• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.6_2
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• pp.1859-1867
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• 2021

This study investigated seasonal characteristics of the particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere and rainwater quality in Busan, South Korea, and evaluated the seasonal effect of PM₁₀ concentration in the atmosphere on the rainwater quality using multivariate statistical analysis. The concentration of PM in the atmosphere and meteorological observations(daily precipitation amount and rainfall intensity) are obtained from automatic weather systems (AWS) by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) from March 2020 to August 2020. Rainwater samples (n = 216, 13 rain events) were continuously collected from the beginning of the precipitation using the rainwater collecting device at Pukyong National University. The samples were analyzed for pH, EC (electrical conductivity), water-soluble cations(Na⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and NH₄⁺), and anions(Cl^-, NO₃^-, and SO₄^2-). The concentration of PM₁₀ in the atmosphere was steadily measured before and after the precipitation with a custom-built PM sensor node. The measured data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation analysis to identify relationships between the concentration of PM₁₀ in the atmosphere and rainwater quality. In spring, the daily average concentration of PM₁₀ (34.11 ㎍/m³) and PM_2.5 (19.23 ㎍/m³) in the atmosphere were relatively high, while the value of daily precipitation amount and rainfall intensity were relatively low. In addition, the concentration of PM₁₀ in the atmosphere showed a significant positive correlation with the concentration of water-soluble ions (r = 0.99) and EC (r = 0.95) and a negative correlation with the pH (r = -0.84) of rainwater samples. In summer, the daily average concentration of PM₁₀ (27.79 ㎍/m³) and PM_2.5 (17.41 ㎍/m³) in the atmosphere were relatively low, and the maximum rainfall intensity was 81.6 mm/h, recording a large amount of rain for a long time. The results indicated that there was no statistically significant correlation between the concentration of PM₁₀ in the atmosphere and rainwater quality in summer.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.751-765
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• 2017

This research investigates the characteristics of meteorological variation and fine particles ($PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$) for case related to the haze occurrence (Asian dust, long range transport, stationary) in Busan. Haze occurrence day was 559 days for 20 years (from 1996 to 2015), haze occurrence frequency was 82 days (14.7%) in March, followed by 67 days (12.0%) in February and 56 days (10.0%) in May. Asian dust occurred most frequently in spring and least in winter, whereas haze occurrence frequency was 31.5% in spring, 29.7% in winter, 21.1% in fall, and 17.7% in summer. $PM_{10}$ concentration was highest in the occurrence of Asian dust, followed by haze and haze + mist, whereas $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was highest in the occurrence of haze. These results indicate that understanding the relation between meteorological phenomena and fine particle concentration can provide insight into establishing a strategy to control urban air quality.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2021

In this study, we measured the concentration of particulate matter (PM) and ammonia (NH3) emission in the winters according to the breeding type of laying hen houses. Measurements were performed thrice in Barn, Aviary, and Cage houses every 2 weeks from December to January. The changes in the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were similar in all three breeding types. The PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations, measured three times, were the highest in the Aviary house. In the results measured by time, the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were the lowest during the dark period (22:00 to 4:00) of the day. The NH3 concentration was the highest in the Cage house and the lowest in the Barn house. Regarding emissions over time, the results of the three measurements showed different patterns and differed from those of the PM. In addition, with passage of time from the 1st (december) to 3rd (january), the NH3 concentration gradually increased. The daily PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in the Aviary house, which were higher than those of the other houses, were 4,787 ㎍/㎥ and 388.6 ㎍/㎥, respectively, while, the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations outside the poultry houses were 226.0 ㎍/㎥ and 39.3 ㎍/㎥, respectively. The daily NH3 concentration was 7.70 ppm and 9.20 ppm at the center and end of the Cage house, respectively. This was higher than that in the other houses. In conclusion, the concentrations of PM (PM10, PM2.5) and NH3 were the highest in the Aviary and Cage laying hen houses, respectively.

