• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.342-350
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• 2010

This study was aimed to investigate whether soy protein hydrolysates had beneficial effects on serum and tissue lipid contents and appetite-related hormones as compared with intact soy protein. Four-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed AIN-93M diet containing high fat (18% w/w) with low protein (10% w/w). After four weeks, the rats were divided into four groups (n = 8/group) and fed experimental diets with different nitrogen sources and levels, respectively; 10% soy protein isolate (10SPI), 25% soy protein isolate (25SPI), 25% soy protein hydrolysates (25SPH) and 25% soy macro-peptide fractions (25SPP, MW $\geq$ 10,000) for six weeks. Weight gain was significantly higher in 25% nitrogen sources-fed groups than in 10% group (10SPI). In 25SPP, perirenal fat mass and serum total lipid were significantly lower than in other groups. As for appetite-related hormones, serum ghrelin concentration was not shown to be different among groups but leptin concentration was significantly decreased in 25SPP. It can be concluded that soy macro-peptide fractions as compared with intact soy protein may have beneficial effects on reducing fat mass and serum lipid.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.3 s.91
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• pp.260-266
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• 2000

Water quality parameters were surveyed in Lake Andong. Turbidity, temperature, secchi disc transparency (SD), phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll a concentration were measured at dam site from July 1993 to December 1998. Minimum transparency in summer was only about 2 meters in 1993 and 1994, but it decreased to about 1 meter in 1997 and 1988. Total phosphorus concentration of the epilimnion increased slightly from $11{\sim}30\;mgP/m^3$ in 1993 to $18{\sim}42\;mgP/m^3$ in 1998. Total nitrogen concentration of the epilimnion decreased slightly from $1.81{\sim}2.96\;mgN/L$ in 1993 to $1.48{\sim}2.57\;mgN/L^3$ in 1998. TN/TP weight ratio decreased from $82{\sim}281$ in 1993 to $21{\sim}143$ in 1998 due to the increase of phosphorus concentration and the decrease of nitrogen concentration. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus concentration and the decrease of nitrogen concentration. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen concen tration of the epilimnion were in the range of $0.9{\sim}5.3\;mgP/m^3$ and $1.36{\sim}1.68\;mgN/L$, respectively. Chlorophyll a concentration in summer was in the range of $11.0{\sim}19.1\;mg/m^3$ in 1994, 1996 and 1997, but it decreased to $2.3{\sim}6.5\;mg/m^3$ in 1998. Trophic state of Lake Andong can be classified as mesotrophic to eutrophic from TP, TN and chlorophyll a concentration.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2013

For shelf-life improvement of the domestic peach, a treatment with low dose UV-C (0~3.0 $kJ/m^2$) irradiation was performed and the spoilage rate and changes of physico-chemical and sensory properties of the peach were investigated. Control showed spoilage at day 4, and then 50% of control showed spoilage at day 8. However, samples treated with low dose UV-C showed lower percentage of spoilage than those of control at day 8. Weight changes of control and the samples with UV-C treatment showed no difference during the storage period. There was no difference in pH of samples among the treatments but they were increased by storage time. Hardness of samples was not different among treatments at initial stage of storage after UV-C treatment. However, the hardness of control sample was decreased faster than those of the samples with low dose UV-C treatment after 6 days of storage. No significant changes in lightness, redness and yellowness of the samples by UV-C treatment were observed. The sensory parameters including taste, flavor, and color at initial and during storage period were not different among treatments except for texture and overall acceptance. The scores for texture and overall acceptance of control were decreased faster than those of UV-C treatments during storage. In general, samples treated with low dose UV-C showed higher sensory quality than control.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.346-352
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• 2014

