• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.25-35
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study is to re-exam of the modern values of a moat to utilize it with various functions such as a military defense on the outskirts of the castle, dividing the space by its boundary, controlling the micro-climate in the worsening modern environment with temperature rise due to climate change and habitat reduction of animals, and providing the habitat of animals to modern urban space, etc. The scope of the study is focusing on the castles with the moat installed to prevent the enemy from accessing directly to the wall using a pond or water path for military defense on the outskirts of the castle or to divide it into boundaries. In the Orient, the Nakan Eupseong, Haemi Eupseong, Gyeongju Wolseong in Korea and the Forbidden City in China, and Nijo Castle and Osaka Castle in Japan were selected. In the West, Edinburgh Castle in Britain, Blois Castle in France, Chillon Castle in Switzerland, and Frederiksborg Castle in Denmark were selected for the study. As a research method, literature research and field research were conducted. For the Orient, it was conducted in parallel with the literature research and field research. For the western, it was mainly conducted with literature research. For the literature research, the origin of the moat, the concept of the moat, the function of the moat, the history and culture of the western moat are based on the data from the related institutions and previous studies. For the Orient field research, exploring was conducted in two to three times from Jan. 2016 to Dec. 2016 in each of the target areas of Nakan Eupseong, Haemi Eupseong, Gyeongju Wolseong in Korea and the Forbidden City in China, and Nijo Castle and Osaka Castle in Japan. The contents of the research were analyzed through interviews, photographs, measurements, and observations on the function, size, and characteristics of the moat of each target. The results of this study are as follows. The moat was a structure installed to set a boundary for military defense facilities on the outskirts of a castle and it played an important role as a part of the city in the ancient times of Asia and the West through the Middle Ages. The role of the moat is gradually disappearing due to the disappearance of the purpose of military defense. However, moats are excluded from modern landscape planning, despite the fact that a moat filled with water is a hydrophilic space with great historical and cultural value such as various cultural activities and providing habitats for animals. By reflecting on the moats various functions in modern cities and utilizing it, it is expected to be utilized to bring pleasant air into the city where the circulation of air is blocked and energize the city as a hydroponic element.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.7 no.11
• /
• pp.175-181
• /
• 2007

Design prototype is described from the stately aspect as a principle of formative art, and from the shapeable aspect of physical feature. The prototype can be a common denominator which is contained in one nation's culture, art and life, as the thing which corresponds to the daily industrial craft, architecture and art's production intention and activity with the thought and background of the culture. We have formed the design prototypes with time and space in the process which absorbs and integrates the new culture. Modern Korean design's prototype can be seen in the late Chosun. As the upper culture and sub-culture were combined, the active culture was developed. Nobody can deny that Chosun's culture and art becomes a basis of today's design and Korea's beauty. In creating the design prototype, the natural environmental factors such as topography and climate are the most important. Such natural environmental factor led the design recognition of art and craft art, as well as an architecture and indoor environment's form. Korea design produced the artisan sprite which is devoted to a moral duty and instinct as our nation's nature and emotion, and ensured the emotional process not the rational process. So, it created naturalism which accepted the material and shape. Our design prototype's path tracking as an energy of future society's new design identity, can be the important theme for our design development.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.51 no.2
• /
• pp.97-107
• /
• 2015

Wetlands constitute a transitional zone between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and have unique characteristics such as frequent inundation, inflow of nutrients from terrestrial ecosystems, presence of plants adapted to grow in water, and soil that is occasionally oxygen deficient due to saturation. These characteristics and the presence of vegetation determine physical and chemical properties that affect decomposition rates of organic matter (OM). Decomposition of OM is associated with activities of various extracellular enzymes (EE) produced by bacteria and fungi. Extracellular enzymes convert macromolecules to simple compounds such as labile organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) that can be easily taken up by microbes and plants. Therefore, the enzymatic approach is helpful to understand the decomposition rates of OM and nutrient cycling in wetland soils. This paper reviews the physical and biogeochemical factors that regulate extracellular enzyme activities (EEa) in wetland soils, including those of ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-N-acetylglucosaminidase, phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and phenol oxidase that decompose organic matter and release C, N, P, and S nutrients for microbial and plant growths. Effects of pH, water table, and particle size of OM on EEa were not significantly different among sites, whereas the influence of temperature on EEa varied depending on microbial acclimation to extreme temperatures. Addition of C, N, or P affected EEa differently depending on the nutrient state, C:N ratio, limiting factors, and types of enzymes of wetland soils. Substrate quality influenced EEa more significantly than did other factors. Also, drainage of wetland and increased temperature due to global climate change can stimulate phenol oxidase activity, and anthropogenic N deposition can enhance the hydrolytic EEa; these effects increase OM decomposition rates and emissions of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ from wetland systems. The researches on the relationship between microbial structures and EE functions, and environmental factors controlling EEa can be helpful to manipulate wetland ecosystems for treating pollutants and to monitor wetland ecosystem services.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.25-38
• /
• 2020

