• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.13
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• pp.137-658
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• 2016

1. Movement of the leaders of the Silla army The leaders of the Silla army traveled from Gyeongju(경주) to Icheon (이천), Deokjeokdo(덕적도) Island, and Hwangsanwon(황산원) during the period of the Against Baekje(백제) War that began in 660. Movement route between Gyeongju and Icheon : Gyeongju(경주)-Daegu(대구)-Gumi(구미)-Gimcheon(김천)-Chupungryeong(추풍령)-Geumdol Fortress(금돌성)-Boeun(보은)-Jincheon(진천)-Juksan(죽산)-Bubal-eup(부발읍) Movement route between Bubal-eup and Deokjeokdo Island : Bubal-eup(부발읍)-Ipo(이포) Ferry-Haengju(행주) Ferry-Palmido (팔미도) Island-Seonjaedo(선재도) Island-Yeongheungdo(영흥도) Island-Pido(피도) Island-Soyado(소야도) Island-Deokjeokdo(덕적도) Island Movement route between Deokjeokdo Island and Hwangsan: Deokjeokdo(덕적도) Island-Danghangpo(당항포)-Jincheon(진천)-Boeun (보은)-Okcheon(옥천)-Geumsan(금산)-Tanhyeon(탄현)-Hwangsan (황산)-Ganggyeong(강경)-Buyeo(부여) 2. Movement of the combat units of the Silla army Jincheon area : 4,325 persons of the Geupdang unit(急幢) and 611 persons of the Kaegeumdang unit(罽衿幢) were deployed. These units moved from Jincheon to Cheongju, Yeongi, and Gongju, and contained Ungjin Fortress(熊津城) (6,650 Baekje troops). Boeun area : 4,763 persons of the Daedang(大唐) unit, 3,548 persons of the Hajujeong unit(下州停), 3,017 persons of the Namcheonjeong unit(南川停), and 4,500 persons of the Saseoldang unit(四設幢) were deployed. These units moved from Boeun(보은) to Okcheon(옥천), Geumsan(금산), Tanhyeon,(탄현) and Hwangsan(황산). Geumdol Fortress area : 3,753 persons of the Sangjujeong unit(上州停), 5,762 persons of the Seodang unit(誓幢), 3,753 persons of the Guidang unit(貴幢), and 5,562 persons of the Nangdang uni(郎幢)t were deployed. These units moved from Geumdol Fortress to Hwanggan(황간), Yeongdong(영동), Geumsan(금산), Tanhyeon(탄현), and Hwangsan(황산). Jirye area: 3,017 persons of the Eumrihwajeong unit(音里火停) and 3,017 persons of the Ehwahyejeong unit(伊火兮停) were deployed. These units moved from Jirye(지례) to Juchiryeong(走峙嶺), Mupung (무풍), Muju-eup(무주읍), and Bunam-myeon(부남면) in Muju-gun. Goryeong area: 3,017 persons of the Samryanghwajeong unit(三良火停) and 3,017 persons of the Sosamjeong unit(召參停) were deployed. These units moved from Goryeong(고령) to Geochang(거창), Hamyang(함양), Namwon(남원), Sunchang(순창), and Jeongeup(정읍). 3. Movement of the Tang army Dangjin area(당진 방면) : 1,000 persons were deployed. These units moved from Dangjin(당진) to Myeoncheon(면천), Yesan(예산), and Imjon Fortress(임존성). Garijeo area(가리저 방면) : 1,000 persons were deployed in the Garijeo(加里渚) area. These units moved from Garijeo(가리저) to Myeoncheon(면천), Yesan(예산), and Imjon Fortress(임존성). Geumganggu area(금강구 방면) : 000 persons were deployed. These units moved from Geumganggu(금강구) to Ganggyeong(강경) and Sabi Fortress(사비성). 4. Baekje military deployment Total troops of the Baekje army : There were 60 thousand Baekje troops according to the Old Book of Tang(舊唐書). Troop deployment by the Baekje army: 62,230 persons were deployed in 15 regions: 1,000 in Dangjin(당진), 1,000 in Garijeo(가리저), 6,120 in Imjon Fortress(임존성), 1,120 in Namjam Fortress(남잠성), 1,350 in Dooryangyun Fortress(두량윤성), 870 in Wangheungsajam Fortress(왕흥사잠성), 6,650 in Ungjin Fortress(웅진성), 1,120 in Jinhyeon Fortress(진현성), 1,000 in Dooshiwonak(두시원악), 1,000 in Irye Fortress(이례성), 5,000 in Gosaburi Fortress(고사부리성), 5,000 in Gujiha Fortress(구지하성), 3,000 plus 3,000 in Gibeolpo and Yangan(기벌포 양안), 5,000 in Deukan Fortress(득안성), and 20,000 in Sabi Fortress(사비성).

