• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.147-151
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• 2019

This study was performed to investigate the physiological activity of Hongsan garlic and Hansan garlic, which were registered in the plant breeders' right in 2016. The content of mineral components, except sodium and sulfur ingredients, was found to be high in Hansan garlic. In addition, organic sulfur components were high in Hansan garlic. Moreover, the total soluble solid content, reducing sugar content, and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity were high in Hansan garlic. Acidity, pH, total phenol, and flavonoid content were high in Hongsan garlic. Both varieties showed higher inhibitory activity to gram-positive bacteria than to gram-negative bacteria. The antimicrobial activity of Hongsan garlic was slightly higher than that of Hansan garlic. These results are expected to provide useful information to farmers who grow the above garlic varieties.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.204-212
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• 2009

A strain producing ${\alpha}$-galactosidase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase was isolated from Kimchi. The isolated strain was identified as Weissella cibaria by 16S rDNA analysis and designated as Weissella cibaria K-M1-4. The enzyme activity of ${\alpha}$-galactosidase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase reached the maximum in the soy medium at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hr. The enzymes were purified by ethanol fractionation, DEAE sepharose fast flow, and sephacryl S-100HR column chromatography. ${\alpha}$-Galactosidase specific activity was shown by 576 Units/mg protein and the yield was 3.5% of the total activity of crude extracts. ${\beta}$-glucosidase specific activity was shown by 480 Units/mg protein and the yield was 2.9% of the total activity of crude extracts. The optimum temperature for ${\alpha}$-galactosidase was $60^{\circ}C$ and 43% of its original activity remained when it was treated at $80^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. For ${\alpha}$-galactosidase shows the optimum pH of 8.0 and is fairly stable between pH5.0 and pH9.0. The enzyme activity was increased in the presence of $Fe^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$. The value of Km and Vmax for the enzyme were 0.98 mM and $1.81{\mu}$mole/min, respectively. The ${\beta}$-glucosidase has the optimum temperature of $50^{\circ}C$ and 46% of its original activity remained when it was treated at $80^{\circ}C$ for 30min. Its optimum pH of 7.0 and is fairly stable between pH5.0 and pH9.0. The enzyme activity was increased in the presence of $Fe^{2+},\;Co^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$. The value of Km and Vmax for the enzyme were 1.24 mM and $6.81{\mu}$mole/min, respectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1978

Effects of the addition of Ginseng extract and it's incubation time on enzyme activity (${\alpha}$-amylase, ${\beta}$-amylase, protease) of Aspergillus app. was investigated. 1. ${\alpha}$-Amylase activity of Asp. oryzae was higher for 48 hours than control, however, the same after 48 hours. ${\beta}$-Amylase activity was stimulated at the concentration of 0.1 to 1.0％, and decreased at the concentration of 3.0 to 5.0％. The acid protease activity was higher than control for 72 hours and in the medium of 120 hours was decreased significantly. The alkaline protease activity was lower than control. However, alkaline protease activity was higher than acid protease activity. 2. ${\alpha}$-Amylase of Asp. niger was increased in proportion to increasing of the extract concentration. ${\beta}$-Amylase was increased at the concentration from 0.5 to 3.0％ and it's activity was depressed in proportion to increasing of the extract concentration for 48 hours and on the contrary it was improved in proportion to increasing of the extract concentration for 72 hours except for 5.0％ concentration with marked decreasing. Alkaline protease activity was increased at lower concentration (0.1∼0.5％) for 24 to 48 hours and it was depressed at higher concentration (1.0 to 5.0), however after 48 hours incubated, it's activity was decreased in preparation to increasing of the extract concentration.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.313-320
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• 2000

In order to improve the functionality of Korean soybean paste the changes of microorganisms, enzyme activity and physiological functionality of five types of Korean soybean paste prepared with various concentrations of Ginseng extracts. The pH of Korean soybean paste was decreased during fermentation but total acidity was increased. NaCl concentrations was increased up to 15.67~16.90% until 30~45days of fermentation and amino acidity was increase of the mixture ratio of Ginseng extract. Reducing sugar content was increased up to 45days of fermentation and total sugar content was increased up to 16.92~20.01% until 30days of fermentation, but decreased after that. The number of bacteria was highest in all sample after 45days fermentation, while that of mold was decreased during fermentation. Amylase and protease showed the highest activity at 30days of fermentation. Tyrosinase activity was increased during fermentation. Antimutagenic activities of Korean soybean paste (10% Ginseng extract) were 80.90%, 62.46% against MNNG, NPD on S. typhimutium TA100 and 51.96%, 58.88% against NQO, NPD on S. typhimutium TA98.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 1999

A bacterium producing the extracellular cellulase was isolated from cattle feces and screened as cellulase activity was excellent upon congo red straining method and activity measurements. Isolate was identified as Bacillus subtilis CH-10 on the basis of morphological and biochemical properties as well as cellular fatty acids composition. The enzyme which the isolate secretes had the optimum initial pH and temperature for its induction was 7.5 and 50${\circ}C$, respectively. The maximum CMCase activity in crude enzyme solution was observed at pH 7.5 and 75${\circ}C$ and was stable for pH 7.5 to 9.0 to maintain 70% activity. When the isolate was cultured in CMC media at 37${\circ}C$ for 24 hrs, CMCase and FPase activity was 1.13 U/㎖and 0.16U/㎖, respectively whereas Avicelase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity was not detected. When crude supernatant was used for zymogram, three major bands, cel 1, cel 2 and cel 3, were detected approximately 39, 41 and 57 KDa, respectively on CMC-SDS-PAGE.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.601-608
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ozonation as pretreatment on the removal of dissolved or biodegradable organic matter(DOM or BOM), the variance of DOM fractionation, and microbial regrowth by pilot-scale granular activated carbon processes in which adsorption and biodegradability was proceeding due to long time operation. Regardless of point of ozonation applied, GAC processes with ozonation(i.e., Ozonation combined with GAC Filter-adsorber; Pre O$_3$ + F/A, Ozonation combined with GAC adsorber; Post O$_3$ + GAC) compared with GAC processes without ozonation(i.e., GAC Filter-adsorber; F/A, GAC adsorber; GAC) removed approximately 10 to 20% more of DOC, hydrophilic DOM(HPI), BDOC and AOC after long period of operation that biological activity was assumed to happen. Ozonation was not found to have a significant effect on the removal of DOC, but caused the decrease of AOC by approximately 20%. It was found that the fixed bacterial biomass on GAC media did not show a significant difference between the GAC with ozonation and GAC without ozonation as pre-treatment, whereas the HPC of column effluent was more biostable at Post O$_3$ + GAC compared with F/A or GAC.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 2002

