• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.393-402
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• 2023

Drought, which has been increasing in frequency and magnitude due to recent abnormal weather events, poses severe challenges in various sectors. To address this issue, it is important to develop technologies for drought monitoring, forecasting, and response in order to implement effective measures and safeguard the ecological health of aquatic systems during water scarcity caused by drought. This study aimed to predict water quality fluctuations during drought periods by integrating the watershed model HSPF and the water quality model QUAL-MEV. The researchers examined the SPI and RCP 4.5 scenarios, and analyzed water quality changes based on flow rates by simulating them using the HSPF and QUAL-MEV models. The study found a strong correlation between water flow and water quality during the low flow. However, the relationship between precipitation and water quality was deemed insignificant. Moreover, the flow rate and SPI6 exhibited different trends. It was observed that the relationship with the mid- to long-term drought index was not significant when predicting changes in water quality influenced by drought. Therefore, to accurately assess the impact of drought on water quality, it is necessary to employ a short-term drought index and develop an evaluation method that considers fluctuations in flow.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.5_2
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• pp.747-763
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• 2022

Ocean salinity affects ocean circulation on a global scale and low salinity water around coastal areas often has an impact on aquaculture and fisheries. Microwave satellite sensors (e.g., Soil Moisture Active Passive [SMAP]) have provided sea surface salinity (SSS) based on the dielectric characteristics of water associated with SSS and sea surface temperature (SST). In this study, a Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM)-based model for generating high resolution SSS from Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) data was proposed, having machine learning-based improved SMAP SSS by Jang et al. (2022) as reference data (SMAP SSS (Jang)). Three schemes with different input variables were tested, and scheme 3 with all variables including Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution SST yielded the best performance (coefficient of determination = 0.60, root mean square error = 0.91 psu). The proposed LGBM-based GOCI SSS had a similar spatiotemporal pattern with SMAP SSS (Jang), with much higher spatial resolution even in coastal areas, where SMAP SSS (Jang) was not available. In addition, when tested for the great flood occurred in Southern China in August 2020, GOCI SSS well simulated the spatial and temporal change of Changjiang Diluted Water. This research provided a potential that optical satellite data can be used to generate high resolution SSS associated with the improved microwave-based SSS especially in coastal areas.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.160-174
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• 2014

The purpose of this paper is to develop a meso-scale grid-based continuous hydrological model and apply to assess the future watershed hydrology by climate change. The model divides the watershed into rectangular cells, and the cell profile is divided into three layered flow components: a surface layer, a subsurface unsaturated layer, and a saturated layer. Soil water balance is calculated for each grid cell of the watershed, and updated daily time step. Evapotranspiration(ET) is calculated by Penman-Monteith method and the surface and subsurface flow adopts lag coefficients for multiple days contribution and recession curve slope for stream discharge. The model was calibrated and verified using 9 years(2001-2009) dam inflow data of two watersheds(Chungju Dam and Soyanggang Dam) with 1km spatial resolution. The average Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency was 0.57 and 0.71, and the average determination coefficient was 0.65 and 0.72 respectively. For the whole Han river basin, the model was applied to assess the future climate change impact on the river bsain. Five IPCC SRES A1B scenarios of CSIRO MK3, GFDL CM2_1, CONS ECHO-G, MRI CGCM2_3_2, UKMO HADGEMI) showed the results of 7.0%~27.1 increase of runoff and the increase of evapotranspiration with both integrated and distributed model outputs.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1275-1288
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• 2015

A microscale weather analysis module (about 1km or less) is a microscale numerical weather prediction model designed for operational forecasting and atmospheric research needs such as radiant energy, thermal energy, and humidity. The accuracy of the module is directly related to the usefulness and quality of real-time microscale weather information service in the metropolitan area. This paper suggests an object based verification method useful for spatio-temporal evaluation of the accuracy of the microscale weather analysis module. The method is a graphical method comprised of three steps that constructs a lattice field of evaluation statistics, merges and identifies objects, and evaluates the accuracy of the module. We develop lattice fields using various evaluation spatio-temporal statistics as well as an efficient object identification algorithm that conducts convolution, masking, and merging operations to the lattice fields. A real data application demonstrates the utility of the verification method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.661-669
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• 2000

This research was carried out to evaluate effect of metallic release and change of water corrosive indices by the pH and alkalinity adjustment using the SDLS (Simulated Distribution Loop System) which consist of six types of pipe loop with DCIP, PVC, PE, STS304, CP, GSP, respectively, and its effects on water quality changes which were microbes quality(SPC), residual chlorine. THMs and other parameters. And it was to propose optimal criteria of water quality control for the field application. According to the results, water control system by pH and alkalinity adjustment showed the changing of corrosive water and reducing of metallic release rate and it was not affects of THMs formation, microbes regrowth and variation of other parameters. Water quality stability and corrosion control were due to calcium carbonate precipitation film formation of pipe inner by water quality control. Therefore, corrosive water control system by pH and alkalinity adjustment can be attributed to effective water quality management in water distribution system according to water quality stability of pH and TIC(Total Inorganic Carbonate concentration) that affect the precipitation and dissolution of solids.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.569-583
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• 2013

