• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.30-36
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• 2014

This study was conducted to determine the causes of unreasonable prices and small numbers of azalea cultivars by analyzing the price trends and the number of azalea cultivars announced over the last 25 years based on data from the Public Procurement Service(PPS), Korea Price Research Center and the Landscaping Tree Association(LTA)(hereinafter, officially announcing agencies and organizations) which are major references used when landscape planting is decided. The prices of azalea cultivars announced by the official announcing agencies and organizations have moved in similar patterns over the past 25 years because the prices of azalea cultivars announced by the LTA were referred to by other official announcing agencies and organizations when they officially announced the prices of azalea cultivars. The PPS set lower officially fixed prices of azalea cultivars compared to other official announcing agencies and organizations, and the reason for this is considered to be the intention of the PPS to suppress landscape tree price increases because of the government's policies to suppress price increases. The prices of azalea cultivars seem to change rapidly due to the imbalance between the demand and supply of azalea cultivars rather than the effects of consumer price fluctuation rates because the production periods of azalea cultivars are shorter when compared to other landscape trees. The prices of azalea cultivars from the official announcing agencies and organizations have been set higher than the prices in actual transactions. The reason for this is considered to be the intention of the official announcing agencies and organizations to allow landscaping companies to cover defect costs resulting from the practice of subcontracting planting work and secure profits of subcontractors for planting work. The official announcing agencies and organizations have simply announced prices of 5~8 main azalea cultivars that have been used in the past. The names of azalea cultivars being cultivated and criteria for classification have not been clear; thus, landscape designers have not written clear names of azalea cultivars to be cultivated on planting drawings as practice and landscapers planted those azalea cultivars which could be easily obtained. Therefore, it is assumed that there has been no demand for new azalea cultivars. Thus, the vicious circle in which the prices of only those azalea cultivars that were produced in the past have been announced is repeated.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to determine harvest date and cultivar effects on growth characteristics, forage yield and quality of spring sown oats at the middle mountain(450m) area at the forage experimental field, Namweon Branch, National Livestock Research Institute. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replication. The main plot consisted of the harvest date(9 June, 18 June). The subplots consisted of different maturities of oat cultivars such as Cayuse, Swan, Foothill, Cashel, Martlock and Winjardie. The results obtained are summarized as follows; A period of 50 days was required to be first headed from seeding with early maturity oats(Swan), but that of 77 days was required with late maturity(Foothill). The dry matter content of early maturity(Swan) oats at 9 June and 18 June were 24.01% and 35.69%, but that of late maturity cultivars(Foothill) were 14.02% and 22.84%. The fresh yield of late maturity(Foothill) oats at 9 June and 18 June were 62,666kg and 59,666kg, but that of early maturity(Cashel) were 54,222kg and 45,493kg(P<0.05). The dry yield of early maturity (Cashel) oats at 9 June was 10,169kg, but that of early maturity (Martlock) was 6,272kg. But no significant difference was found among cultivars at June 18. Crude protein content of oats were decreased from 14.0% to 11.1% as the growing stage progressed, ADF, NDF and CF contents were increased. And in vitro dry matter digestibility was decreased as the harvest date delayed. The present experiment indicated that spring sown oats(Foothill) can be successfully produced as fresh forage by seeding in middle March and harvesting in 10 and 20 June at the middle mountain (450m) area.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of the silage additives on improvement of quality of fresh rice straw silage using round bale at the forage experimental field, grassland and forage crops division, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon from 1997 to 1998. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replication. The treatments used in this study were consisted of different additives(control, formic acid, molasses, molasses+urea and inoculant). The rice straw silage with molasses+urea treatment resulted in high crude protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility were increased with molasses of inoculant treatments compare with the control. The mean dry matter of formic acid treatment material was higher than with control but there was no significant difference in dry matter content among the additives treatments. The pH of molasses treatments significantly increased the proportion of lactic acid(P<0.05) and decreased the proportion of butyric acid. The total organic acid content of all treatments had low around 2%. Ammonia-N of molasses+urea treatment was significantly(P<0.05) higher than that of others, but formic acid or inoculant treatments was lower below 10% per total nitrogen. Over a 7d feeding period, the dry matter intake per cattle on the inoculant treatment was higher that on both the untreated round bale silage of fresh rice straw and rice straw hay. Producing cost per kilogram of round bale silage of fresh rice straw was decreased according to the increasement of harvesting area. It is suggested that application of round bale silage system to fresh rice straw with molasses or inoculant was the best treatment for improving preservation as silage, and that animal intake was enhanced by addition of inoculant to fresh rice straw.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.249-256
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• 2006

