• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.50 no.11
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• pp.715-723
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• 2017

Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) in the water environment assemble fine, colloidal particles, such as clays, microorganisms and biomass, in large flocs, which are eventually subject to sedimentation and deposition and determine water/sediment quality and quantity. This study hence aimed to investigate the way that water and colloidal chemistry affects EPS-mediated flocculation of colloidal particles, using a jar-test experiment. Especially, ionic strength, divalent cation and humic substances concentrations were selected as experimental variables in the jar-test experiments, to elucidate their effects on EPS-mediated flocculation. A higher ionic strength increased flocculation capability, reducing electrostatic repulsion between EPS-attached colloidal particles and enhancing particle aggregation. 0.1 M NaCl ionic strength had higher flocculation capability, with 3 times larger floc size and 2.5 times lower suspended solid concentration, than 0.001 M NaCl. Divalent cations, such as $Ca^{2+}$, built divalent cationic bridges between colloidal particles and EPS (i.e., $colloid-Ca^{2+}-EPS$ or $EPS-Ca^{2+}-EPS$) and hence made colloidal particles to build into large, settelable flocs. A small $Ca^{2+}$ concentration enhanced flocculation capability, reducing suspended solid concentration 20 times lower than the initial dosed concentration. However, humic substances, adsorbed on colloidal particles, reduced flocculation, because they blocked EPS adsorption on colloidal particles and increased negative charges and electrostatic repulsion of colloidal particles. Suspended solid concentration in the tests with humic substances remained as high as the initial dosed concentration, indicating stabilization rather than flocculation. Findings about EPS-mediated flocculation in this research will be used for better understanding the fate and transport of colloidal particles in the water environment and for developing the best management practices for water/sediment quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.5 no.1 s.16
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• pp.13-21
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• 2005

Experiments on settling behaviour of fine-grained particles without destroying the large fragile aggregates were carried out in still water with a CCD (Charged Coupled Device)-Camera. The experiments dealt with the measuring of the vertical concentration profile of cohesive particles with a CCD-Camera and the physico-chemical influences (NaCl, density, temperature and pH value) on the vertical distribution of the concentration. The vertical concentration profile of fine suspended particles (alumina and quartz) was possible up to $20,000\;mg/{\ell}$ with a CCD-Camera. The vertical concentration profile of cohesive sediments was on the decrease because of the increasing initial concentration, temperature and salinity. The vertical concentration profile of alumina was on the decrease quicker than quartz with increasing salinity. Furthermore, the pH value affects the settling behaviour of alumina. At a PH value of 4.2 the settling rate of the particles was very low and on the increase until pH 8.9 because of the aggregation behaviour of particles. From the PH value of 9 the average settling velocity was on the decrease.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.111-112
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• 2003

시정장애현상의 직접적인 원인은 주로 0.1~2.0$\mu\textrm{m}$ 크기의 미세입자들에 의한 빛의 산란 및 흡수현상으로(Feidlander, 1977), 이러한 미세입자들은 각종 오염원에서 직접 배출되기도 하지만, 대부분 대기 중에서 1차 오염물질들이 서로 반응, 응축, 응집하여 생성, 성장한 2차 에어로솔이다(국립환경연구원, 1994). 2차 에어로솔의 생성 및 성장, 성분 및 농도는 기체상의 SO$_2$, NOx CO, CO$_3$, 총탄화수소 등과, 입자상인 부유분진의 농도와 같은 1차 오염물질들 뿐만 아니라, 온도, 습도, 풍향, 풍속, 일사량, 혼합고 등의 여러 기상조건 및 지형조건의 영향을 받는다. (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.326-326
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• 2010

우주환경에서 임무를 수행하는 인공위성의 경우, 조립, 시험, 운용시점까지 위성 표면에 흡착되는 오염물질을 최소화하기 위하여 전 기간 동안 세심한 주의를 기울여야 한다. 위성표면에 흡착된 미세한 오염물질은, 고진공 및 고온, 극저온이 반복되는 가혹한 우주환경 속에서 위성의 성능저하 및 효율의 손실을 가져올 수 있다. 예를 들어 위성 표면에 떨어진 입자오염은 별 추적 장치의 오류를 발생시킴에 따른 위성 자세제어의 실패를 가져올 수도 있고, 표면에 흡착된 분자 오염은 렌즈, 미러, 윈도우 등의 광학기기 및 주요 민감 표면에 작용하여 광학적 특성과 열제어 성능의 저하를 가져올 수 있다. 위성의 조립 및 시험을 관장하는 한국항공우주연구원에서는 위성의 오염물질에 대한 노출을 최소화하기 위해, 오염측정이 이루어지는 청정실을 운용하고 있는데, 본 논문에서는 청정실 및 진공챔버 내의 부유입자측정, 표면입자오염측정, 표면분자오염측정법을 소개하고 오염측정 결과에 대한 분석을 수행하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2003.05b
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• pp.409-410
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• 2003