The extracts from approximately 40 different Korean traditional medicines were prepared to investigate the antimicrobial activities against poultry disease-related bacteria. Among tested, the extracts of Schizandra chinensis (SC), Melia azedarach (MA), Caesalpinia sappan (CS) and Rhus javanica (RJ) exhibited significant antimicrobial activities against Salmonella gallinarum, whereas the extracts of Elsholtzia ciliata (EC), Myristica fragrans (MF), Alpinia katsumadai (AK), Poncirus trifoliata (PT), Prunella vulgaris (PV), CS and RJ exhibited antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of MA, CS and RJ extracts against S. gallinarum were 1.2 mg/ml, whereas MIC of RJ extract for S. aureus was 0.6 ㎎/ml, which was the lowest among tested. The antimicrobial activities of SC and RJ extracts against S. gallinarum were reduced, but those of AK and CS extracts against S. aureus were not affected by heating treatment. The antimicrobial activities of SC extract against S. gallinarum and those of EC, PT and RJ extracts against S. aureus were stable by acid treatment but unstable by alkaline treatment. those of CS extract was not effected by either acid or alkaline treatment. The growth of all bacteria was significantly inhibited within 24 hours by the addition of at least 100 ppm and 300 ppm of RJ and CS extracts, respectively, compared with the control group. In conclusion, these findings suggest that RJ and CS extracts may play important roles for antimicrobial activities against poultry disease-related bacteria.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1032-1040
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• 2013

The comparative effects of fibrinolytic, antioxidative activity and electrophoretical protein patterns with Cordyceps militaris powder (CM) and cordycepin-enriched Cordyceps militaris JLM0636 powder (CCM) and fermented cordycepin-enriched Cordyceps militaris JLM0636 powder by several microscopic organisms were investigated. In addition, nutritional materials such as mineral, protein, and fatty acids were also measured. The protein concentration was higher in CCM than that in CM. The protein concentration in fermented CCM was the highest in CCM treated by Aspergillus kawachii among the various samples. When total protein patterns of CM, CCM, and both fermented CCMs were analyzed by native- and SDS-PAGE, there were slightly varietal differences in electrophoretical protein patterns. Major minerals were K, Ca, Mg, and Zn. Major fatty acids were palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. Fibrinolytic activity was the highest in the fermented CCM by Bs treatment among the various samples. The ${\alpha},{\alpha}^{\prime}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was slightly stronger in the CCM treated with Aspergillus kawachii among the various samples; however, these samples all exhibited relatively low levels of activity compared with the butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). These results may provide the basic data necessary to understand the biological activities and chemical characteristics of Cordyceps militaris JLM0636 powder fermented by several microscopic organisms to develop functional foods.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.269-277
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• 2016

Erm proteins methylate the specific adenine residue ($A_{2058}$, E. coli numbering) on 23S rRNA to confer the $MLS_B$ (macrolidelincosamide-streptogramin B) antibiotic resistance on a variety of microorganisms ranging from antibiotic producers to pathogens. When phylogenetic tree is constructed, two main clusters come out forming each cluster of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Two representative Erm proteins from each cluster were selected and their in vitro methylation activities were compared. ErmS and ErmE from Actinobacteria cluster exhibited much higher activities than ErmB and ErmC' from Firmicutes: 9 fold difference when ErmC' and ErmE were compared and 13 fold between ErmS and ErmB. Most of the difference was observed and presumed to be caused by N-terminal and C-terminal extra region from ErmS and ErmE, respectively because NT59TE in which N-terminal end 59 amino acids was truncated from wild type ErmS exhibited only 22.5% of wild type ErmS activity. Meanwhile, even NT59TE showed three and 2.2 times more activity when it was compared to ErmB and C, respectively, suggesting core region from antibiotic producers contains extra structure enabling higher activity. This is suggested to be possible through the extra region of 197RWS199 (from both ErmS and ErmE), 261GVGGSLY267 (from ErmS), and 261GVGGNIQ267 (from ErmE) and 291SVV293 (from ErmS) and 291GAV293 (from ErmE) by multiple sequence alignment.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.77-81
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• 2007

Antimicrobial activity of both fresh Prunus mume and Prunus mume liqueur byproduct (PLB), generated after producing Prunus mume liqueur were examined against various pathogeinc bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115, Bacillus cereus KCCM 11341, Staphylococcus aureus KCCM 12255, Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 21541, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, and Shigella sonnei. PLB showed strong antibacterial effects against tested pathogenic bacteria.L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115, B. cereus KCCM 11341, S. sonnei, and E. coli O157:H7 were not detected in trytpic soy broth containing 1% of prunus mume or PLB after 24-hour incubation at $37^{\circ}C$, respectively. Prunus mume showed higher antimicrobial activities than that of PLB against tested pathogens.