• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.8
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• pp.834-841
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was perfomed to analyze in detail the viral etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) in Cheunan, Korea by multiplex RT-PCR, including human rhinovirus (hRV) and newly identified viruses such as human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and human coronavirus (HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E/NL63). Method : Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) were collected from 863 hospitalized children with ALRI on the first day of admission at Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital and analyzed by multiplex RT-PCR from December 2005 to November 2006. Results : Viral agents were detected from 474 subjects (54.9%). The identified viral pathogens were hRV 9.2%, hMPV 6.8%, HCoV-229E/NL63 1.4%, and HCoV-OC43 2.1%. Coinfections with ${\geq}2$ viruses were observed in 108 patients (22.8%). The major period of viral ALRI was the first year of life. Clinical diagnoses of viral ALRI were pneumonia (59.5%), bronchiolitis (24.7%), tracheobronchitis (11.4%), and croup (4%). The most common causes of bronchiolitis was respiratory syncytial virus B (RSV B), whereas hMPV, hRV, HCoV-229E/NL63, and HCoV-OC43 were commonly found in patients with pneumonia. The number of hMPV infections peaked between March and May 2006. HCoV-OC43 was prevalent from November to February 2006, whereas HCoV-229E and hRV were detected throughout the year. Conclusion : Although the study was confined to one year, hMPV was not detected during winter and peaked between March and April, which was not consistent with previous studies'. This present study indicates that HCoV is a less common respiratory pathogen in cases of ALRI in Korean children

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.161-172
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to classify, evaluate and grade the existing highway tunnels to increase landscape and natural statistics keeping the structural safety about tunnel gates area and induce the ones that will be constructed in the future by drawing the improvements and restoring the techniques as an environment-friendly. To examine the types of tunnel gate area, total 54 tunnels were investigated by selecting Gyeongbu Expressway, Yeongdong Expressway, and Jungang Expressway. Tunnel entrances and exit ports were classified as a Wall-closed type and Protruding type, which is based on tunnel gate type. Vegetation Landscape types were classified as Multilayer-Same as the surrounding landscape_(MS), Multilayer-Difference of surrounding landscape_(MD), Single layer-Same as the surrounding landscape_(SS), Single layer-Difference of surrounding landscape_(SD), and a Desolate type which based on vegetation layers and environment-friendly. Potential vegetation recovery was identified based on the structural stability and revegetation potential of the tunnel. The factors include the structural stability of the slope height and slope gradient were selected. Revegetation potential was identified as a growth potential. This factor was used in the step to classify vegetation recovery potential of a tunnel. The result, which investigated the types of tunnel entrances and exit parts has found that the most typical in 33 places was a Wall closed type with 61.1% of the total ones. The case of vegetation landscape types was created but different from the ones surrounding it with 85.2% of the total ones. It is judged that the currently constructed vegetation of tunnel entrance and exit parts had put convenience on the safety and management before landscape consideration. In addition, tunnel entrance and exit parts with excellent potential for vegetation recovery were all Protruding type. In addition, it is judged that slope stability can easily obtain growth. Therefore, entrance and exist of the highway tunnels, which will be constructed in the future, should reflect location and the result of the natural and ecological survey in design by performing it in advance and their types, which minimize the damage area range, should be applied to the local characteristics suitably. In addition, the ecologically healthy tunnel construction should be done by introducing active vegetation recovery techniques based on its safety.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to construct multi-element ultrasound applicators for the treatment of gynecologic cancer with high dose rate brachytherapy. For the treatment of uterus, piezo-ceramic crystal transducer (PZT -5A) with outer diameter of 4 mm, wall thickness of 1.3 mm, and length of 24.5 mm was selected. For the treatment of cervix or vagina, it should be possible to insert the applicator into the vagina. Thus, a cylindrical PZT -8 material with outer diameter of 24.5 mm, wall thickness of 1.3 mm, and length of 15.2 mm was selected. The operating frequencies determined by vector impedance measurement were 3.2 MHz for the PZT 5A cylinder (OD=4 mm) and 1.7 MHz for the PZT -8 cylinder (OD: 24.5 mm). The ratios of generated acoustic output power to applied electric power were 33% and 61% for the tandem type crystal and the cylinder type crystal, respectively. The radiated acoustic pressure fields from both transducers were calculated using a Matlab code and measured in water using hydrophone. There was good agreement between measured and calculated acoustic pressure field distribution. For a tandem type transducer, the calculated acoustic pressure field decreased from 0.023 MPa at 10 mm to 0.010 Mpa at 30 mm, the reduction of 57%. For the cylinder type transducer which will be used for the treatment of vagina showed 78% reduction at 15 mm and 66% at 25 mm as compared to values at 5 mm from the surface. Based on the characteristics of the transducers, this study demonstrated the possibility of using the crystals as a heating source. Finally, a 3-element and 4-element prototype applicators were constructed. The 3-element applicator is 75 mm long and 4 mm thick and will be used for the treatment of uterus. The 4-element applicator is 61 mm long and 24.5 mm thick and will be used for the treatment of vagina. Using these applicators, it is possible to generate enough power to increase temperature to therapeutic level.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.225-234
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• 1979