• Atmosphere
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.367-385
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• 2023

The variabilities of precipitation and particulate matters (i.e., PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) and the scavenging efficiency of PMs by precipitation were quantified using long-term measurements in Seoul, Korea. The 21 years (2001~2021) measurements of precipitation and PM₁₀ mass concentrations, and the 7 years (2015~2021) of PM_2.5 mass concentrations were used. Statistical analysis was performed for each period (i.e., year, season, and month) to identify the long-term variabilities of PMs and precipitation. PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 decreased annually and the decreasing rate of PM₁₀ was greater than PM_2.5. The precipitation intensity did not show notable variation, whereas the annual precipitation amount showed a decreasing trend. The summer precipitation amount contributed 61.10% to the annual precipitation amount. The scavenging efficiency by precipitation was analyzed based on precipitation events separated by 2-hour time intervals between hourly precipitation data for 7 years. The scavenging efficiencies of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were quantified as a function of precipitation characteristics (i.e., precipitation intensity, amount, and duration). The calculated average scavenging efficiency of PM₁₀ (PM_2.5) was 39.59% (35.51%). PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were not always simultaneously scavenged due to precipitation events. Precipitation events that simultaneously scavenged PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 contributed 42.24% of all events, with average scavenging efficiency of 42.93% and 43.39%. The precipitation characteristics (i.e., precipitation intensity, precipitation amount, and precipitation duration) quantified in these events were 2.42 mm hr^-1, 15.44 mm, and 5.51 hours. This result corresponds to 145% (349%; 224%) of precipitation intensity (amount; duration) for the precipitation events that do not simultaneously scavenge PM₁₀ and PM_2.5.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.9-16
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• 2023

In this study, the status and characteristics of fine dust and its impact on neighboring areas were investigated to proactively respond to the government's environmental regulations expected in the future and to minimize the damage by the fine dust generated at construction waste intermediate treatment plants. In addition, since there are no such plants that can affect the surroundings with no houses or other waste treatment sites nearby, an independently located construction waste intermediate treatment plant was selected to compare the characteristics of fine dust with that from the construction waste intermediate treatment sites located in the downtown area. The conclusions of the study are as follows. (1) The measurement results of PM10 at 4 points in the plant showed that the location where the crushing facility was operating had an elevated level of fine dust at 80㎍/m³ on average and a maximum of 124㎍/m³, and the level rose to 110㎍/m³ at points where vehicles frequent. (2) The PM2.5 measurement results inside the plant showed that the average concentration of the reference point was 16㎍/m³ and the maximum value was 20㎍/m³, which was distributed within the management standard. (3) It was found that the average concentration of PM10 in the nearby area ranged from 28 to 38㎍/m³, which was similar to or lower than 36㎍/m³ of the reference point. Therefore, the concentration of the fine dust generated in the plant had a negligible effect on the increase in concentration of fine dust in nearby areas. (4) The heavy metal contents were measured from the filter paper collected from the plant. The PM10 was found to be about 14 to 26ng/m³, and PM 2.5 was 25 to 28ng/m³, which was the average of domestic atmospheric concentrations. (5) The SEM-EDX analysis results showed that the PM10 contained Si and O around 40% similarly for both. The SiO2, a component of silica occupied the most and C was present as CaCO3, which was assumed to be a limestone component. The remaining components included NaO, Al2O3, and CaO as trace oxides. (6) The SEM-EDX analysis results showed that the PM 2.5 contained 5 to 7% of Cl, which is a chlorine ion, and a small amount of K was detected at 2.51% in the sample from the shutdown plant.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.343-365
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• 2022

This paper tries to identify the effect of reducing PM2.5 concentration of the First Seasonal Management Policy implemented by Korean government by using statistical method. In particular, this paper tests the hypothesis that this policy effect may differ by region (west-coast, south-coast, and east-coast). To this end, this paper analyzed only pure policy effects by removing temporal abnormalities such as COVID-19, warm winter temperature during the policy implementation period (December 2019 to March 2020) by using the difference-in-difference method (DID). As a result of the analysis, this policy had the effect of reducing PM2.5, but the effect is not homogenous by region. In particular, PM2.5 reducing effect is the largest in west-coast region and south-coast region folllows, but its effect is not statistically significant in the east-cost region. In conclusion, this paper drew implications that the current Seasonal mamangement policy which is implemented regardless of the regional difference needs to be changed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2003.05b
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• pp.193-194
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• 2003