2002년 봄철 기간 중 한반도지역에서 관측된 황사는 전례를 찾기 어려울 정도로 고농도의 분진량을 기록하였다. 따라서 이 기간 중에는 전국 각지에 산재한 다수의 초등학교가 임시휴교령을 내려야 하였을 정도로 황사현상의 영향이 대단히 심각하였다. 본 연구진은 서울시 북동부 지점의 관측점으로부터 초미세입자 (PM2.5) 및 미세입자 영역 (PM10)의 부유상입자물질을 황사기간 (3월)과 비황사기간 (4월)에 걸쳐 채집하였다. (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.261-262
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• 2001

도서지역의 경제산업 활동으로 인한 에너지 소비와 교통량의 지속적인 증가는 공해방지와 환경개선 등을 위한 노력에도 불구하고 도시 대기질을 보다 심각한 상태로 오염시키고 있다. 이러한 대기오염물질 중 입자상 오염물질의 경우 그 입자의 크기는 100$\mu\textrm{m}$보다 큰 것에서부터 0.01$\mu\textrm{m}$ 정도까지 다양한 크기로서 대기내에 존재하며, 2.5~10 $\mu\textrm{m}$이하의 미세분진은 태양광의 산란 등을 통해 시정을 감소시키고, 태양복사에도 영향을 주어 지구와 대기간의 복사평형에도 변화를 초래한다(김필수 등, 1991; 문길주 등, 1994). (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Industrial Safety Conference
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.105-108
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• 1998

Dust explosion은 combustible solid의 미세한 입자가 공기 혹은 산소중에서 폭발범위의 농도에서 부유할 때 화염 혹은 spark 등의 에너지 공급에 의해 폭발하는 현상이며 plastic 공업, 금속분말, 유기약품, 무기약품, 안료, 농수산건조물 등에서 분체취급 분야의 확대 및 취급량의 증가에 따라 분진폭발의 잠재 위험성이 급증하고 있어 화학적 성질, 농도, 입경, 폭발 압력 등의 분진특성과 함께 분진폭발의 착화온도와 상한 및 하한 농도에 대해 이론 및 실험적으로 광범위하게 연구가 진행되어져 왔다. (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Industrial Safety Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.61-64
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• 2002

Dust explosion은 combustible solid의 미세한 입자가 공기 혹은 산소중에서 폭발범위의 농도에서 부유할 때 화염 혹은 Spark 등의 에너지 공급에 의해 폭발하는 현상이며 plastic 공업, 금속분말, 유기약품, 무기약품, 안료, 농수산건조물 등에서 분체취급 분야의 확대 및 취급량의 증가에 따라 분진폭발의 잠재 위험성이 급증하고 있어 화학적 성질, 농도, 입경, 폭발 압력 등의 분진특성과 함께 분진폭발의 착화온도와 상한 및 하한 농도에 대해 이론 및 실험적으로 광범위하게 연구가 진행되어져 왔다.(중략)

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.25-33
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• 2018

In this study, the concentration of fine indoor dust and the size distribution of fine indoor dust were analyzed by measuring the dust generated during the cleaning process of an indoor office. We measured $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_{1.0}$ and analyzed the size distributions of dust larger than $0.3{\mu}m$ in diameter during cleaning. The results showed that the concentration of $PM_{10}$ increased rapidly during cleaning, however $PM_{1.0}$ did not increase. Before cleaning with a broom, the fine dust concentration was about $50{\mu}g/m^3$, but increased to about $400{\mu}g/m^3$ as cleaning progressed. In the case of indoor cleaning with a vacuum cleaner, the concentration of $PM_{10}$ increased during the cleaning process and the increase of $PM_{2.5}$ was relatively small. $PM_{1.0}$ did not increase as in the case of cleaning the broom.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.345-353
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• 2022

A wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is a major gateway for the engineered nano-particles (ENPs) entering the water bodies. However existing studies have reported that many WWTPs exceed the No Observed Effective Concentration (NOEC) for ENPs in the effluent and thus they need to be designed or operated to more effectively control ENPs. Understanding and predicting ENPs behaviors in the unit and \the whole process of a WWTP should be the key first step to develop strategies for controlling ENPs using a WWTP. This study aims to provide a modeling tool for predicting behaviors and removal efficiencies of ENPs in a WWTP associated with process characteristics and major operating conditions. In the developed model, four unit processes for water treatment (primary clarifier, bioreactor, secondary clarifier, and tertiary treatment unit) were considered. Additionally the model simulates the sludge treatment system as a single process that integrates multiple unit processes including thickeners, digesters, and dewatering units. The simulated ENP was nano-sized TiO₂, (nano-TiO₂) assuming that its behavior in a WWTP is dominated by the attachment with suspendid solids (SS), while dissolution and transformation are insignificant. The attachment mechanism of nano-TiO₂ to SS was incorporated into the model equations using the apparent solid-liquid partition coefficient (Kd) under the equilibrium assumption between solid and liquid phase, and a steady state condition of nano-TiO₂ was assumed. Furthermore, an MS Excel-based user interface was developed to provide user-friendly environment for the nano-TiO₂ removal efficiency calculations. Using the developed model, a preliminary simulation was conducted to examine how the solid retention time (SRT), a major operating variable affects the removal efficiency of nano-TiO₂ particles in a WWTP.