This research was carried out to investigate the effect of supplemental lighting on stable productivity of paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) during low radiation period of winter season. The supplemental lighting sources used in this research were high pressure sodium (HPS) and lighting emitting plasma (LEP). Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) emitted from both lamps decreased as vertical distance from lamp increased. The PPFD of LEP lamps were twice more than that of the HPS lamp per unit distance, but the rate of decreased PPFD of t he LEP per unit distance was higher than that of HPS lamp. And different degrees of PPFD between HPS and LEP lamps by horizontal distance had a smaller degree of difference than by vertical distance at the 100 cm away point. As daily average PPFD measured at the top of the plant under the supplemental lighting during January, the supplemental lighting significantly increased radiation. Radiation of HPS and LEP lighting was 137% and 315% higher than control (without supplemental lighting = sunlight). Air temperature in the top of the plant was not significant different among treatments. HPS and LEP lighting had no effect on increase of flower settings. Leaf length and width with LEP lighting was the longest, photosynthetic was higher than those of other treatments. Supplemental lighting treatments significant increased fruit length and diameter. Especially LEP lighting treatment had a greater effect on fruit length and diameter. In conclusion, LEP lighting treatment during low radiation period greatly affected growth and production of paprika. Further research will be required for the suitable application of LEP lighting in paprika production.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2017

We investigated growth, clove development, and photosystem II activity in garlic (Allium sativum L.) grown under different day/night temperature regimes using Soil-Plant-Atmosphere - Research (SPAR) chambers to determine the optimum cultivation temperature and to assess the impact of temperature stress on garlic. In the early stages of growth, plant growth increased markedly with temperature. At harvest time, however, the pseudostem diameter decreased significantly under a relatively low day/night temperature range ($14/10-17/12^{\circ}C$), suggesting that these temperature conditions favor regular bulb growth. At harvest time, the bulb diameter and height were great at $14/10-23/18^{\circ}C$, whereas the bulb fresh weight and number of cloves per bulb were greatest at $17/12-20/15^{\circ}C$. However, the number of regularly developed cloves per bulb was highest at the relatively low temperature range of $14/10-17/12^{\circ}C$, as were the clove length and fresh weight. The photochemical efficiency ($F_v/F_m$) and potential photochemical efficiency ($F_v/F_o$) of photosystem II in the leaves of garlic plants were higher at $14/10-20/15^{\circ}C$ and lower at temperatures below $14/10^{\circ}C$ or above $20/15^{\circ}C$, implying that the $14/10-20/15^{\circ}C$ temperature range is favorable, whereas temperatures outside this range are stressful for garlic growth. Furthermore, at temperatures above $20/15^{\circ}C$, secondary growth of garlic, defined as lateral bud differentiation into secondary plants, continuous growth of the cloves of the primary plants, or the growth of bulbil buds into secondary plants, was enhanced. Therefore, to achieve commercial production of fresh scapes and bulbs of garlic, it may be better to grow garlic at relatively low temperature ranges of $14/10-17/12^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.spc
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• pp.68-76
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• 2008

This study examined the inhibition effects of a freshwater bivalve (Unio douglasiae) and a submerged plant (Potamogeton crispus) on the cyanobacterial bloom (Oscillatoria sp.). The experiment were conducted in aquarium $(50cm{\times}65cm{\times}120cm)$ with lake sediments in the bottom of the aquarium in 10 cm thick. Before the experiments, artificial cyanobacterial bloom was induced with the addition of lake sediment and CB medium. Total 12 transparent acrylic cylinders (${\Phi}19cm$, height 40 cm) were placed in the aquarium, and within which bivalves and plants were placed in various conditions such as the control (C), plant addition (P:5 stems), mussel addition (U:2 individuals), and both mussel and plant addition (PU: the same quantity as used in each treatment). The experiment was conducted in triplicate during 7 days. pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electric conductivity (EC), salinity, cyanobacterial cell density, chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ concentration, and mussel filtering rate were monitored daily. At the end of the experiment, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and plant height and weight were measured. Overall, a large degree of cyanobacterial growth inhibition appeared in both P and U treatments, and the effect was highest in the U treatment, followed by P and PU. The combined treatment of both U and P did not show any synergic effects compared to the effect in separated treatment. In all enclosures of the treatments chlorophyll-${alpha}$ (Chl-${alpha}$) concentration decreased until 36 hours after the additions of the plants and mussels. In contrast, Chl-${alpha}$ concentrations increased in PU enclosures after 36 hours. The same trend was shown in the cell density of Oscillatoria. pH and DO gradually decreased until 120 and 144 hours, respectively, in the P and PU enclosures. TP concentration increased in the mussel enclosures (U and PU), while TN concentration largely decreased in the plant enclosures (P and PU). Our results suggest that applied bivalve (Unio) and submerged plant (Potamogeton) seemed to have a potential effect on the growth inhibition of cyanobacteria, but their combined application may have an antagonistic effect to diminish the degree of the inhibition.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.655-661
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• 1995