For the purpose of recording Folk House Garden, this study was to review the historical value, location, space composition, Placememnt of the Building, garden composition, and management status of Folk House Garden designated as a cultural asset in Jeolla-do and to promote continuous maintenance and preservation in the future and enhance its value. The results of the study are as follows. First, most of them have been influenced by the trend of the times, such as the creation of a modern private garden and the spread of agricultural and commercial development through the garden components influenced by the royal, Japanese, and Western styles. Second, there are differences in the spatial composition of private households and the way they handle sponsorship, depending on the geographical location. When the geographical features were divided into flat and sloping areas, private houses located on flat land were divided into walls, walls were placed around the support area, and flower systems and stone blocks were created. The private houses located on the slope were divided into two to three tiers of space, and the wooden plant, flower bed, and stone bed were naturally connected to the background forest without creating a wall at the rear hill. Third, the size of the house and the elements of the garden have been partially destroyed, damaged, and changed, and if there is a lack of records of the change process, there is a limit to the drawing floor plan. There were many buildings and garden components that were lost or damaged due to changes in the trend and demand of the times, and some of them without records had to rely on the memory of owners and managers. Fourth, the species in Warm Temperate Zone, which reflects the climatic characteristics of Jeolla-do, was produced, and many of the exotic species, not traditional ones, were introduced. Fifth, fine-grained tree management standards are needed to prepare for changes in spatial function and plant species considering modern convenience.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.174-184
• /
• 2009

Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the major hydrologic processes in terrestrial ecosystems. A reliable estimation of spatially representavtive ET is necessary for deriving regional water budget, primary productivity of vegetation, and feedbacks of land surface to regional climate. Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) provides an opportunity to monitor ET for wide area at daily time scale. In this study, we applied a MODIS-based ET algorithm and tested its reliability for nine flux tower sites in East Asia. This is a stand-alone MODIS algorithm based on the Penman-Monteith equation and uses input data derived from MODIS. Instantaneous ET was estimated and scaled up to daily ET. For six flux sites, the MODIS-derived instantaneous ET showed a good agreement with the measured data ($r^2=0.38$ to 0.73, ME = -44 to $+31W\;m^{-2}$, RMSE =48 to $111W\;m^{-2}$). However, for the other three sites, a poor agreement was observed. The predictability of MODIS ET was improved when the up-scaled daily ET was used ($r^2\;=\;0.48$ to 0.89, ME = -0.7 to $-0.6\;mm\;day^{-1}$, $RMSE=\;0.5{\sim}1.1\;mm\;day^{-1}$). Errors in the canopy conductance were identified as a primary factor of uncertainty in MODIS-derived ET and hence, a more reliable estimation of canopy conductance is necessary to increase the accuracy of MODIS ET.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.33-42
• /
• 1995

