• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.77-114
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• 2018

The purpose of this article is to verify whether recent political change in Thailand and the Philippines is temporarily shown "democratic recession" or "returning to authoritarianism". For the purpose this research establishes three propositions based on previous academic researches of political change. The is to verify characteristics of liberal democracy based on democratic procedures and institutions as well as civilian control over the military. The is to analyze the characteristics of authoritarianism such as the control over individual freedom and rights, concentration of power, and populist ruling behavior contrary to constitutionalism. The last one, , is to check either the coincidence or discrepancy between democratic institutions and popular understanding of democracy during democratic transitions. The finding through testing those propositions is that recent political change in two countries is more likely "returing to authoritarianism" rather than provisional "democratic recession". Implications of the finding has two aspects. One is that the only change in democratic procedures and institutions including the competition among political parties and peaceful change of governments are not enough to ensure a successful transition to liberal democracy. The other is that a half-democracy lacking the change of popular understanding and belief toward democracy as well as democratic practices cannot survive long enough. These are confirmed through this study on the cases of Thailand and the Philippines.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.73-95
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• 2015

This research has a purpose to verify whether the Internet diffusion through the Official Development Assistance (ODA) can bring about democratic changes in authoritarian political system of developing countries. This research has found out that IT ODA has 'positive(+)' effect on the Internet diffusion in recipient countries. It seems to support the expectation of donor countries that they can lead the political democratization by constructing infrastructure and promoting the use of the Internet. However, as the impact of IT ODA on the Internet diffusion is not considerable as well as the Internet diffusion has no strong influence on the development of democracy in developing countries, and also each of these aspects of countries looks different, it is hard to see that the democratization hypothesis based on the optimistic technological determinism is reasonable. Therefore, this paper argues that IT ODA must be based on not blind optimism that IT transfer will lead to the political democratization in developing countries, but the social structuralism which is based on distinctiveness and uniqueness of countries. and suggests that the discuss of the effect of IT ODA proceed with the constructive way.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.709-718
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• 2020

Even after Fukuyama declared "The End of History" in 1989, the challenge to liberal democracy continues. Controversy about totalitarianism is constantly being raised both internally and externally in democratic countries and leaders, as well as the US-China war of supremacy. In this paper, I explored a hypothesis about the totalitarian process, and to explain this hypothesis, I analyzed the case of Venezuela, which was once referred to as a welfare model state. This paper presupposes Fukuyama's insistence on the universality of liberal democracy but considers the last man Nietzsche argues for the last man he assumes. Accordingly, the process of totalitarianism was viewed as a process in which totalitarianism was institutionalized and spread internationally through the linkage and interaction of the last fallen humans, the masses, and totalitarians in the international and domestic environments. According to this hypothesis, the Bol?var Revolution and Chavez show the process of transformation into a typical quasi-totalism. Although the Venezuelan people preferred democracy, they remained the last man who had become a man of "rich consciousness." While investigating this hypothesis, it was confirmed that extensive and interdisciplinary studies such as digital t otalitarianism and the development of science and technology should be followed.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.467-490
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• 2009

This study seeks to improve the problems of analytical rigor and practical utility found in the concept of human security by examining ways to create a global governance system for the effective achievement of United Nations Millennium Development Goals(UN MDGs). This study regards poverty as the most fundamental threat to human security in order to achieve the analytical rigor of human security concept. At the same time, it also examines how to creating a global governance for achieving UN MDGs to improve practical utility of human security concept. The global governance system of MDGs should acquire global political representativeness, efficacy of policymaking process, and democracy within it. For these purposes, the creation of a "Global Summit for Development," the establishment of a more equal partnership between the states, international organizations, and NGOs, and institutionalization of operational and strategic cooperation among development institutions are proposed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Quality Management Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.431-431
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• 2010

본 연구는 서비스 교육성과에 미치는 영향으로 성격의 요안을 살펴봄으로써 서비스 지향적인 직원들의 채용 및 서비스 교육의 방향에 대해 연구하자 하였다. 최근 기업 간의 경쟁이 치열해 지면서 고객들에게 제품이외의 것을 제공하여 고객만족을 통한 차별화에 관심을 주기 시작 하였다. 이라한 기업들은 '고객만족' 을 위해 물리적 자원과 서비스 제공자의 인적자원을 포함하여 광범위하게 노력을 기울였다. 그러나 변화무쌍한 고객의 기대에는 더 광범위한 노력이 필요하였다. 따라서 인적자원의 노력이 필요하였다. 특히 서비스를 제공하는 기업에는 고객의 접점에서 일하는 직원들의 수행능력이 고객의 기대에 만족을 줄 뿐만 아니라 기업의 이미지에도 영향을 마찰 수 있기 때문에 직원들의 고객 지향적 사고 및 행동은 고객만족에 영향을 주는 하나의 요소로 볼 수 있다. 특히 접점에서 대면하는 직원들의 지속적인 서비스 교육을 통해서 기본적인 고객응대와 고객 지향적인 사고를 전달하여 기업의 경쟁력을 향상시치고 변화하는 고객의 기대에 부응하고자 노력하고 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 이론적 근거를 토대로 연구모형을 설계하고 가설 검증을 하기 위해 유통서비스에서 1회 이상의 서비스교육을 받은 접점의 직원들을 대상으로 설문지를 배포하여 성격과 서비스 교유의 전과 후 성과 빚 서비스 교유 횟수에 대해 조사하였다. 본 연구의 실증분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성격과 서비스 교육성과에 미치는 영향을 볼 때 성취지향성 (ambition), 배려성(likeability), 신중성 (prudence)은 서비스교육성과에 영향을 미친다고 나타났다. 이는 직윈 채용에 있어 성격요인 분석을 할 필요성이 있을 것으로 생각된다. 서비스 지향적인 사고를 지니고 있고, 서비스 교육을 지속적으로 진행하는 기업의 특성에 맞는 직원을 채용함으로써 교육성과의 극대화와 기업의 이익창출 빚 이미지제고의 긍정적인 영향을 줄 것으로 기대된다. 둘째, 서비스 교유 횟수가 성격과 서비스 교육성과 간의 조절 작용 여부를 검증할 결과 성취지향성 (ambition), 사회성 (sociability), 지적호기심(intellectance) 이 조절 작용을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 직원의 특성에 맞는 적절한 교유 횟수에 대한 방안을 모색할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 또는 집단 안에서 비슷한 성격의 직원들로 구성하여 그 구성원들의 서비스 교육진행에 있어 교육 횟수를 조절한다면 서비스 교육의 성과를 극대화 할 수 있을 것으로 예상할 수 있다. 마지막으로 교육생의 학력수준이 성격과 서비스 교육성과 간의 조절 작용여부를 검증한 결과 학력과는 무관한 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 교육생의 학력수준으로 서비스 교육의 성과를 결정하는 요소가 아님을 알 수 있다.