This study was conducted to get basic information of dry matter production and agronomic characteristics for increasing grain ripening in rice cultivar with large grains. Three cultivars which have different grain size were used. Of the two large grain cultivars, SR7796-3-1-5-1-l(SR7796F$_{7}$) had long culm and SR11269-13-3-4-2(SR11269F$_{6}$) had short culm. On the other hand, Tamjinbyeo was recommended cultivar had medium size of grain and culm. LAI was highest in Tamjinbyeo, followed by the SR11269F$_{6}$ and SR7796F$_{7}$, LAI decrement was higher in large grain cultivars than that of Tamjinbyeo after 20days after heading. Total dry weight(TDW) of areal part was highest in SR11269F$_{6}$, followed by the Tamjinbyeo and SR7796F$_{7}$. Dry weight (DW) of stem (leaf sheath+culm) at harvesting stage was decreased 15%, 12% in Tamjinbyeo, SR11269F$_{6}$, respectively, but was increased 5% in SR7796F$_{7}$ compared to heading stage. In distribution rate of each organ to TDW, distribution rate of leaf blade was low in large grain cultivar, but that of stem in Tamjinbyeo, SR7796F$_{7}$ and SR11269F$_{6}$ was 36%, 38% and 42%, respectively. In canopy architecture leaf blade weight was the highest 30~40cm, 40~50cm and 70~8Ocm above the ground in SR11269F$_{6}$, Tamjinbyeo and SR7796F$_{7}$, respectively. Range of panicle distribution in the canopy was 40cm in Tamjinbyeo, and was 70cm in large-grain cultivars. The results suggest that it has to take a growing interest in developing culture method for increasing LAI during growth stage, especially, around heading, in keeping green leaf till ripening stage and also in growing unformly plant within rice hill in large grain cultivars.cultivars.ltivars.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.218-225
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• 2010

To make sponge cake using Lentinus edodes powder, which is useful and valuable as a functional food material, we tested samples with 3, 6, 9, and 12% L. edodes powder to ascert200ain the quality characteristic and make optimize preparation. Samples and L. edodes powder-free control sponge cakes were compared in terms of quality characteristics including batter viscosity and specific gravity, moisture content, volume index, weight, color, textural characteristics, and sensory qualities, to determine the optimal ratio of L. edodes powder in the formulation. Viscosity and specific gravity of sample and control batter were not significantly different. Moisture content of the sample and control sponge cake also did not differ significantly, and weight of sample and control sponge cakes did not differ appreciably. The volume index of the samples displayed contrasting values, increasing with 3~6% L. edodes powder and decreasing with 9~12% powder. L, a, and b crust color values of samples sponge cakes were lower than those of control cakes. The L and a values of the control cakes was maximal, with values progressively decreasing with incorporation of more L. edodes powder. The b value decreased by 3% with the addition of up 6% L. edodes powder with no further decrease thereafter. L. edodes powder was the lower value. So was the color a, and L. edodes powder increased, a-values decreased. 3% difference was shown in b, the color and none between the samples with 6~12%. L. edodes powder showed lower values making a comparison with the control. Hardness and fracturablility were not appreciably affected by 3% L. edodes powder, but was affected by concentrations 6%. Fracturability og sample sponge cakes was consistently lower than control cakes. Fracturability made little difference in 3% samples, but it was not the same with more than 6% L. edodes powder samples; the samples showed lower value than the control. Adhesiveness was not significantly affected. Chewiness was lower in all sample cakes except those prepared with 3% L. edodes powder. Use of L. edodes powder conferreds higher resilience values as compared to thecontrols. Sensory attributes of color, flavor, softness and overall acceptability were the highest in control sponge cakes, as the amount of L. edodes powder increased, the acceptability decreased. L. edodes-flavor, pleasant taste and off-flavor were the lowest in control cakes, and values increased as the amount of L. edodes powder increased. The control sponge cakes showed the highest values in egg-flavor and moistness, which progressively increased as added L. edodes powder increased. The results indicate that control sponge cakes displayed were. the highest overall acceptability, with acceptability decreasing and it decreased as L. edodes powder content increased. However, 3~6% L. edodes powder can produce an acceptable product, and may be used as anoptimized mixture ratio.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.116-124
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• 2013