우리나라의 서해(West Sea)는 일명 황해(Yellow Sea)라고 일컬어지는 약 40여 m의 평균 수심을 갖는 대륙붕 해저지형 분지에 의하여 지배되는 전형적 육연해이다, 그런데 이 바다는 중심부(황해의 중심부)를 기준으로 하여 중국 대륙의 산동반도에서 양가강 하구에 이르는 서부 해안을 가지며 북부에는 발해만의 해안이 있고 동부에는 서해(황해) 특유의 넓 은 조수환경(tidal environment)과 조수해안이 발달한다. 그러나 남쪽으로는 북서태평양과 연결된다. 한국 서해안이 평균 4m 이상의 조차(tidal range)를 나타내는 조간대 조수환경이 며 조간대 해저지형(intertidal morphology)이 전형적인 퇴적층(체)에 의하여 지배되는 여러 가지 특징을 나타낸다. 서해안 조수환경은 네델란드, 독일 또는 지배되는 여러 가지 특징을 나타낸다. 서해안 조수환경은 네델란드 독일 또는 미국의 경우와 같이 연구가 잘되어 세계 적으로 널리 알려진 소위 barrier island system and tidal depositional environments와는 크 게 다른 퇴적과정과 환경이다. 경기도 남양만의 조수 환경의 경우, 조간대 해저지형 요소인 조류로(tidal channel)와 조간대 정규해저(intertidal zone proper)에 관한 동력적 퇴적과정 연 구결과 조간대 특유의 lateral sedimentation 과 vertical sedimentation 2가지 퇴적과정중 후 자의 퇴적과정이 우세한 것으로 밝혀졌고 이러한 퇴적과정의 진행이 매우 안정한 지속성을 가지는 것이 특징이다, 이러한 퇴적과정의 조간대 퇴적물의 쇄설 입자는 약 20% 미만의 모 래(sand) 입자 50~70%의 실트(silt) 와 점토(clay) 입자가 20~30%에 달하는 입자조직 (grain texture)의 퇴적상을 나타낸다. 결과적으로 조간대의 동력적인 조수수괴의 수위(level of tidal water)는 평균 만조선과 평균 저조선으로 한정되며 이것은 퇴적과정과 퇴적작용의 조정(control) 요인으로 조간대 퇴적상의 발달과 분포에 큰 영향을 미친다, 예를들면 남양만 등의 대부분의 서해안 조간대 표층 퇴적상(녁\ulcorner미 sedimentary faci-es)은 만조선에서 간조 선에 가까울수록 조립화현상(coarsening trend)을 나타낸다. 이러한 퇴적상 변화는 저조선에 서 만조선으로의 조간대 지형과 주조수로의 지형.수력학적 특성이 다음과 같기 때문이다. a) a general decrease in width b) a general decrease in depth c) a general decrease in maximum and average current velocities d) a general increase in contents of suspended mud e) a general decrease in grain size of the bottom sand and an increasing abundance of muddy deposits. 우리나라 서해안 조간대 퇴적층(체)의 수직 층서(vertical stratigraphy)는 지난 3여년동안의 수십개의 vibracoring(주상시추)에 의하여 매우 흥미롭고 중요하게 밝혀지고 있는바 이것은 현세(Holocene)와 선현세(preHolocene: 11000 years BP)의 오랜시간 경과에 따른 조수환경 변화의 수직퇴적 과정과 기후 해수면 변화의 현상에 원인이 있다고 해석된다.(박용안 외, 1992-1995)결과적으로 서해안 조수퇴적체(층)의 분지주변(basim margin)진화과정이 밝혀지 고 있다.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.503-510
• /
• 2013

Recently, localized heavy rain is increased by climatic changes and landslide is increased. Also, because of landslide occurred in urban area, life and property damages are increased. Therefore, standard operation procedure of disasters should be established by steps and institutions so as to respond landslide. This thesis investigated application of current disaster manual so as to write SOP of landslide for disaster prevention related experts and accepted opinion for responding necessaries by using landslide SOP and important matters by step of disaster management. As the result of investigation, application of manual was low during the current response to disasters and application was the highest in responding step among the steps of disaster management. In case of landslide, they responded that response with SOP is necessary. During the organization of landslide SOP, they responded that training and education for landslide disaster are important at the step of prevention, conduction of landslide disaster broadcasting and provision of information are important at the step of preparation, guidance for evasion and behavior methods is important at the step of response and investigation of landslide disaster damages and reflection of record and evaluation are important at the step of recovery. In addition, for the requests for landslide SOP application, there was an importance of secondary factors such as expansion of professional manpower, strengthening of law and institution, education and training for SOP acquisition, etc.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Industrial Systems Conference
• /
• 2006.05a
• /
• pp.178-193
• /
• 2006