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.201-219
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• 2017

The Jinan Basin which includes Maisan locates in the central part of the northern boundary of the Yeongnam Massif. The basement rocks of the Jinan Basin and surrounding area are Precambrian gneiss and Mesozoic granite which were exposed on the surface before Cretaceous. The Jinan Basin, one of the Cretaceous pull-apart basins in South Korea, formed along the Yongdong-Gwangju fault system. Maisan is composed of conglomerate deposited in the eastern slope of the Jinan Basin showing the shape of horse ears and the unusual topography where many tafonies were developed. The strike slip fault that caused the Jinan Basin was connected to the deep depth so that the magma formed at 200 km depth could have extruded on the surface causing active volcanic activity in and around the Jinan basin. As a result, Cheonbansan composed of pyroclastic rocks, Gubongsan consisting of volcanic neck and WoonilamBanilam formed by the lava flow, appear around Maisan forming a specific terrain. After the formation of the Jinan Basin and surrounding volcanic rocks, they uplifted to form mountains including Masian; the uplifting time may be ca. 69-38 Ma. At this time, the Noryeong mountain range may be formed in the regions which extended from Chugaryeong through Muju and Jinan to Hampyeong dividing the Geumgang and Seomjingang water systems. Due to the ecological barrier, the Noryeong mountain range, Coreoleuciscus splendidus living in the Geumgang water systems was differentiated from that in the Soemjingang water system. In addition, the Geumgang and Mangyeong-Dongjingang water systems were separated by the Unjangsan, which developed in the NNW direction. As a result, diverse ecosystem have been established in and around Maisan and at the same time, diverse cultural and historical resources related to Maisan's unique petrological features, were also established. Therefore, Maisan and surrounding area can be regarded as a place where a geotourism can be successfully established by combining the ecological, cultural and historical resources with a geological heritage. Therefore Maisan and surrounding areas have a high possibility to be a National Geopark and UNESCO Global Geopark.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.103-112
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to specify the prior eco-preserve zone by establishing the eco-landscape unit on the stream corridor and evaluating the stream ecosystem in the dam basin. The fundamental ecological data was surveyed and collected through "the ecosystem project on Yongdam multipurpose dam watershed" from 2008 to 2009. The Yongdam Dam Watershed has several streams, Jujacheon, Jeongjacheon and Guryangcheon, of which the area is $930km^2$, stretching to Jinangun, Jangsugun and Mujugun Jellabukdo. In spite of being used for drinking purpose, the dam water quality and ecosystem is threatened by in-watershed pollution produced by development, golf course grounds and sports complex, etc. The landscape unit of stream corridor was zoned across by 250m, 500m, and 750m from the vicinity line of stream, which was decided to the accuracy of mapping and surveying. Types of evaluation are the Stream Corridor Evaluation(SCE) and the Vegetated Area Evaluation(VAE). In the process of SCE, several indices were analysed, fish species diversity, species peculiarity, and stream naturality. Indices for VAE were forest stand map, vegetation protection grade, species diversity and peculiarity for wild bird and mammal life. The importance of the ecological items is categorized into three levels and overlapped for specifying the prior preserve zone. The area at which legally protecting species appeared is categorized as absolute preserve area. This study might be meaningful for proposing the evaluation process of a stream corridor ecosystem, which can synthesize a lot of individual ecological surveys. We hope further research will be actively performed about the ecotope mapping which is based on a individual wildlife territory and habitats and also their relationships.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.52-63
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• 2013