This study is to evaluate the future climate change impact on hydrological components in the Seolmacheon ($8.54km^2$) mixed forest catchment located in the northwest of South Korea using SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. To reduce the uncertainty, the model was spatially calibrated (2007~2008) and validated (2009~2010) using daily observed streamflow, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture data. Hydrological predicted values matched well with the observed values by showing coefficient of determination ($R^2$) from 0.74 to 0.91 for streamflow, from 0.56 to 0.71 for evapotranspiration, and from 0.45 to 0.71 for soil moisture. The HadGEM3-RA future weather data of Representative Concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) AR5 (Assessment Report 5) were adopted for future assessment after bias correction of ground measured data. The future changes in annual temperature and precipitation showed an upward tendency from $0.9^{\circ}C$ to $4.2^{\circ}C$ and from 7.9% to 20.4% respectively. The future streamflow showed an increase from 0.6% to 15.7%, but runoff ratio showed a decrease from 3.8% to 5.4%. The future predicted evapotranspiration about precipitation increased from 4.1% to 6.8%, and the future soil moisture decreased from 4.3% to 5.5%.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.383-391
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• 2010

The groundwater recharge was assessed by using both SWAT and HELP models in Bocheong-cheon watershed. The SWAT model is a comprehensive surface and subsurface model, but it lacks the physical basis for simulating a soil water percolation process. The HELP model which has a drawback in simulating subsurface lateral flow and groundwater flow component can simulate soil water percolation process by considering the unsaturated flow effect of soil layers. The SWAT model has been successfully applied for estimating groundwater recharge in a number of watersheds in Korea, while the application of HELP model has been very limited. The subsurface lateral flow parameter was proposed in order to consider the subsurface lateral flow effect in HELP model and the groundwater recharge was simulated by the modified exponential decay weighting function in HELP model. The simulation results indicate that the recharge of HELP model significantly depends on the values of lateral flow parameter. The recharge errors between SWAT and HELP are the smallest when the lateral flow parameter is about 0.6 and the recharge rates between two models are shown to be reasonably comparable for daily, monthly, and yearly time scales. The HELP model is useful for estimating groundwater recharge at watershed scale because the model structure and input parameters of HELP model are simpler than that of SWAT model. The accuracy of assessing the groundwater recharge might be improved by the concurrent application of SWAT model and HELP model.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.590-590
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• 2015

본 연구는 집중호우에 의한 홍수예측 및 소유역의 유출거동에 대한 수문학적 민감성(susceptibility) 규명을 목적으로 강우강도, 지속기간 및 토양포화도 변화에 따른 홍수유출특성을 분석하여 유역의 유출거동 민감성을 표출할 수 있는 노모그래프를 개발하였다. 개별 홍수사상에 대한 유출거동 특성 분석을 위하여 한국건설기술연구원의 대표 시험유역인 설마천 유역의 과거 17년간(1996 ~ 2012)의 10분 간격의 강우량 및 유출량 자료를 수집하여 홍수유출해석을 수행하였다. 설마천 시험유역의 일누가강우량 100mm 이상, 50개 홍수사상에 대한 홍수유출해석은 유역 물순환 해석모형인 CAT(Catchment hydrological cycle Assessment Tool)을 이용하였으며 모의결과를 바탕으로 홍수사상별 지체시간, 강우강도, 지속기간 및 토양포화도 변화에 따른 홍수유출특성을 상세히 분석하였다. 이 중에서도 지체시간은 유역반응을 나타내는 시간변수로서 수문모델링 및 홍수량예측에 매우 중요한 요소이다. 특히, 강우량에 대한 홍수량의 반응이 빠른 소유역의 경우에 홍수량예측에 큰 영향을 미친다. 따라서 강우강도, 지속기간, 토양포화도의 변화량에 대한 지체시간의 거동을 R 프로그래밍 언어 및 3D Surfer를 이용하여 분석한 후 최종적으로 소유역의 홍수유출 특성을 나타내는 3차원 홍수 유출특성 노모그래프를 개발하였다. 분석에 사용된 R 프로그래밍 언어는 통계 계산과 그래픽을 위한 프로그래밍 언어이자 소프트웨어 환경으로 데이터의 조작 및 수치연산, 시각화를 수행할 수 있는 기능을 여러 패키지를 통해 구현할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 R을 이용하여 10분 단위의 강우 및 유출량 자료를 1시간 및 1일 자료로 구축하고 17년간의 과거 홍수사상을 분리하여 추출하는 R 홍수유출해석 시스템을 개발하였으며 추출된 홍수사상을 관측 유출량 및 관측 토양수분을 포함하여 시각화함으로써 강우 및 토양수분 변화에 따른 소유역의 유출거동 민감성을 확인할 수 있었다. 분석 결과, 지체시간은 강우지속기간 및 토양포화도에 민감한 거동특성을 나타냈으며 토양포화도는 첨두홍수량의 변화에 민감한 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다. 개발된 3차원 홍수유출특성 노모그래프는 유역의 규모 및 지형물리학적 특성에 따라 다양하게 나타날 것으로 판단되며 여러 계측유역에 적용함으로써 유역별 홍수유출 반응특성을 정량화할 필요가 있다. 즉, 강우강도, 지속기간, 지체시간, 포화도 등의 변화에 따른 유역의 홍수유출 반응특성을 규명함으로써 미계측 유역의 홍수량예측 실무에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.422-422
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• 2018

