• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.179-184
• /
• 1998

Colossal magnetoresistance is closely related to (but is not) the abrupt change of electrical resistivity in the vicinity of Curie temperature, which is caused by the temperature dependent paramagnetic-ferromagnetic phase transition and concurrent change of electrical conducting mechanism. A resistivity-temperature equation is presented to fully describe the overall behavior, especially the abrupt change. The main ingredients of the equation are a simple effective media theory and a function for the temperature dependent fraction of ferromagnetic phase. The model fits very well to the measured resistivity-temperature curve of $La_{0.7}Ca_{0.3}MnO_3$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
• /
• 2012.05a
• /
• pp.324-325
• /
• 2012

다이아몬드 마이크로 블레이드의 절삭 효율을 향상시키고 소결 공정 중 윤활제의 유동성과 젖음성이 다이아몬드 마이크로 블레이드의 물성에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위해 Cu/Sn 금속 결합재에 표면을 부식시킨 $WS_2$와 부식을 시키지 않은 $WS_2$ 윤활제를 각각 동일한 체적 분율로 첨가하였다. 윤활제의 표면 개질에 따른 마이크로 블레이드 결합재의 내마모성과 굽힘 강도 시험을 행하였고, 실착 절삭 시험을 위한 마이크로 블레이드 시편을 제작하여 수명 및 효율을 평가하였다. Cu/Sn 금속 결합재 파면에서의 $WS_2$ 입자 방향 분석을 통해 표면 개질 과정을 거친 $WS_2$가 압축소결 공정 중 압축 방향에 수직하게 위치하려는 경향이 크게 나타났으며, 이는 소결체의 강도와 경도를 향상시켰다. 마이크로 블레이드의 절삭 효율 및 수명을 평가하기 위한 실착 절삭 시험 결과, 윤활제 표면 부식처리는 처리하지 않은 경우에 비하여 절삭성능은 비슷하게 관찰되었으나 결합재와의 계면 결함을 줄이므로써 블레이드의 수명을 연장시킬 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.10-14
• /
• 1973

The relative viscosities ηr of anilinium chloride solutions in a series of isopropanol-water mixtures have been determined at $20^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$and $40^{\circ}$, using Ubbelohde-type viscometers. The viscosity data have been interpreted in terms of viscosity A-and B-coefficients calculated from the Jones-Dole equation,${\eta}{\tau}=1+AC^{1/2}+BC$. The energy of activation for viscous flow have also been calculated according to the concept of rate processes. The results indicate that at $0.10{\sim}0.15$ mole fraction isopropanol the maximum structuredness of water gives a minimum values of viscosity A-and B-coefficients, and that anilinium chloride belongs to the borderline case in respect of the structure-making or structure-breaking effects on water.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2011.02a
• /
• pp.73-73
• /
• 2011

