• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.18-26
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• 2020

The effects of the carburizing process on the sliding wear behavior of SCM420H steel have been investigated. In particular, the effects of grain boundary corrosion observed in the surface layer after gas carburizing and the effects of hardness of the carburized cases after heat-treatment on the sliding wear properties were examined. Pin specimens carburized by two methods (gas carburizing and vacuum carburizing) were tempered at two temperatures of 180℃ and 400℃ after oil-quenching, respectively. Sliding wear tests were carried out against heattreated SKH51 steel at several sliding speeds using a pin-on-disc type test machine. As results, it can be found that there is no difference in the wear behavior between the pins carburized using two methods. This implies that the grain boundary corrosion that formed in the surface layer after gas carburizing has no effect on the sliding wear behavior of carburized SCM420H steels. Additionally, there is no significant difference in the wear behavior between carburized pins tempered at 400℃ and at 180℃ after oil-quenching, regardless of the carburizing method. This is because carburized pins tempered at 400℃ have a troostite structure, which exhibits higher tribochemical reactivity even though its hardness is lower than that of martensite structure. In this respect, it can be considered that good wear resistance of carburized cases is maintained at least until the effective case depth.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.124-132
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• 2020

The effect of the stoichiometry on the sliding wear properties of NiAl coatings has been investigated. Three different powder mixtures with the compositions of Ni-50at%Al, Ni-54at%Al and Ni-42at%Al were diepressed respectively, and which were subsequently coated on mild steel through combustion synthesis in an induction heating system. Sliding wear behavior of the coatings was examined against an alloyed tool steel using a pin-on-disc type sliding wear test machine. As results, it could be seen that powder mixture(Ni-54at%Al) with displaying Al-rich deviations from the stoichiometry of NiAl(Ni-50at%Al) was promoted the most the synthetic reactivity. The microstructure of the coating layer with the compositions of Ni-54at%Al exhibits the porous NiAl single phase structure. However, the microstructure of the coating layer of the compositions of Ni-42at%Al exhibits the denser multi-phase structure containing several intermediate phases in addition to NiAl. Densification of the coating layer was enhanced by increasing the reacting temperature. On the other hand, the wear properties of the coating layers showed that the wear mode at speeds of around 1 m/s was severe wear, regardless of the stoichiometry and reacting temperature. However, wear properties of coating layer with the compositions of Ni-42at%Al were superior to those of coating layer with the compositions of Ni-54at%Al. This would be attributed by the fact that coating layer with the compositions of Ni-42at%Al develops little void and much intermediate phases with high strength.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.261-270
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 최근 치과임상에서 이용되고 있는 7종의 복합레진을 시험재료로 선택한 다음 법랑질과 복합레진 충전재가 대합하는 경우의 마모 양상을 조사하기 위해 광중합형 복합레진과 제2소구치 교두를 핀-디스크 구동 방식의 전동식 마모시험기에 고정한 다음 68.6N의 하중을 가한 상태에서 30,000회전시켜 $1.3{\times}10^3m$의 미끄럼 접촉을 가하였다. 마모도를 평가하기 위해 복합레진의 종류에 따른 제2소구치 교두의 수직고경 변화, 시편의 두께 감소와 체적 손실 및 마모시험 전후의 표면을 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하였고, 표면경도가 마모도에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 누프 경도를 측정한 결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 누프 경도는 Spectrum 군에서 70.4로 가장 높고 Heliomolar 군에서 19.8로 가장 낮은 값을 보였으며, Tukey 다중범위검증법에 의해서 각 군 사이의 통계적 유의성을 검증한 결과, Spectrum 군, Z100 군 및 Clearfil AP-X 군을 제외한 나머지 모든 군들 사이에서 상호간에 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 2. 법랑질의 내마모성은 microfill 형인 Heliomolar 군과 대합하는 경우에 가장 높게 나타났으며, 구치부용에서는 구상의 zirconia silica 미세 입자를 복합화한 micro hybrid 형의 Palpique 군에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 3. 복합레진의 연마성 마모에 대한 저항성은 필러의 평균 입경이 작고 미세 필러를 고밀도로 분산시켜 복합화한 hybrid 형 복합레진에서 높게 나타나는 경향을 보였다. 4. 주사전자현미경 관찰 결과, 마모면에서는 필러의 돌출, 마멸과 탈락 및 기질레진의 미세 균열 진전과 표면층의 박리 등이 관찰되었다.

• 드라이브 ㆍ 컨트롤
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.10-15
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• 2018

The hydraulic cylinder seals are used not only to protect leakage of the working fluids but also to prevent incoming of foreign particles into the system. Chromium plating is generally applied to improve corrosion and wear resistance. It has been noticed that sealing surface damage occurs due to the hard foreign/wear particles contained in the hydraulic oil. In this study, a three-bodied sliding contact problem related with a PTFE seal, a spherical particle and chrome-plated steel substrate is modeled to investigate the relations to wear mechanism. Using the nonlinear finite element software, MARC/MENTAT, the deformed shapes, the von Mises and first principal stress distributions with plating thickness were compared. The sealing surface was mainly abraded by hard particles embedded in the seal. The plastic deformation of the steel substrate decreased with thicker plating. Hence it could be more effective to coat the sealing surface of a hydraulic cylinder with a hard material such as TiN, TiC and DLC.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2021