Benthic macroinvertebrates were investigated in Yongdam-dam and Hapcheon-dam resions from June to October 2011, Korea. Yongdam-dam and Hapcheon-dam are geographically contiguous, but they are classified as other water system. Experiment site(YE-1, 2, 3; HE-1, 2, 3) which is thought to be affected by dam, control site(YC-1, 2; HC-1, 2) which is thought not to be affected by dam were selected. Species composition, macroinvertebrate communities, composition of the functional feeding groups, habitat orientied groups and community stability were assessed Yongdam-dam and Hapcheon-dam regions. Ten sites were selected for quantitative(Surber sampler $30cm{\times}30cm$) of benthic macroinvertebrates. As a results, a total of 6,369 individuals including 69 species, 33 families, 12 orders, 6 classes and 4 phyla were recognized in Yongdam-dam region. Also, a total of 5,728 individuals including 81 species, 44 families, 13 orders, 5 classes and 4 phyla were recognized in Hapcheon-dam region. Dominance index was 0.27~0.50(mean${\pm}$SD $0.38{\pm}0.09$), diversity index was 2.22~2.97($2.67{\pm}0.29$), evenness index was 0.63~0.76($0.72{\pm}0.06$) and richness index was 4.43~7.06($5.69{\pm}0.99$) in Yongdam-dam region. Dominance index was 0.40~0.81($0.59{\pm}0.18$), diversity index was 1.40~2.39($2.00{\pm}0.43$), evenness index was 0.38~0.68($0.56{\pm}0.13$) and richness index was 4.04~5.80($4.95{\pm}0.70$) in Hapcheon-dam region. In the functional feeding groups, filtering-collectors and gathering-collectors were the highest in the whole sites. In the habitat orientied groups, burrowers, clingers and swimmers were considerably occupied in all sites. As a result of community stability analysis, experiment sites has been identified much as species high resistance and resilience to environmental changes in Yongdam-dam. Control sites has been identified much as species low resistance and resilience to environmental changes in Hapcheon-dam. Species belonging to the Igroup is considered to be important in the river ecosystem stability of large dams downstream areas.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.157-187
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• 1994

This study includes the taxonomy , and a key to species of aphids in the family Lachnidae from Korea. Specimens examined in this study were collected from 24 kinds of plants. Samplings were accomplished at 95 localities in Korea from March, 1987 to August, 1994. A list of Korean lachnids are as follows. *1. Chinara atlantica (Wilson, 1919), *.2. C. cembrae(Seitner, 1936), *3. C. formosana (Takahashi, 1924), *4. C. fresai Blanchard, 1939, *5. C. idahoensis Knowlton,1935, 6. c. juniperi (de Geer, 1773), 7.C.kochi Inouye,1939, *8. C. laridicola (Matsumura, 1917), *9. C. laricis (Hartig, 2839), *10. C.longipennis (Matasumura, 1917), 11. C. orientalis (Takahashi, 1925), *12. C. pinidensiflorae(Essig & Kuwana, 1918), *13. C. piniformosana(Takahashi, 1923), *14 C. shinjii Inouye, 1938, *15. c. tujafilina (Del Guercio, 1909), *16 . c. watanabei Inouye, 1970, *17. C. togyuensis Seo. 1994. *18. C. deodarae Seo. 1994, *19. Eulachnus agilis (Kaltenbach, 1843), *20. E. pumilae Inouye, 1939, *21. E. thunbergi (Wilson, 1919), *22. Schizolachnus orientalis (Takahashi, 1924) , 23. Lachnus, Chosoni Szelegiewicz, 1975, 24. L. japonicus (Matsumura, 1917) , *.25. L. tropicalis 9van der Goot, 1916), *.26. Maculolachnus sumbacula (Walker, 1848), *27. M. paiki Seo. 1994, *28 Nipppolachnus piri Matsumura, 1917, 29. Stomaphis asiphon Szelegiewica, 1975, *30. S. japonica Takahashi, 1960, *31. S. yanonis Takahashi , 1918 , *32. Tuberolachnus salignus *(Gmelin, 1790). Of them , 27 species preceded by an asterisk were observed in this study, and keys to these 27 Korean lachnids are provided . The relationship between Korean lachnids and their host plants, and geogrpahical distribution are discussed.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.281-300
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• 1975

The precipitation data and water level data in twenty-four sampling places, to investigate same hydrological quantities along the basin of Geum River, have been analyzed, and the findings for the first report are summarized as follows. 1. The mean annual precipitation in the basin of Geum River is of 1203mm, and the areal weight of areal rainfall by Thiessen's method shows as Table 1. 2. The areas where have maximum annual precipitation of 1501 to 2000mm, are seventeen placed among twentyfour gauging stations, and it is founded to be the highest rate with 71 percents. The precipitation of below 1500mm is measured in the other three statinons, and that of above 2001mm in four stations, too. 3. The areas where have maximum rainfall of 201 to 300mm within a day, are fifteen places, and that comes in the highest rate of distribution with 63 percents. 4. As to distribution of the places with maximum rainfall of below and above 300mm within two days, it shows respectively 50 percents. 5. The areas where have maximum rainfall of 301 to 400mm within three days, are fifteen places, and it is the highest rate of distribution with 63 percents. 6. The fourteen places have maximum rainfall of 401 to 600mm within a continuous day, it is the highest rate of distribution with 58 percents. 