The object of this experiment was to suggest the optimum autumn sown small forage crops as next forage crops harvested maize in Daejeon area. The field trials was conducted from 2002 to 2004 at Chungnam National University in order to evaluate the dry matter yield and qualities of the autumn sown small forage crops. The experiment was consisted of split plots (main plot : forage crops as rye, barley and wheat, and sub plot 4 harvest stages as boot, heading, milk and dough) design with three replications. The average DM yield for 2 years of rye was higher than that of other forage crops (p<0.01). As stages proceed, the DM yield tended to increase in all forage crops (p<0.01). In chemical composition, they had a difference on forage crops and stages. The crude protein (CP) was higher in barley (p<0.01), but fibrous contents such as NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin were lower in wheat than in the other forage crops (p<0.01). In Daejeon area, although barley and wheat at milk and dough stages were observed with maximum yield and high quality as autumn sown forage crops, due to late harvesting periods, it is difficult to utilize them as previous forage crops seeded in maize. Based on the result mentioned above, it is concluded that rye harvested at boot to heading stages is the most suitable fur autumn sown small forage crops in Daejeon area. Meanwhile, in order to have the option of nutritional value in wheat and barley, they need to be supplied early maturing and high-yield variety of wheat and barley.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.161-171
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• 2020

Direct seeding is one of the rice seedling establishment methods that is increasingly being practiced by farmers to save labor and reduce costs. However, this method often causes poor germination under flooding conditions after sowing. In this study, we developed japonica elite lines with quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with anaerobic germination (AG) tolerance to overcome poor germination and seedling establishment in wet direct seeding. The QTL introgression lines were developed from a cross between weedy photoblastic rice as the AG donor and the Nampyeong variety via phenotypic and genotypic selection. Compared to Nampyeong, the survival rates of the selected lines were improved by approximately 50% and 240% under field and greenhouse conditions, respectively. To improve selection efficiency by marker assisted selection, the QTL markers associated with AG tolerance were converted to cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence markers designed based on next-generation sequence analysis. These lines retained similar agronomic traits and yield potential to the parent, Nampyeong. Among these lines, we selected the most promising line, which exhibited high survival rate and good agricultural traits under flooding conditions and named the line as Jeonju643. This line will contribute to breeding programs aiming to develop rice cultivars adapted to wet direct seeding. This study demonstrates the successful application of marker-assisted selection to targeted introgression of anaerobic genes into a premium quality japonica rice variety.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.349-357
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• 1998

This study was to investigate whether the viability of Hanwoo IVM/IVF/IVC blastocysts was maintained after vitrification and thawing. In vitro produced Hanwoo blastocysts were vitrified by two-step method: equilibrated in EG20 for 3 min, and then exposed in EFS40 ［40% ethylene glycol (EG), 18% ficoll and 10.26% sucrose in mDPBS containing 10% FBS ］and vitrified in L$N_2$for 30 - 45 sec. After thawing, in vitro survival was assessed as the re-expanded and hatched rates at 24 hand 48 h, respectively. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows: From the 12 replicates, 52.5% of Hanwoo blastocysts were produced in vitro at day 7 after IVF. When the effects of freezing solution to the embryo survival were examined, there is no significant toxicity in exposure (100.0, 73.8%) compared to that af control group (100.0, 87.0%). However, when embryos were vitrified, high survival (86.2, 55.4%) was obtained although it was significantly lower than those of exposure and control group (p＜0.05). When the in vitro survival of vitrified embryos according to developmental stage and culture day were examined, it showed that more advanced embryo stage exhibited a significantly higher survival rate irrespective of culture day (p＜0.05). Also, even in the same development stage, the in vitro survival of day 7 embryos (re-expanded: 75.0~87.5%, hatched: 21.4~66.7%) was higher than those of day 8 embryos(re-expanded: 58.6~78.3%, hatched: 10.3~52.2%). Therefore, these results suggested that in vitro produced Hanwoo blastocysts can be successfully cryopreserved by simple two-step vitrification method using EFS40 freezing solution, particularly at the expanded and early hatching blastocyst stage regardless of embryo culture duration (day 7 or day 8 after IVF).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.239-250
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• 2002