For the effective utilization of diverse and abundant resource of seaweeds in Korea as a food protein supplment, extraction conditions of water, salt, and alkali soluble proteins were investigated in previous work(Ryu and Lee, 1977: Lee et al., 1977: Lee et al., 1978). The present study as a part of the serial work was thus aimed to find the conditions of isolation and purification of extracted proteins, and to evaluate the nutritional quality of the isolated seaweed proteins in terms of amino acid composition, chemical score, protein score, modified essential amino acid index(MEAAI), and in vitro digestibility presented as pepsin-pancreatin digest residue index (PPDRI). As for the isolation of extracted proteins, TCA treatment was more effective for the proteins from rhodophyceae and Chlorophyceae while the precipitation at isoelectric point was more desirable for Phaeophyceae proteins. In amino acid composition, water soluble protein fraction was superior to the other fractions in Porphyra suborbiculata whereas both water and alkali soluble fractions seemed to bo more benefitial for Enteromorpha linza and Ulva pertusa; the extraction with alcohol-alkali mixed solvent for Undaria pinnatifida and Sargassum fulvellum. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid content was particularly high in all protein fractions examined. The total amino acid content of Porphyra suborbiculata and Enteromorpha linza was almost equivalent to that of dried whole egg although the essential amino acid content was lower. A comparative analysis was made on the inedexes between raw seaweed powder and isolated protein. Chemical score of Porphyra suborbiculata and Ulva pertusa was approximately 35 and 56 in cafes of raw powder and isolated protein respectively while only 10 to 16 for raw powder of Undaria pinnatifida and Sargassum fulvellum and 30 to 35 for their isolated proteins. Protein score of all isolated proteins was in the range of 63 to 73 which indicates that isolated protein would be mere valuable than the fern of raw seaweed powder. Digestibility by means of PPDRI was found to be extremely low in case of raw powder but it could be doubled in case of isolated protein yielding 67 to 70 for Porphyra suborbiculata and Ulva pertusa.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.360-369
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• 1987

The relationship between the catches of tuna and hydrographic conditions in South-East Pacific region (latitude $5^{\circ}N-12^{\circ}S$, longitude $135^{\circ}W-115^{\circ}W$) was investigated by using the catch data of tuna and Digital Bathythermograph (DBT) data from December 9, 1980 to April 2, 1981. The results are as follows : The study area were located in South Eguatorial Current regions including equatorial upwelling regions in $5^{\circ}N\;to\;12^{\circ}S$. The horizontal mean temperature at the depth of 10m on the first quarter months in the study area was about $25^{\circ}C$C and the salinity of those fishing areas ranged from 34.8 to $35.0\%_{\circ}$. Yellowfin tuna and bigeye tuna were mainly caught in SW vertical temperature profile type, which the depth of thermocline ranged from loom to 300m, and temperature difference of thermocline was about $12^{\circ}C$. The deeper the depth of thermocline, the more the catches of tuna. While albacore tuna was caught well in SS vertical temperature profile type which the temperature of thermocline ranged from $9^{\circ}\;to\;26^{\circ}C$ and its gradient was very smooth. The depth of 1 ml/l surface of dissoved oxygen content ranged from loom to 200m in the South-East Pacific between longitude $140^{\circ}W-100^{\circ}W$, but it was shallower than 100 m near the North-South American continent. The catches of bigeye tuna were larger than those of yellowfin tuna in South Equatorial Current region. As approaching to the South and North American continent, the catches of yellowfin tuna and bigeye tuna decreased because the thermocline becomes shallower and steeper and the depth of the 1 m1/1 surface of dissolved oxygen content became shallower.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.372-382
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• 1996

