was considered to be 75 mg/kg and the absolute toxic dose was considered to be 150 mg/kg in this study

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.195-202
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• 2003

Chitosan is known to have antibacterial, antitumorogenic, hypolipidemic and immunopotentiating activities, hence finding diverse uses as a component in varying functional foodstuffs. However, some investigators reported it caused mineral absoiption inhibition and excess coagulation. From the chemical viewpoint, conventional chitosans are high-molecule polymers lacking water solubility, which could be related with their possible toxicity. A newly developed low- molecule water soluble chitosan is thought to have low toxicity compared to conventional chitosans. But no investigation was carried out to evaluate its toxicity. In this study, a 28-day subacute oral toxicity study of the water-soluble chitosan was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. Each 36 male and female rats were orally administered with 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days, respectively. Clinical parameters (growth rate, feed and water consumption, daily inspection, urine analysis) during the 28 days indicated the water-soluble chitosan did not induce any abnonnal changes. There were no abnormal findings due to the administration of the test substance in gross and microscopic findings. We had not found alteration in absolute and relative organ weight between the control and treated groups, with only exception in the liver but lacking dose-dependency. The results of hematology and serum biochemistry examination revealed that no treatment related changes were between control and all dose groups. In conclusion, it was suggested that subacute toxicity of the water-soluble chitosan was low and the no-observed adverse effect level was considered to be over 2,000 mg/kg in rats.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.275.2-275.2
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 pilot급 대면적 roll-to-roll 스퍼터를 이용하여 상온에서 제작한 ITO/Cu/ITO 다층 투명 전극의 유연 투명 히터 적용 가능성과 투명 전극의 면저항이 히터의 input 전압에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 상부/하부 ITO 두께를 35 nm로 고정하고 Cu interlayer의 두께를 변수(4 nm~ 12 nm)로 하여 제작한 ITO/Cu/ITO 다층 투명 전극의 전기적, 광학적, 구조적, 표면 특성을 분석하고 삽입된 Cu의 역할을 연구하였다. Cu 두께의 증가에 따라 면저항은 25.4 Ohm/square에서 5.80 Ohm/square로 급격히 감소하나 투과도 역시 75.51%에서 62.62%로 감소하였다. 유연 투명 히터에 적용하기 위해 최적화된 ITO/Cu/ITO 다층 박막의 유연성을 다양한 밴딩 테스트를 통해 분석하였으며, 10,000번의 반복 굽힘 시험에도 저항의 변화가 없음을 관찰 할 수 있었다. 이러한 저저항, 고투과, 고유연 ITO/Cu/ITO 다층 투명 전극을 이용하여 유연 투명 히터를 제작하였으며, Cu interlayer의 두께에 따른 유연 투명 히터의 발열 특성을 평가하였다. 유연 투명 히터의 온도를 100도에 이르게 하기 위한 Saturation input voltage는 투명 전극의 면저항에 가장 크게 영향을 받았고, 면저항이 낮아질수록 더 낮은 saturation input voltage에서 100도에 도달함을 알 수 있었다. Cu interlayer의 두께가 12 nm 일 때에는 6V의 input voltage로도 유연 투명 히터의 온도가 100도에 도달함 알 수 있었다. 이를 통해 roll-to-roll 스퍼터로 제작된 대면적 ITO/Cu/ITO 다층 투명 전극이 차세대 유연 투명 히터용 투명 전극으로 적용 가능성이 매우 높음을 확인하였다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.223-243
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• 2014

Objectives: To provide information on the safety of GST (GamiSasangja-tang; CnidiiFructus, Sophora Root, Angelica Gigas Root, Clematidis Radix, Stemonae Radix, Spirodelae Herba), we carried out a 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity and a 4-week recovery test of GST in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Female and male rats were treated with GST at oral doses of 1,250, 2,500, and 5000 mg/kg. The GST was administered for 13 weeks. Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, food consumption, ophthalmologic findings, urinalysis, hematological and biochemical parameters, gross findings, organ weights and histological markers were monitored during the study period. The rats were then monitored for 4 extra weeks to determine recovery time after the study period. Results: We found no mortality or abnormalities among clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmologic findings, urinalysis, hematological and biochemical parameters, gross findings, organ weights or histological markers in any of the rats tested. Conclusions: The no-observed adverse effects level (NOAEL) is considered as over 5000 mg/kg for male and female rats.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.143-160
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• 2012

Objectives : To provide information on the safety of ACM, we carried out a 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity and a 4-week recovery test of ACM in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods : Female and male rats were treated with ACM with oral doses of 800, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg. The ACM was administered for 13 weeks. Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, food consumption, ophthalmologic findings, urinalysis, hematological and biochemical parameters, gross findings, organ weights and histological markers were monitored during the study period. Moreover, the rats were monitored for 4 extra weeks to determine recovery time after the study period. Results : We found no mortality and no abnormalities in clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmologic findings, urinalysis, hematological and biochemical parameters, gross findings, organ weights and histological markers in any of the rats tested. Conclusions : The no-observed adverse effects level (NOAEL) was considered as over 5000 mg/kg for male and female rats.