기업들이 고객에 대해 관심을 가지는 이유는 고객관계관리(CRM: customer relationship management)의 중요성이 그 어느 때 보다도 강조되고 있기 때문이며, 또한 강력한 고객관계가 기업의 경쟁우위를 위한 주요 수단이 되고 있음을 지각하고 있기 때문이다. 특히 인터넷 쇼핑몰에 대한 고객의 충성행위는 인터넷 쇼핑몰이 제공하는 다양한 상품 및 서비스와 더불어 성공적인 고객관계를 위해서는 매우 중요하다. 또한 인터넷 쇼핑몰의 입장에서는 여러 가지 다양한 서비스를 인터넷 쇼핑몰 이용 고객에게 제공함으로써 인터넷 쇼핑몰을 이용하는 고객들에 대한 신뢰와 몰입을 증가시킴으로써 인터넷 쇼핑몰 이용 고객들로 하여금 인터넷 쇼핑몰에 대해 높은 충성도를 가지게 할 수 있을 것이다. 따라서 본 연구는 인터넷 쇼핑몰 이용 고객에 대한 고객충성행위를 신뢰형성요인, 몰입형성요인, 신뢰, 몰입이라는 측면에서 설명하고자 하였다. 즉, 인터넷 쇼핑몰의 신뢰형성요인(능력, 호의성, 무결성)이 신뢰에 영향을 미치고, 몰입형성요인(촉진정보, 상호작용성, 쇼핑몰디자인)이 몰입에 영향을 미친다. 그리고 신뢰는 몰입과 고객충성행위에, 몰입은 고객충성행위에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 제안하고 이를 인터넷 쇼핑몰 이용 경험이 있는 고객들을 대상으로 실증적으로 분석하였다. 실증분석 결과에 따르면 제안모델은 수용가능한 모델적합도를 보여 주었으며, 또한 본 연구에서 제시한 9개의 가설 모두가 통계적으로 유의한 결과를 보여주었다. 특히 신뢰는 신뢰형성요인(능력, 호의성, 무결성)과 고객충성행위사이에 매개변수의 역할을 수행하고있으며, 몰입은 몰입형성요인(촉진정보, 상호작용성, 쇼핑몰디자인)과 고객충성행위사이 그리고 신뢰와 고객충성행위사이에 매개변수의 역할을 수행하는 것으로 나타났다.동지역의 고기후를 해석함으로써 고기후적 및 고생태학적 의미를 연구해 보고자 하였다.에서는 시스템 등급에 영향을 준다. 향후에는 더욱 더 다양한 상호의존 모델들이 정량화될 필요성이 있다고 본다. 진행하였다. 줄여서 보다 더 정확하고, 지능적인 규칙구성요소 추출 방법론을 제시하고 구현하여 지식관리자의 규칙습득에 대한 부담을 줄여 주고자 한다. 도움을 받을 수 있게 되었다.을 거치도록 되어있다. 교통주제도는 국가의 교통정책결정과 관련분야의 기초자료로서 다양하게 활용되고 있으며, 특히 ITS 노드/링크 기본지도로 활용되는 등 교통 분야의 중요한 지리정보로서 구축되고 있다..20{\pm}0.37L$, 72시간에 $1.33{\pm}0.33L$로 유의한 차이를 보였으므로(F=6.153, P=0.004), 술 후 폐환기능 회복에 효과가 있다. 4) 실험군과 대조군의 수술 후 노력성 폐활량은 수술 후 72시간에서 실험군이 $1.90{\pm}0.61L$, 대조군이 $1.51{\pm}0.38L$로 유의한 차이를 보였다(t=2.620, P=0.013). 5) 실험군과 대조군의 수술 후 일초 노력성 호기량은 수술 후 24시간에서 $1.33{\pm}0.56L,\;1.00{\ge}0.28L$로 유의한 차이를 보였고(t=2.530, P=0.017), 술 후 72시간에서 $1.72{\pm}0.65L,\;1.33{\pm}0.3L$로 유의한 차이를 보였다(t=2.540, P=0.016). 6) 대상자의 술 후 폐환기능에 영향을 미치는 요인은 성별로 나타났다. 이에 따른 폐환기능의 차이를 보면, 실험군의 술 후 노력성 폐활량이 48시간에 남자($1.78{\pm}0.61L$

• Membrane Journal
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.283-291
• /
• 2022

Hydrogen energy has received much attention as a solution to the supply of renewable energy and to respond to climate change. Hydrogen is the most suitable candidate of storing unused electric power in a large-capacity long cycle. Among the technologies for producing hydrogen, water electrolysis is known as an eco-friendly hydrogen production technology that produces hydrogen without carbon dioxide generation by water splitting reaction. Membranes in water electrolysis system physically separate the anode and the cathode, but also prevent mixing of generated hydrogen and oxygen gases and facilitate ion transfer to complete circuit. In particular, the key to next-generation anion exchange membrane that can compensate for the shortcomings of conventional water electrolysis technologies is to develop high performance anion exchange membrane. Many studies are conducted to have high ion conductivity and excellent durability in an alkaline environment simultaneously, and various materials are being searched. In this review, we will discuss the research trends and points to move forward by looking at the research on anion exchange membranes based on commercial polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-polystyrene (SEBS) block copolymers.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.89-113
• /
• 2023

This study aimed to identify heat wave vulnerable areas and discuss spatial typology and policy directions through spatial coincidence analysis of heat wave damage. By utilizing the climate change vulnerability assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Spatial Statistics Comparison Analysis, this study examined cities, counties, and districts in South Korea for five years (2015-2019), including 2018, when the heat wave was most extreme. It was determined that the number of heat wave days (exposure) was the most impactful among various factors for heat wave vulnerability. Sensitivity and adaptive capacity to heat waves were found to vary according to regional characteristics. The relationship between heat wave vulnerability and damage was categorized into four types through spatial coherence. Hot to Hot and Cold to Cold types have a positive relationship between vulnerability and damage, while Hot to Cold and Cold to Hot types have a negative relationship. The findings suggest that since different types of regions have distinct characteristics and conditions, policies and research for improvement should be directed to address each region separately. This study may be used as basic data for establishing heat-related policies in the future, as it categorizes regions by considering both heat vulnerability and damage and examines the direction of response by type.