In order to elucidate the relationship between the mobility of heavy metals in soil and their uptake by plants, the soil samples collected from the Mangyeong River area were analyzed for the contents and existing forms of the heavy metals and the correlation between the contents of heavy metals in the soil and those in various parts of rice plants therefrom. The soil samples were collectes from ten sites in the paddy fields in 1982 and 1990, respectively, and the analysis on heavy metals including Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb was performed. The results are as follows: Total contents of heavy metals in the samples of 1990 were higher than those of 1982. The extent of increase was that Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb were 3, 29, 59 and 8% in top soil and 8, 50, 91 and 8% in sub-soil, respectively. The order of increasing ratio was Cu > Zn > Pb > Cd and the variation of Cd content by sequentially different extraction was organically bound > dilute acid-extractable=Fe-Mn oxide bound > exchangeable > residual fractions and the content of Cd with organically bound was $46.62{\sim}48.08$ and $41.18{\sim}50.18%$ of total Cd in top and sub-soil, respectively. The ratios of immobile heavy metals, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn, bound within an oxide or silicate matrix of Fe-Mn oxide in top-soil were 21.25, 35.98, 74.18 and 82.12%, respectively, and consequently their mobile ratios of exchangeable, dilute acid-extractable and organically bound were more than 17.88%. Those of mobile Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were 78.25, 64.02, 25.82 and 17.88%, respectively. Except for Pb a correlation between the contents of Cd, Zn, and Cu of exchangeable and dilute acid-extractable in top-soil and those in leaf blade, stem and panicle axis was significant, but was not significant in sub-soil.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.103-123
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• 2016

This study is a comparison of the flora and case studies distributed in Gulup-do Ongjingun, Incheon. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 282 taxa including 81 families, 201 genera, 252 species, 3 subspecies, 22 varieties and 5 forms. The Raunkiaer life forms are analyzed in hemicryptophytes were 66 taxa (23.4%) in dormancy form, non-clonal growth ($R_5$) were 160 taxa (56.7%) in propagation form of radicoid form, having no special modification for dissemination ($D_4$) were 197 taxa (48.6%) in propagation form of disseminule form, erect form (e) were 117 taxa (41.5%) in growth form. The halophytes were 23 taxa including Salsola collina, Asparagus oligoclonos and so on. The rare plants were 7 taxa including Pyrrosia hastata (VU), Senecio nemorensis (VU) and so on. The Korean endemic plants were 5 taxa including Hepatica insularis, Lespedeza maritima and so on. In the specific plants by floristic region were 38 taxa, a degree I were 23 taxa (Dictamnus dasycarpus, Vitex rotundifolia and so on), 6 taxa of a degree II (Morus cathayana, Euphorbia esula and so on), 8 taxa of a degree III (Pyrrosia hastata, Rhodotypos scandens and so on), Senecio nemorensis of a degree V and degree IV were not found. The naturalized plants were 17 taxa including Robinia pseudoacacia, Bromus tectorumand so on. Of those Ambrosia artemisiifolia is a invasive alien plants. Naturalization rate (NR) was 6.0% of all 282 taxa of vascular plants and urbanization index (UI) was 5.3% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants. Gulup-do and adjacent Baega-do were locally investigated field work and it summarizes the results of a total of 41 islands literature in Ongjin-gun and Ganghwa-gun, Incheon including uninhabited islands, Baengnyeong-do, Daecheong-do and so on. The average number of species were each analyzed in about 89 taxa, rare plants are about 2 taxa, endemic plants are about 1 taxa, naturalized plants are about 4 taxa. This study was the comparison of the flora and literature distribution case that the Gulup-do maintain the naturalness and continuously conducted to explore the future conservation measures the adjacent islands.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2000