Zn-Sn-O (ZTO) 다성분계 산화물 박막은 일반적인 rf 스퍼터법으로 성막할 경우 비정질상으로 성장하여 결정질 산화물 박막에 비해 우수한 표면평탄도와 식각 단면을 제공한다. 비정질임에도 불구하고 넓은 자유전하 농도 범위에서 높은 Hall 이동도를 제공할 수 있는 것으로 보고되어 있어 비정질 산화물의 투명도전성 박막에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 투명 TFT에 적용되는 또 다른 비정질계 산화물 박막인 In-Zn-O (IZO) 박막에 비해 ZTO 박막은 상대적으로 제한된 연구가 이루어졌으나, In의 함유되지 않아 경제적으로 유리하고, 특히 SnO2의 우수한 기계적 및 화학적 특성과 ZnO의 내환원성 특성을 잠재하고 있는 유망한 투명도전성 박막재료이다. 본 연구에서는 Zn-Sn-O계 박막을 통상의 rf 스퍼터법으로 성막하여 조성, 증착 온도, 그리고 열처리 온도에 따른 ZTO 박막의 구조적인 특성 변화와 이에 따른 전기적 및 광학적 특성 변화에 대하여 고찰하였다. ZnO 타겟과 SnO2 타겟을 사용하여 co-sputtering하여 ZnO의 부피 분률을 13~59 mol%까지 변화되도록 조절하여 증착하였다. 증착 온도는 상온, 150 및 $300^{\circ}C$로, 그리고 성막가스 중의 산소분률은 0%, 0.5% 및 1% 로 변화시켰다. 40 mol% 이상의 ZnO를 함유한 ZTO 박막은 가시광 영역에서의 평균 광투과도는 좋으나 전기적인 특성이 열악하였으며, ZnO 분율이 낮은 ZTO 박막은 10-2~10-3 ohm-cm 정도의 비교적 낮은 비저항을 나타내었으나 광투과도 면에서 떨어지는 단점을 보였다. 평균 광투과도는 증착 온도가 증가할수록, 그리고 산소의 양이 증가할수록 향상 되었다. 자유전하농도가 1017~1020 cm-3 정도의 넓은 범위에서 10 cm2/Vs 을 넘는 홀 이동도를 가지는 ZTO 박막의 증착이 가능함을 확인하였으며, 이로부터 투명 TFT 소자로 적용이 가능성이 있음을 보였다. EPMA를 이용한 정량분석 및 XRD를 이용한 구조분석과 연계한 ZTO 박막의 물성 및 최적 조건에 대한 논의가 이루어질 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.51-59
• /
• 1970

The apparent molal volumes(${\phi}_v$) of the homologous salts $RNH_3Cl$, where R varies from methyl-($CH_{3^-}$) to n-butyl-(n-$C_4H_{9^-}$) in a series of methanol-water mixtures have been determined at 30$^{\circ}C$ by means of a float method to fifth decimal places down to 0.01 m. The values of ${\phi}_r$ extrapolated to infinite dilution give partial molal volumes $\bar{V}^{\circ}$which varies considerably in accordance with the solvent composition. that is, mole fraction of methanol. The experimental results are discussed in terms of the varying size and charge effect, hydrophobic nature of the solute species, and also the additivity relationship between successive homologous and the structure of the binary solvent. The results indicate that at 0.1 mole fraction methanol the enhanced structuredness of water cause a minimum in the partial molal volumes of cations $\bar{V}^{\circ}_+$, while at 0.4 mole fraction the solvent structure is such that the free volume is a minimum but the effect of electrostriction is a maximum.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.11 no.5
• /
• pp.15-23
• /
• 2010

Dry sieving, wet sieving and photoscattering analyzer were tested as particle size analyzing methods for sediments from rivers and lakes of Han river, Nakdong river, Youngsan river, and Kumgang river area. Dry sieving showed a big error due to coagulating effect over drying process and this phenomena was severe for lake sediment. Wet sieving and PSA showed an accurate results though wet sieving needs more labor and complicate processes. Freeze-dry or freeze-dry after oxidation of organics with hydrogen peroxide showed improved results but gave lower portion of fine particles in comparing with wet sieving. Heavy metal contents and extractable metal contents were investigated for the sediments and high heavy metal content and extractable amount were obtained from fine particles as expected. Using of proper particle size analyzing method is important and the sediment management should be focused on the fine particles.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.58-65
• /
• 1999

A hydrogel, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N'-dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide), sensitive to both pH and temperature was synthesized and characterized for its welling behavior, lower critical solution temperature (LCST), and its appearance. The hydrogel with 5 mol% of N,N'-diemthylaminopropyl methacrylamide (DMAPMAAm) increased its volume phenomenonally in a lower pH range (ph 1~8) even at temperature ($37^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$) higher than LCST. This behavior was unique compared to the temperature -sensitive hydrogel which did not exhibit any swelling in the same pH range. The hydrogel with 20 mol% of DMAPMAAm was swollen significantly at a higher pH of 12. With pH decrease from 12 to 2 water content in the gel increased from 38.8 wt% and 60.6 wt%, and 90.8 wt% for 5 mol% and 20 mol% gel, respectively. The transition pH that pH effect overwhelmed temperature effect occurred at a lower pH for a higher temperature ($40^{\circ}C$) and a lower mol% (5 mol%) of DMAPMAAm. Transparency and LCST of the gel increased with higher DMAPMAAm mol%.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Advanced Composite Structures
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2011