최근 대기오염물질에 대한 관심 증가는 대표적인 2차 오염물질로 분류되는 오존에 대한 관심과 미세먼지에 대한 특히 많은 관심을 초래하고 있다. 특히 미세먼지 중 탄소성 물질(carbonaceous material)의 경우, 기존 연구를 결과를 통해 살펴보면 지역적인 차이는 있으나 PM$_{2.5}$ 총 농도의 약 10~70%, 26~60%, 20~80%의 분율을 나타내는 것으로 알려져 있다. 또한 탄소성 물질은 시정 장애 현상등과 관련하여 중요한 대상물질임으로 국내외적으로 많은 관심을 유발하고 있는 물질이다. 국내의 경우, 시정 장애 현상과 관련하여 한진석 등(1994)이 원소분석기(elemental analyzer, Perkin elmer model 240)를 이용하여 분석을 실시한 바 있으며. 시정거리 5 km 미만시 탄소의 시정 기여율이 35.5%를 보고한 바 있다. (중략)략)

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.465-474
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• 2021

This research investigated the characteristics of fine particle concentration and ionic elements of PM_2.5 during sea breeze occurrences during summertime in Busan. The PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations of summertime sea breeze occurrence days in Busan were 46.5 ㎍/m³ and 34.9 ㎍/m³, respectively. The PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations of summertime non-sea breeze occurrence days in Busan were 25.3 ㎍/m³ and 14.3 ㎍/m³, respectively. The PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratios of sea breeze occurrence days and non-sea breeze occurrence days were 0.74 and 0.55, respectively. The SO₄^2-, NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- concentrations in PM_2.5 of sea breeze occurrence days were 9.20 ㎍/m³, 4.26 ㎍/m³, and 3.18 ㎍/m³ respectively. The sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) and nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) of sea breeze occurrence days were 0.33 and 0.05, respectively. These results indicated that understanding the fine particle concentration and ionic elements of PM_2.5 during sea breeze summertime conditions can provide insights useful for establishing a control strategy of urban air quality.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.459-467
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• 2016

In order to assess the pollution status and distribution characteristics of PM and PM-bound species, PM10 samples were collected using mini-volume air sampler at the subway cabin in Daejeon city. Measurements of about 24 elements including toxic metals (e.g., As, Cr, Mn, V, Zn) in PM10 were made by instrumental neutron activation analysis and X-ray fluorescence. The average PM10 concentration was $59.3{\pm}14.5{\mu}g/m^3$ in the subway cabin with a range of 42.2 to $97.4{\mu}g/m^3$, while the associated elemental concentrations were varied in the range of $10^{-3}$ to $10^5ng/m^3$. It was found that the concentration of Fe ($12.5{\mu}g/m^3$) was substantially higher than any other element. The Fe concentration was apportioned by about 20% of the PM10 concentration. The results of factor analysis indicate that there are no more than six sources in the cabin (e.g., brake-nonferrous metal particle, resuspended rail dust, fuel combustion, vehicle exhaust, black carbon, Cr-related).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.623-631
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• 2020

This study analyzes the effect of negative air ions on the concentration of airborne particulate matter and evaluates the expected purification efficiency of open spaces for particulate matter by investigating the amount of negative air ions generated by plants. This study establishes a negative air ion generation treatment environment, plant environment, and control environment to measure the purification efficiency of particulate matter under the conditions of each, analyzing the expected purification efficiency by designing a particulate matter purification model. Results show that the amount of generated negative air ion according to environment was negative air ion generation treatment environment > plant environment > control environment; this order also applies to the particulate matter purification efficiency. Moreover, it took 65 min for the negative ion generation treatment environment, 90 min for the plant environment, and 240 min for the control environment to reach the standard expected purification efficiency of particulate matter concentration of 960 mg/㎥ for PM₁₀. For PM_2.5, with the designated maximum concentration of 700 mg/㎥, it took 60 min for the negative ion generation treatment environment, 80 min for the plant environment, and more than 240 min for the control environment. Based on these results, the expected purification efficiency compared to the control environment was quadrupled in the negative ion generation treatment environment and tripled in the plant environment on average.