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the sources of infection and modes of transmission of an outbreak of shigellosis that occurred among pupils of 'M' primary school and residents near the school in Kyongju from Sept. 24 to Oct. 24, 1998. Methods : The subjects who completed a questionnaire and a rectal swab for microbiologic examinations were 1,534 persons (781 males, 753 females), including 469 pupils of 'M' primary school (268 males, 201 females). Bacteriological examinations of underground water and simple piped water were done. Results : The attack rate of diarrhea was 28.7% in the subjects from Sept.24 to Oct. 24, 1958. There was no difference in attack rate of diarrhea by gender, but it was significantly higher in the pupils of 'M' primary school than others (p<0.01). The attack rate of diarrhea by resident areas was no different to the pupils of 'M' primary school, but was significantly higher in the residents of Mohwa 2 Ri except pupils that 'M' primary school is located in (p<0.01). The distribution of date of onset revealed the exposure date to be Sept, 22 and 23 in consideration of incubation periods and common source outbreak followed propagative spread in the epidemic curve. The major characteristics of diarrhea were watery (89.1%) in nature, $1\sim3$ days (72.5%) in duration, $2\sim3$ times (63.9%) in frequency. The clinical symptoms among the diarrheal cases included abdominal pain (74.1%), fever (56.4%), headache (55.9%), chill (40.4%) and tenesmus (31.4%). Conclusions : The source of infection was estimated to be contaminated underground water and simple piped water caused by leakage from the cess pool. It is highly necessary that the management of drinking water and cess fools should be done thoroughly.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2011

Weed control is of fundamental importance when planting horticultural crops, particularly during the establishment phase. Weeds compete for nutrients, water and light, and can severely threaten the survival and early growth of newly planted crops. Failure to control weeds represents one of the single most important factors leading to crop loss. Knowledge on the existence of the diversity of weed species in greenhouses is of our main concern in this study in order to develop a most efficient and effective weed control strategies. Sixty-two greenhouses were surveyed in 3 cities and counties of Gyeongnam area in March to October 2009 to investigate the feature of weed occurrence in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) after harvesting of the main crops. Forty-one weed species were identified and classified to 18 families which were composed of 14 annual weeds, 18 summer annual weeds and 9 perennial weeds. On the other hand, broadleaf, grasses and sedges recorded with 30, 7 and 4 weed species, respectively. Asteraceae was the most dominant weed species (9 species) noted followed by Poaceae (7 species), Cyperaceae (4 species), Caryophyllaceae and Brassicaceae (3 species respectively) and other families have 1~2 species. The dominant weed species occurred in the greenhouse based on the summed dominance ratio. These weeds were Digitaria sanguinalis, Cyperus iria, Portulaca oleracea, Rorippa islandica, Mazus japonicas, Cardamine flexousa, and Eclipta prostrata and others. Weed occurrence in the greenhouse after horticultural crops consisted of summer annuals (4 species), winter annuals (3 species), and perennial annuals (1 specie). The dominant species occurred in tilled soil based on summed dominance ratio of weeds were Cardamine flexousa (88.1%), Eclipta prostrate (57.4%) and Portulaca oleracea (55.2%). Comparison of weed occurrence was thoroughly surveyed also in which field without PVC, weed species were Portulaca oleracea (55.2), Eclipta prostrata (57.9%) and Trigonotis peduncularis (25.1%) and field with PVC, the identified weeds were Portulaca oleracea (98.75), Trigonotis peduncularis (49.1%), and Eclipta prostrata (36.8%).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.413-424
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• 2007

This trial was carried out to determine effects of TMR(Total Mixed Ration) in comparison to conventional diet on feed intake, digestibility, and nitrogen retention in Korean black goats. Twelve Korean black goats were allotted to treatments in four groups of three goats and the they were housed in separate metabolism cages for 21 days. Treatments included conventional diet(A: rice straw and commercial concentrates) as a control group and three TMR groups(B: rice straw and commercial TMR; C: 30% organic whole barley silage and rice straw with organic grain; D: 60% organic whole barley silage with organic grain). The results obtained are summarized as follows. Dry matter intake, fecal excreta, digestible dry matter, metabolic intake and feed intake of BW were significantly higher(p<0.05) compared with A, B, C treatment. The digestibility for most of nutrients except NFC was significantly higher(p<0.05) for D treatment than the others. On the other hand, the digestibility of NFC was higher for B treatment than for the others, even if it was not significantly different across treatments. Nitrogen intake was lower for D treatment, but the significant differences were not found across treatments. N retention rate was higher for B treatment with significant difference. For the blood composition, HDL cholesterol and Immunoglobulin G were significantly higher(p<0.05) for C, D treatment than the others. The results showed that, in comparison with A treatment(conventional diet) and B treatment(commercial TMR), dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and N retention rate were not lower in C treatment(30% organic whole barley silage) and HDL cholesterol was increased after experiment. Therefore, it could be concluded that TMR with organic whole barley silage might contribute to the production of a high quality and safer meat in goat production.