The typical truss-lattice material successively packed by repeated cubic symmetric unit cells consists of sub-elements (SE) proposed in this study. The representative continuum model for this truss-lattice material such as the effective strain and stress relationship can be formulated by the homogenization procedure based on the notation of averaged mechanical properties. The volume fractions of micro-scale struts have a significant influence on the effective strength as well as the relative density in the lattice plate with replicable unit cell structures. Most of the strength contribution in the lattice material is induced by axial stiffness under uniform stretching or compression responses. Therefore, continuum based constitutive models composed of homogenized member stiffness include these mechanical characteristics with respect to strength, internal stress state, material density based on the volume fraction and even failure modes. It can be also recognized that the stress state of micro-scale struts is directly associated with the continuum constitutive model. The plastic flow at the micro-scale stress can extend the envelope of the analytical stress function on the surface of macro-scale stress derived from homogenized constitutive equations. The main focus of this study is to investigate the basic topology of unit cell structures with the cubic symmetric system and to formulate the plastic models to predict pressure dependent macro-scale stress surface functions.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.258-268
• /
• 2016

In this work, carboxymethylcellulose-based composite superabsorbent hydrogels were prepared by electron beam radiation. The composition of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) varied from 4 wt%, 5 wt%, and 6 wt% to 7 wt% based on the amount of distilled water in the syntheses of hydrogels. Graphite oxide, reduced graphene oxide, activated carbon, and bentonite were used as additives for the synthesis of composite superabsorbent. The effect of CMC composition and the type of additives on the gel properties of the prepared hydrogels was investigated. In order to verify the functional groups in the prepared materials, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used. In addition, mechanical strength, gel fraction, swelling kinetics, and equilibrium swelling ratios were measured for the prepared hydrogels. Swelling experiments were carried out in distilled water, urea solution, and physiological saline water. Prepared hydrogels were reused for 5 times, and gel fraction and swelling ratio were measured at every 24 hours. Among the prepared hydrogels, $C_{5%}GO$ and $C_{5%}rGO$ exhibited excellent mechanical property and relatively high swelling ratios for urea solution and physiological saline water with promising applicability as slow-release fertilizers.

• Membrane Journal
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.72-83
• /
• 2011

For advanced drinking water treatment of high turbidity water, we used the hybrid module that was composed of photocatalyst packing between outside of tubular ceramic microfiltration membrane and membrane module inside. Photocatalyst was PP (polypropylene) bead coated $TiO_2$ powder by CVD (chemical vapor deposition) process. Instead of natural organic matters (NOM) and fine inorganic particles in natural water source, modified solution was prepared with humic acid and kaolin. Water-back-flushing of 10 sec was performed per every period of 10 min to minimize membrane fouling. Resistance of membrane fouling ($R_f$) decreased and J increased as concentration of humic acid changed from 10 mg/L to 2 mg/L, and finally the highest total permeate volume ($V_T$) could be obtained at 2 mg/L. Then, treatment efficiencies of turbidity and $UV_{254}$ absorbance were above 98.5% and 85.7%, respectively. As results of treatment portions by membrane filtration, photocatalyst adsorption, and photo-oxidation in MF, MF + $TiO_2$, and MF + $TiO_2$ + UV processes, turbidity was treated little by photocatalyst adsorption, and photo-oxidation. However, treatment portions of humic acid by adsorption and photo-oxidation were above 10.7 and 8.6%, respectively.