7. Table 5 shows probable maximum rainfall within a day, and it does the most rainfall a long the upper stream of Daecheong dam site around Muju, and the next shows in the areas around Ganggyeung, Gongju and Buyeu. 8. During irrigation period on paddy corp, for 100 days from early ten days in June to early ten days in September the areas where have rainfall of 601 to 800mm are sixteen places, and it is the highest rate of distribution with 76 percents, as Table 6 9. The areas where have effective rainfall of 501 to 600mm, are fifteen places, and it is the highest rate of distribution with 71 percents. Thirteen places have the effective ratio of 66 to 75 percents, and it means 62 percents of distribution, and the next, 76 to 85 percents in the seven places, and it comes 33 percents. 10. The areas where have probable effective rainfall of 401 to 500mm, are fourteen places, which is about 100mm less than mean effective rainfall in each area, and that comes 67 percents of distribution. 11. A particular year can not be appointed as once -in-10 year drought in the same year as a whole in the basin of Geum River. 12. The basin of Geum River, s/S being 0.53 to 0.74, has relatively proper conditions in the aspect of water resources.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 1996

This study examines the spatial characteristics of postal office patronage in rural areas. in the light of future possible relocation and closures of the postal facilities. Most of private services have flown out small rural central places due to the decrease of supporting population, and there consequently remain only a few public services including government-run post offices at the Myon seats, the lowest level among rural central places in Korea. The small local population and its further decline undermine the rationale for maintaining such public services in depleted rural areas. For the worse of it, the government recently plans to transform the postal system to a quasi-private, corporational structure. One can fear that the profit-seeking nature of the new postal corporation will inevitably force to close many of such small rural facilities. The study first analysed nation-wide censuses of postal offices for the years of 1986 and 1992. The postal services examined are per capita number of postal stamps and revenue stamps sold, and letters, parcels, telegrams and monetary transactions handled at the post offices. It is found that, while the usage of postal services has increased substantially throughout the nation during the period of 1986-1992, the increment has largely been occurred by urban post offices rather than by those in Gun seats (i.e., rural counties); and that the gap of the service levels between urban and rural post offices is ever widening. The study further examined the service differentials among the post offices within rural counties to find that those post offices adjacent to the county (Gun) seats and larger urban centers rendered less amount of services than remote rural post offices, indicating that rural residents tend to partonize larger centers more and more than local Myon seats. At the second stage of the study, questionnaire surveys were conducted in Muju, Kimpo, and Hongsung-Gun's. These three counties are meant to represent respectively the remote, suburban, and intermediary counties in Korea. The analyses of survey data reveal that the postal hinterlands of the county seats extend to much of nearby Myons, the subdivisions of a Gun. It is also found that the extent of postal hinterlands of the three counties and the magnitude of patronage and quite different from each other depending upon the topography, population density, and the propinquity of the counties to metropolitan centers. The findings suggest to reappraise the current flat allocation scheme of public facilites to each of rural subdivisions throughout the nation. A detailed analysis on the travel behavior of the survey respondents yields that age is the most salient variable to distinguish activity spaces of rural residents. The activity spaces of older respondents tend to be more limited within their Myon, whereas those of younger respondents extend across the Myon boundary, toward the central towns and even distant larger cities. The very existence of several activity spaces in rural areas calls for an attention in the future locational decisions of public facilities. The locational criteria, employed by the Ministry of Communication of Korean government to establish a post office, are the size of hinterland population and the distance from adjacent postal facilities. The present study findings suggest two additional criteria: the order in rural central place hierarchy and the propinquity to the upper-level centers of the central hierarchy. These old and new criteria are complementary each other in that the former criteria are employed to determine new office locations, whereas the latter are appropriate to determine facility relocation and closures.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.135-149