Evaluation works of oat in mixture with rye on forage yield have not been reported. The objective of this study was to determine yield and quality of forage mixture as affected by maturity of rye cultivar and oat-rye seeding rate at Suweon from 1999 to 2000. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. Main plots consisted of maturity of rye. such as early(cv. Koolgrazer) and late(cv. Kodiak)maturing cultivars. Sub-plots consisted of seeding rate (T1: Oat 2000 and rye 0kg/ha, Ts: Oat 150 and rye 40kg/ha, T3: Oat100 and rye 80kg/ha, T4: Oat50 and rye 120kg/ha. and T5: Oat0 and rye 160kg/ha). Crude protein(CP) content of oat-rye mixture harvested in the fall was not influenced by maturity of rye cultivar, but that of oat-rye mixture was increased from 13.6 to 19.3% as the seeding rate of rye increased(P<0.05), however, maturity of rye cultivar significantly affected CP content of oat-rye mixture in the spring(P<0.01). Acid detergent fiber(ADF) content of oat-rye mixture harvested in the spring was not significantly affected by rye cultivar, but the ADF was decreased from 27.8 to 20.7% as the seeding rate of rye increased(P$<$0.01). When rye was harveste in the spring, ADF content of late maturing cultivar 'Kodiak' was shown as 28.0%. This was lower than that of early maturing cultivar 'Koolgrazer' which was shown as 35.8%(P$<$0.01). Among treatments, neutral detergent fiber(NDF) and in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD) of oat-rye mixture showed a similar trend made on ADF. In this experiment, the highest forage yield (12.356kg/ha) was obtained from early maturing rye cultivar and seeding rates of 100kg/ha of oat and 80kg/ha of rye mixture. A significant interaction between maturity of rye cultivar and seeding rate was found(P$<$0.01). The above results indicate that an early maturing rye cultivar at the seeding rate of 100kd/ha in mixtures with 80kg/ha of oat could be recommended as a succeeding cropping system after corn for silage.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.247-251
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• 2013

The objective of present study was to develop a simultaneous determination method of 5 medical compounds, including beclomethasone, dexamethasone, prednisolone, ketoprofen, phenylbutazone in foods, using LC-MS/MS. To optimize MS analytical condition of 5 compounds, each parameter was established by MRM mode. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column successfully, with a mobile phase made up of A (0.1% formic acid) and B (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile), at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min for 17 min with a gradient elution. LOD and LOQ of 5 compounds were in the range of 0.40~4.60 ng/mL and 0.81~11.46 ng/mL, respectively. As a result of analyzing the three concentrations of the standard mixture added to blank samples, the results showed that the mean recovery rate of 5 compounds was in the range of 81.52~103.83%, and RSD (%) of Intra- and Inter-day assay were 0.52-10.45. Since relatively fine selectivity, accuracy and reproducibility were shown in this qualified experimental method, it could be utilized efficiently to investigating those 5 compounds to see if it is added to food products illegally.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.81-85
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usability of applied Low dose Computed Tomography(LDCT) protocol in examining urinary calculus using computed tomography. The subjects of this study were urological patients who visited a medical institution located in Busan from June to December 2016 and the protocol used in this study was Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction: low-dose CT with 50% Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR). As results of quantitative analysis, the mean pixel value and standard deviation within kidney region of image(ROI)of the axial image were $26.21{\pm}7.08$ in abdomen CT pre scan and $20.03{\pm}8.16$ in low-dose CT. Also the mean pixel value and standard deviation within kidney ROI of the coronal image were $22.07{\pm}7.35$ in abdomen CT pre scan and $21.67{\pm}6.11$ in low dose CT. The results of qualitative analysis showed that four raters' mean values of observed kidney artifacts were $19.14{\pm}0.36$ when using abdomen CT protocol and $19.17{\pm}0.43$ in low-dose CT, and the mean value of resolution and contrast was $19.35{\pm}0.70$ when using abdomen CT protocol and $19.29{\pm}0.58$ in low-dose CT. Also the results of a exposure dose analysis showed that the mean values of CTDIvol and DLP in abdomen CT pre scan were 18.02 mGy and $887.51mGy{\cdot}cm$ respectively and the mean values of CTDIvol and DLP when using low-dose CT protocol were 7.412 mGy and $361.22mGy{\cdot}cm$ respectively. The resulting dose reduction rate was 58.82% and 59.29%, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of application level of swine slurry on the growth characteristics and yield of sorghum$\times$sudangrass hybrid and $NO_3-N$ content in infiltration at experimental field of Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA from 2000 to 2002. Treatments were consisted of non fertilizer(NF), chemical fertilizer(CF), 100% swine slurry(SS 100), 150% swine slurry(SS 150), 200% swine slurry(SS 200) and 100% swine slurry + CF 50%(SS100 + CF 50) with randomized complete block design and three replications. Growth of sorghum$\times$sudangrass hybrid was not nearly different among the treatments, but early growth of swine slurry treatments was better than that of CF, and regrowth after 1st cutting was shown better in CF and SS 100+CF 50 with adding application of chemical fertilizer. The sugar content(brix %) was tends to be increased with swine slurry application. Dry matter(DM) yields of SS 100 and SS 150 were lower 15 and 6% than that of CF, respectively, and SS 200 was similer to CF, but there was not found significant difference among all treatments. The content of crude protein(CP), acid detergent fiber(ADF), and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) did not show the difference. The content of $NO_3-N$ in infiltration water was not more than CF by the 55 150 application, but more than by SS 200 and 55 100+CF 50 treatment.