In this study, an ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) was used to improve the mechanical properties, scratch resistance and tribological performance of Cu-based bimetals, which are usually used to manufacture sliding bearings and bushings for internal combustion engines (ICEs). Two different Cu-based bimetals, namely CuPb10Sn10 and CuSn10Bi7, were sintered onto a low carbon steel substrate. The mechanical properties and dry tribological performance using a tensile tester and micro-tribo tester were evaluated, respectively. The scratch resistance was assessed using a micro-scratch tester at an incremental load. The tensile test results showed that the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of both Cu-based bimetals increased after UNSM. Furthermore, the scratch and tribological tests results revealed that the scratch resistance and tribological performance of both Cu-based bimetals were improved by the application of UNSM. These improvements were mainly attributed to the eliminated pores, increased hardness and reduced roughness after UNSM. CuSn10Bi7 demonstrated better mechanical properties, scratch resistance and tribological performance than CuPb10Sn10. It was found that the presence of Bi in CuSn10Bi7 formed a Cu₁₁Bi₇ intermetallic phase, which is harder than Cu₃Sn. Hence, CuSn10Bi7 demonstrated higher strength and wear resistance than CuPb10Sn10. In addition, a CuSn10Bi7 formed both SnO₂ and Bi₂O₃ that prevented adhesion and improved the tribological performance. It can be expected that under dry tribological conditions, ICEs can utilize UNSM bearings and bushings made of CuSn10Bi7 instead of CuPb10Sn10 under oil-lubricated conditions.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제39권8호
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• pp.765-772
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• 2015

주철은 산업현장에서 중장비나 철도차량 등과 같은 다양한 기계장치의 주재료로 널리 사용된다. 이러한 기계장치의 운전 성능은 접촉 특성에 따라 크게 좌우되며 이를 개선시키기 위한 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 모래와 알루미나 입자가 주철의 마찰/마모 특성에 미치는 영향에 대해 다양한 조건에서의 미끄럼 실험을 통해 규명하였다. 입자의 크기 및 시편 온도 등을 변수로 하여 스틸 볼이 pin 으로 장착된 pin-on-reciprocator 방식의 트라이보테스터를 사용하여 실험을 진행하였다. 주사전자현미경(Scanning Electron Microscope), confocal microscope 와 3d profiler 를 이용해서 주철 시편과 스틸 볼의 마모 표면을 관찰하고 마모량을 정량적으로 측정하여 마모 특성을 파악하였다. 실험 결과 주철의 마찰/마모 특성은 입자 주입에 의해 크게 달라짐을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 주철 시편에 가해준 온도에 따라 마찰/마모 특성이 크게 달라지는 것을 확인하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 산업에서 주철 재료의 트라이볼로지 특성을 이해하는데 도움이 될 것이다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.232-243
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• 2020

It is essential to predict the amount of wear and surface parameters for a surface where relative motion occurs. In the asperity-based model for wear prediction, only the average contact pressure can be obtained. Hence, the accuracy of wear analysis is poor. In this study, DC-FFT is used to obtain the pressure of each node, and wear analysis is performed by considering the effect of the pressure gradient. The numerical surface generation method is used to create Gaussian, negatively skewed, and positively skewed surfaces for wear analysis. The spatial and height distributions of each surface are analyzed to confirm the effectiveness of the generated surface. Furthermore, wear analysis is performed using DC-FFT and Archard's wear formula. After analysis, it is confirmed that all peaks are removed and only valleys remain on the surface. The RMS roughness and Sk continue to decrease and Ku increases as the cycle progresses. It is observed that the surface parameters are significantly affected by the radius of curvature of the asperity. This analysis method is more accurate than the existing average wear and truncation models because the change in asperity shape during the wear process is reflected in detail.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2016

Nuclear fuels are always exposed to hot temperature and high speed coolant flow during the reactor operation. Thus the fuel rod accompanies small amplitude vibration due to the turbulent flow. The random vibration causes friction between the fuel rod and the grid structure which provides the lateral supports. The friction is critical to the fuel rod fretting wear, and it degrades fuel performance when a severe wear is developed. LuGre friction model is introduced in the paper, and the performance was evaluated comparing to the classical Coulomb model. It is shown that the developed friction force considering the Coulomb friction is not enough to stop or delay the motion while the stick-slip can be simulated using LuGre friction model. Numerical solutions of the two dimensional spacer grid cell model with the modern friction are also reviewed, and it is discussed that the new friction model simulates well the nonlinear mechanism.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.243-249
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• 2009

A magnetic clutch consists of pulley and disk. It delivers and isolates the power needed for the operation of the compressor used in automotive air conditioning system. To improve the performance, efficiency and durability of automotive air conditioning system, appropriate design of pulley, disk and system working parameters(the magnitude of magnetic force, and so on) is necessary. For that goal, it is required to understand the friction characteristics of magnetic clutch for the initial operating time. In this study, friction tests were carried out in order to investigate the effect of sliding velocity on the friction characteristics of magnetic clutch using pin-on-disk type friction and wear tester. For experiments, pulley and disk used in real automotive air conditioning system were considered. Friction experiments were conducted under various sliding velocities, and coefficients of kinetic friction were obtained. Under the experimental conditions considered in this study, the coefficients of kinetic friction increased with the increase of test number(sliding distance) and decreased with the increase of sliding velocity.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.103-104
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• 2006

Wear of valve seating face and seat insert seating face influence the performance of engine, so they are important. To manufacture good quality valve and seat insert which have wear resistance the relations between wear factors and wear of the two seating faces have to be inspected. Cycle number is one of the important wear factors wearing the two seating faces and it can translate into mileage in rear car. But little is blown. Test variable is only cycle number and the cycle numbers are $2.0{\times}10^6,\;4.0{\times}10^6\;6.0{\times}10^6,\;8.0{\times}10^6$. And the other test conditions were fixed. Rmax of valve seating face and seat insert seating face increase linearly as cycle number is increased. Rmax of valve seating face were smaller than seat insert seating face in each cycle number. Reaction production by tribological reaction and sliding wear was found on the two faces.