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• 1990

Housing owners in Korea have a variety of tax advantages such as income tax exemption for the imputed rent of owner-occupied housing, exemption from the capital gains tax and deduction of the estate tax for one-house households. These tax reliefs for housing owners not only conflict with the principle of horizontal and vertical equity, but also lead to resource misallocation by distorting the housing market, and thus bring about regressive distribution effects. Particularly in the case of Korea with its imperfect capital market, these measures exacerbate the inter-class inequality of housing ownership as well as inequalities in wealth, by causing the affluent to demand needlessly large housing, while the poor and young experience difficulties in purchasing residential properties. Therefore, the Korean tax system must be altered as follows in order to disadvantage owner-occupiers, especially those owners of luxury housing. These alterations will promote housing-ownership, tax burden equity, efficiency of resource allocation, as well as the desirable distribution of income. First, income tax deductions for the rent payments of tenants are recommended. Ideally, the way of recovering the fiscal equivalence between the owner-occupiers and tenants is to levy an income tax on the former's imputed rents, and if necessary to give them tax credits. This, however, would be very difficult from a practical viewpoint, because the general public may perceive the concept of "imputed rent" as cumbersome. Computing the imputed rent also entails administrative costs, rendering quite reasonable, the continued exemption of imputed rent from taxation with the simultaneous deduction in the income tax for tenants. This would further enhance the administrative efficiency of income tax collection by easing assessment of the landlord's income. Second, a capital gains tax should be levied on the one-house household, except with the postponement of payments in the case that the seller purchases higher priced property. Exemption of the capital gains tax for the one-house household favors those who have more expensive housing, providing an incentive to the rich to hold even larger residences, and to the constructors to build more luxurious housing to meet the demand. So it is not desirable to sustain the current one-house household exemption while merely supplementing it with fastidious measures. Rather, the rule must be abolished completely with the concurrent reform of the deduction system and lowering of the tax rate, measures which the author believes will help optimize the capital gains tax incidence. Finally, discontinuation of the housing exemption for the heir is suggested. Consequent increases in the tax burden of the middle class could be mitigated by a reduction in the rate. This applies to the following specific exemptions as well, namely, for farm lands, meadows, woods, business fields-to foster horizontal equity, while denying speculation on land that leads to a loss in allocative efficiency. Moreover, imperfections in the Korean capital market have disallowed the provision of long term credit for housing seekers. Remedying these problems is essential to the promotion of greater housing ownership by the low and middle income classes. It is also certain that a government subsidy be focused on the poorest of the poor who cannot afford even to think of owning a housing.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.69-82
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• 1987

The prevalences of the cuke belonging to genus Metagonimus hove been reported along the upper stream of inhabitants by several workers since 1980, however the taxonomical problems of the fluke was not yet settled. The larval flukes; cercaria and metacercaria as well as their intermediate hosts, and adult were studied in order to identify the Mepagonimus in the areas. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The snails, Semisulcospira globus were collected (rom the three different localities along the upper stream of the River. The cercariae were found from 125(7.2%) out of 1,730 snails by natural emerging method, and were identified into 5 species including Metagenimus sp. (3.7%), Pseudexorchis major(1.4%), Cercaria nipponensis (0.9%), Cercaria incerpa(0.6%), and Cercaria yoshidae(0.6%). Cercariae of Metagonimus species had four to dye oral spines on its anterior of the first line. 2. The cercariae of Metagonimus were experimentally exposed to goldfish. nfection rate was 22.9% out of 105 goldfish, and the encysted metacercariae were found in fins(86.7%) and on scales (13.7%) of the fishes, but not in their muscle, head or visceral organs. 