Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society (한국산학기술학회논문지)

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A modeling study of the process of change to a totalitarian state : The Last Man and Venezuela

전체주의 국가로의 변화과정에 대한 모형화 연구 : 최후의 인간과 베네수엘라

  • Received : 2020.11.02
  • Accepted : 2020.12.04
  • Published : 2020.12.31
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Abstract

Even after Fukuyama declared "The End of History" in 1989, the challenge to liberal democracy continues. Controversy about totalitarianism is constantly being raised both internally and externally in democratic countries and leaders, as well as the US-China war of supremacy. In this paper, I explored a hypothesis about the totalitarian process, and to explain this hypothesis, I analyzed the case of Venezuela, which was once referred to as a welfare model state. This paper presupposes Fukuyama's insistence on the universality of liberal democracy but considers the last man Nietzsche argues for the last man he assumes. Accordingly, the process of totalitarianism was viewed as a process in which totalitarianism was institutionalized and spread internationally through the linkage and interaction of the last fallen humans, the masses, and totalitarians in the international and domestic environments. According to this hypothesis, the Bol?var Revolution and Chavez show the process of transformation into a typical quasi-totalism. Although the Venezuelan people preferred democracy, they remained the last man who had become a man of "rich consciousness." While investigating this hypothesis, it was confirmed that extensive and interdisciplinary studies such as digital t otalitarianism and the development of science and technology should be followed.

후쿠야마가 1989년 "역사의 종언"을 선언한 이후에도 자유민주주의에 대한 도전은 끊이지 않고 있다. 미중 패권 전쟁은 물론 전 세계적으로 민주주의 체제를 표방하는 국가나 지도자들에 대하여 대내외적으로 전체주의나 전체주의자라는 논란이 끊임없이 제기되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 민주주의 국가의 전체주의화 과정에 대한 가설을 모색해 보고, 이 가설을 설명하기 위해 한 때 복지모범국가로 회자되다가 전체주의국가로 추락한 베네수엘라를 사례로 분석해 보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 역사철학적으로 자유민주주의의 보편성에 대해서는 후쿠야마의 주장을 전제로 하나, 그가 가정하는 최후의 인간에 대해서는 니체가 주장하는 최후의 인간을 고려하였다. 이에 따라서 민주국가의 전체주의화 과정은 국제적 및 국내적 환경 속에서 타락한 최후의 인간, 대중, 전체주의자의 연계와 상호작용을 통하여 전체주의가 제도화되고 국제적으로 확산되는 과정으로 보았다. 이러한 가설에 따라 베네수엘라와 차베스의 볼리바르 혁명은 전형적인 유사전체주의로의 변화 과정을 보여 준다. 베네수엘라의 국민은 비록 민주주의와 시장경제를 선호하면서도 "부자의식"에 찌든 최후의 인간에 머물렀다. 이러한 가설을 연구하면서 디지털 전체주의 등 수많은 변수와 과학기술의 발전 등 광범위한 학제적 연구가 후속되어야 한다는 점을 확인할 수 있었다.

Keywords

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