The aim was to examine resistance exercise-related genes after 8 weeks of resistance training. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: 4 weeks sedentary (4 wks CON, n=8), 8 weeks sedentary (8 wks CON, n=8), 4 weeks exercise training (4 wks REG, n=8), and 8 weeks exercise training (8 wks REG, n=8). The rats were trained to climb a 1-m vertical incline (85-degree), with weights secured to their tails. They climbed 10 times, 3 days per week, for 8 consecutive weeks. Skeletal muscle was taken from the flexor halucis longus after the exercise training. After separating the total RNA, large-scale gene expression was investigated by beadarray (Illumina RatRef-12 Expression BeadChip) analysis, and qPCR was used to inspect the beadarray data and to analyze the RNA quantitatively. The detection p-value for the genes was p<0.01, the M-value {M=$log_2$(condition)-$log_2$(reference)} was >1.0, and the DiffScore was >20. In total, the expression of 30 genes significantly increased 4 weeks after the exercise training, and the expression of six genes decreased. At 8 weeks, the expression of five genes significantly increased and that of 12 decreased. Several genes are potentially involved in resistance exercise and muscle hypertrophy, including 1) regulation of cell growth (IGFBP1, PLA2G2A, OKL38); 2) myogenesis (CSRP3); 3) tissue regeneration and muscle development (MUSTN1, MYBPH); 4) hypertrophy (CYR61, ATF3, NR4A3); and 5) glucose metabolism (G6PC, PCK1). These results may help to explain previously reported physiological changes of the skeletal muscle and suggest new avenues for further investigation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.473-479
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• 2012

Water reuse has been highlighted as a representative alternative to solve the lacking water resource. This study carried out a study on the pipe corrosion and water quality change which can occur through the supply of reclaimed water, using a simulated reclaimed water distribution pipeline. Galvanized steel pipe (GSP), cast iron pipe (CIP), stainless steel pipe (STSP) and PVC pipe (PVCP) were used for the pipe materials. Reclaimed water(RW) and tap water(TW) were respectively supplied into simulated reclaimed water distribution pipelines. As a result of performing a loop test to supply reclaimed water to simulated reclaimed water distribution pipelines, the weight reduction of pipe coupons showed the sequence of CIP > GSP > STSP ${\approx}$ PVCP. In addition, reclaimed water showed a high corrosion rate comparing to that of tap water. In case of CIP, the initial corrosion rate showed 3.511 mdd(milligrams per square decimeter per day) for reclaimed water and 2.064 mdd for tap water and the corrosion rate for 90 days showed 0.833 mdd for reclaimed water and 0.294 mdd for tap water. Also in case of GSP, the initial corrosion rate showed 2.703 mdd for reclaimed water and 2.499 mdd for tap water and the corrosion rate for 90 days showed 0.349 mdd for reclaimed water and 0.248 mdd for tap water, which was a tendency similar to that appeared in CIP with a tendency to reduce the corrosion rate. As a result of water quality changes of reclaimed water at pipe materials to carry out the loop test, there was higher conversion ratio of ammonia into nitrate in CIP and GSP with higher corrosion rate than that in STSP and PVCP where no corrosion has occurred. The highest denitrification rate of nitrate could be observed from CIP with the most particles generated from corrosion. In CIP, it could be confirmed that there was MIC (Microbiologically Induced Corrosion) as a result of EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometer System) analysis results.