• 생약학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.260-271
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• 2019

This study aimed to evaluate the safety of Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai hydrothermal extract powder. It was conducted using male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The test group was established with dose of 500 (low-dosage group), 1,000 (medium- dosage group), and 2,000 (high- dosage group) mg/day. These are investigated that number of dead animals, general symptoms, weight changes, food consumption, ophthalmological examination, urinalysis, urine volume, hematological values, plasma coagulation time values, serum biochemical values, absolute organ weight, relative organ weight and histopathological finding during the experiment. As a result of the above, toxicological changes were not observed. Therefore, the non-toxic content of Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai hydrothermal extract powder is determined to be 2,000 mg/kg/day, and target organ was not observed.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.401-411
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• 2008

This study was performed to evaluate repeated-dose oral toxicities of Flos lonicerae extract in Fischer 344/n rats. Flos lonicerae was administered orally to rats at dose levels of 0, 37, 111, 333, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg/day. Each group consisted of 10 rats of each gender. The Flos lonicerae extract was given once a day, 5 times a week, for 90 day repeatedly. This study was conducted in accordance with the Protocol of Korea National Toxicology Program and The Standards of Toxicity Study for Medicinal Products. In the present study, there were no toxicologically significant changes in mortality, clinical signs, body weight gains, ophthalmoscopy, urine analysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, organ weights, histopathology, estrus cycle and sperm examination of all animals treated with Flos lonicerae extract. These results suggest that the oral no observed adverse-effect level of the test item, Flos lonicerae extract, in rats is higher than 2,000 mg/kg/day in both genders. The target organs were not established.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제31권11호
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• pp.1102-1105
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• 1998

소아기의 만성 육아종성 질환은 탐식세포의 선천적인 장애로 탐식된 세균이나 진균류를 살상하는 기능이 상실되고 따라서 반복적으로 화농성 질환이 재발하는 병이다. 폐는 만성 육아종성 질환에서 가장 흔히 침범되는 장기이며 폐감염은 이 질환에 의한 사망률의 약 절반을 차지한다. 만성 육아종성 질환에서 수술적 치료는 그 역할이 아직 명확하게 알려져 있지 않지만 폐감염의 원인 균에 대한 빠르고 정확한 진단이 적절한 항생제 선택에 매우 중요하기 때문에 폐엽절제술과 같은 수술적 접근법이 정확하고 빠른 진단을 통해 환자회복을 더 빠르게 하고 항생제의 침투를 더 쉽게 하여 환자에게 도움을 준다. 본 환아는 1개월된 남자환아로 만성 육아종성 질환으로 인한 폐감염으로 좌하엽절제술과 수술후 항생제, 항진균제와 면역글로불린, Interferon-gamma를 투여 받고 감염조절이 되었고 퇴원후 외래 추적관찰중이다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.302-307
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• 2003

환아는 3개월된 영아로 발병 10일째에 본원에 내원하여 초기에 적절한 진단과 치료를 받지 못했으며 발병 2주에 시행한 심초음파상 거대 관상동맥류를 보였다. 이에 정맥용 면역글로불린 투여와 aspirin과 dipyridamole로 치료 중 발병 24일째 혈전증이 동반되어 urokinase와 heparin의 IV 투여를 통한 혈전용해 치료로 혈전을 완전히 제거할 수 있었다. 이후 5년간 aspirin, dipyridamole, coumadin을 투여하면서 심전도와 심초음파검사를 반복하며 외래 추적 관찰 중 점차 좌측관상동맥내 혈전이 증가하고 내경이 점차 좁아지는 소견과 함께 협착이 의심되었다. 발병 5년 후 시행한 관상동맥 혈관조영술상 관상동맥 좌측 전하지가 완전 폐색되고 우측관상동맥으로부터 발달한 측부순환에서 혈류를 공급받고 있었고, 핵의학 검사상 좌심실의 전벽과 중격, 일부 외벽에 완전 가역적 관류 결손을 보였던 가와사끼병 환아 1례를 경험하여 보고한다.

• 약학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.449-455
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• 1996

Betaine is one of the major water-soluble components in Lycii Fructus. In the present study the effect of repeated betaine treatment on the hepatotoxicity and the cytochrome P-4 50-dependent enzyme system was examined in adult female rats. Administrations of betaine (100 or 1,000mg/kg/day, ip) to rats repeatedly for 4 or 9 days did not evoke hepatotoxic response as determined by increases in glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) activities measured 24 hours following the final dose of betaine. The activities of aminopyrine N-demethylase, p-nitroanisole O-demethylase and p-nitrophenol hydroxylase as well as the contents of cytochrome P-450 were determined in hepatic microsomes of rats treated with betaine(1,000mg/kg/day, ip) for 4 or 9 days. Repeated treatment of rats with betaine for a period of 4 days induced a marginal decrease in the contents of cytochrome P-450, but did not influence the activities of p-nitrophenol hydroxylase, p-nitroanisole O-demethylase, or aminopyrine N-demethylase. Extension of the betaine treatment to 9 consecutive days failed to alter the parameters for hepatic drug metabolizing activity determined in the present study. Since repeated large doses of betaine were demonstrated to be tolerated by rats without showing any toxicity or changes in drug metabolizing enzyme activities in the liver, this compound appears to be relatively safe to animals upon long-term ingestion.