우리나라의 간척사업은 고려시대 중엽부터 서남해안에 다수 산재되어 있는 천혜적인 간척 적지를 대상으로 지속적으로 추진되어 국토확장 및 식량 자급달성에 기여하여 왔다. 그러나, 최근 들어 쌀 수급 등 농업정책의 변화, 비용에 대한 경제성 평가의 변화, 개발과 보전에 관한 이해당사자간의 대립 등으로 신규 간척사업의 추진이 어려워지고 기존 간척지의 토지이용 목적 변화와 이치수 기능개선을 목적으로 배수갑문을 확장하는 등의 사업이 추진되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 방조제 상류지역 및 지천에서 이상홍수 유입에 따른 방조제 안정성 검토를 실시하였다. 호내로 유입되는 빈도별 홍수량에 따른 각 지점별 수위변화를 이용하여 방조제 비상대처계획에 대한 재난관리 지표로 활용할 수 있는지를 확인한다. 이를 위해 선정된 방조제를 중심으로 빈도별 홍수량을 산정하여 수문학적 안정성을 검토하고, 빈도별 홍수량에 따른 호내의 홍수위 변화를 통하여 비상대처계획 시나리오를 구성하고자 한다. 새만금 유역의 수치모델링에 필요한 범위를 설정하고, 모델 구성 및 자료를 입력한 후 검 보정을 통하여 모델의 신뢰성을 검증한 후 모델운영 조건을 설정하였다. 새만금 종합개발계획(MP)이 완료되었을 경우를 가정하여 통합운영을 실시하였다. 호내 관리수위에 따른 100, 200, 500, PMF 홍수량 유입시에 호내 홍수위 모의를 수행하였다. 또한, 비상단계 중 초기단계인 '관심단계'를 "이상홍수 발생부터 관리수위 EL-1.5m까지"로 설정한다면 방조제 초기 재난대응이 유리해 질 것으로 판단된다. 또한, '주의단계'는 "관리수위 EL-1.5m부터 호내 관리홍수위 EL+1.5m까지"로 '경계단계'를 "호내 관리홍수위 EL+1.5m부터 제당 내측사석보호공 홍수위까지", '심각단계'를 "제당 내측사석보호공(만경유역 EL+4.5m, 동진유역 EL+2.5m) 이상의 홍수위"로 설정한다면 방조제 관리자에게 세부화된 정보 및 지표를 제공해 줄 것이라 판단된다. 방조제 비상상황 단계별 분류에서 이상홍수위 발생후의 시간을 수치모의를 통해 구분하였으며 정성적인 위기상황 판단이 아닌 구체적인 수치로 된 지표들을 방조제 위기상황 재난지표로 활용한다면 상황 관리자의 위기상황 판단과 대처를 위한 의사결정에 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.6B
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• pp.503-512
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• 2009

Watershed models, which are a tool for water cycle mechanism, are classified as the distributed model and the lumped model. Currently, the distributed models have been more widely used than lumped model for many researches and applications. The lumped model estimates the parameters in the conceptual and empirical sense, on the other hand, in the case of distributed model the first-guess value is estimated from the grid-based watershed characteristics and rainfall data. Therefore, the distributed model needs more detailed parameter adjustment in its calibration and also one should precisely understand the model parameters' characteristics and sensitivity. This study uses Jungnang basin as a study area and $Vflo^{TM}$ model, which is a physics-based distributed hydrologic model, is used to analyze its parameters' sensitivity. To begin with, 100 years frequency-design rainfall is derived from Huff's method for rainfall duration of 6 hours, then the discharge is simulated using the calibrated parameters of $Vflo^{TM}$ model. As a result, hydraulic conductivity and overland's roughness have an effect on runoff depth and peak discharge, respectively, while channel's roughness have influence on travel time and peak discharge.