3. Seven species of ask were caught in the Daecheong Reservoir and the upper stream. Infestations with metacercaria of Metagonimus were found 100% in Opsariichtys widens and the parasitized numbers of the metacercariae were observed from 250 to 2,400 per fish. In the upper stream, Zacco termmincki, Z. platypus and Pseudogobio esocinus were infected 100% with the metacercaria, on the other hand, the fishes caught in the reservoir showed the lower infestation rates, and a few metacercariae found in the fishes Carassius carassius and Cyprinus carpio in the reservoir and the stream. The majority of metacercariae was detected only on the scales of fishes. 4. In order to know the infectivity and the distribution patterns in the intestine of hosts, rats and dogs were infected with the metacercariae obtained from O. bidens and Z. platypus. In addition the metacercariae obtained from Z. temmincki, P. esocinus and goldfish were given to the rats. The recovery rates of the worms in the small intestine of dogs were higher (63.3~65.8%) than those of the rats (3.5~31.6%). The flukes were found mostly in the middle and the lower part of small intestine of the rats and the dogs, but no worm was collected in the upper part of the intestine of rats. 5. The sixte of adult flukes varied by the hosts. In the adult cukes, oral sucker was smaller than ventral sucker, and the right and left testes were located diagonally, the uterine tubules circled around the upper left testis. The average egg sixte was $29.1{\times}1.7{\mu\textrm{m}}$. According to the above results, the cukes belonging to genus Metagonimus distributed along the Geum River was concluded to be identical with Miyata type of M. yokogawai as that Saito had proposed.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.146
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• pp.137-162
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• 2018

Zen Psychology refers to the psychology of Zen Buddhism as a field of Buddhist psychology. This paper examines the psychology of human beings, focusing on the "Platform Sutra" written by Huineng, the founder of Patriarchal Zen, and the southern Zen school. According to the classification of Buddhist psychology, Zen psychology is divided into theory of Zen mind, theory of Zend mind function, and Zen psychotherapy. In theory of Zen mind, Huineng explains the mind based on self-nature, and explains the theory of dharma, theory of humanity, theory of dependent origination, and worldview though self-nature. Every human mind has its own original character of self-nature. When one's own mind with self-nature is revealed, it is the basic mind. When it is covered, it is the mind of common people. Self-nature is characterized by dharma construction, incompetence, non-naming, cleanliness, equality, and self-Buddhahood. In the theory of dharma, dharma is non-dual and is equal. The theory of humanity is divided into two groups according to the sharpness and dullness or capacity of the human being. From theory of dependent origination, you can see the mobility of cover and revealment, enlightment and delusion, sacred and common. In the worldview, the world and phenomena are the functions of self-nature and one's own mind. The theory of Zen mind function deals with wisdom and defilement of common people. The function of wisdom is to know the whole and one at the same time, and is intangible. Defilement of common people is an inner common people that cover the functions of wisdom. In Zen psychotherapy, in order to eliminate the gap between human and dharma, seeing into self-nature is suggested and the goal. In teleology, the goal is to reveal and see the self-nature covered by defilements. As a methodology from cover to revealment, Huineng interprets the traditional methodology as a new interpretation from the viewpoint of the mind, and presents Sammu as its own methodology. Based on the absence of attachment, Huineng proposed a methodology of No-abiding, No-thought and No-form, to gather mind on reality and treat all things equally. Based on this, Huineng proposed a new methodology for dealing with karma through repentance and vows, and a methodology for edification. In view of the Four Noble Truth, it is the phenomenon that self-nature is covered, the cause of defilement and the mind, the aim of seeing the self-nature which is covered, and the way of revealing the covered self-nature is presented. In this sense, the Zen Psychology of Platform Sutra is psychology of self-nature.