• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.402-414
• /
• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the status of safety accidents and importance-performance analysis (IPA) between regular and non-regular employees in industry foodservices. Methods: The participants were regular employees (n = 119) and non-regular employees (n = 163) in industry foodservices in the Jeonbuk area. Demographic characteristics, status of safety accidents, safety education, and importance and performance status were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Results: Approximately 66.4% of regular employees and 53.4% of non-regular employees experienced safety accidents (p < 0.05). Types of safety accidents of regular and non-regular employees were mostly burns, and causes were mostly from their own negligence. Approximately 98.3% of regular employees and 95.1% of non-regular employees experienced safety education. Approximately 88.9% of regular employees and 96.8% of non-regular employees received safety education from dietitians. Approximately 41.9% of regular employees and 50.0% of non-regular employees had difficulty applying the contents of safety education due to lack of time during work. As a result of IPA, regular and non-regular employees were aware of the importance of the following and performed them well: 'Clean the floor of the work place', 'Arrange in the work area', 'Wear safety shoes', 'Check for heater cord', and 'Safety cooking when using oil'. On the other hand, they were not aware of the importance of the following and performed them insufficiently: 'Check for the MSDS', 'Aware of chemical signs', 'Wear protection gloves etc.', 'Do stretching exercise', and 'Using ancillary tools'. Conclusion: Therefore, it is necessary to improve the consciousness of dietitians for effective application of safety education contents, development of contents, especially MSDS, and related things.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.105-118
• /
• 2000

Anchored measurements (12.5 hr) of suspended sediment concentration and other hydrodynamic parameters were carried out at two stations located at the entrance to Hampyung Bay in summer (August 1999). Tidal variations in water temperature and salinity were in the range of 26.0-27.9$^{\circ}C$ and 30.9-31.5, respectively, indicating exchange offshore and offshore water mass. Active tidal mixing processes at the entrance appear to destroy the otherwise vertical stratification in temperature and salinity in spite of strong solar heating in summer. On the contrary, suspended sediment concentrations show a marked stratification with increasing concentrations toward bottom layer. Clastic particles in suspended sediments consist mostly of very fine to fine silt (4-16 ${\mu}$m) with a poorly-sorted value of 14.7-25.9 ${\mu}$m. However, at slack time with less turbulent energy, flocs larger than 40 ${\mu}$m are formed by cohesion and inter-collision of particles, resulting in a higher settling velocity. Strong ebb-dominated and weak flood dominated tidal currents, in the southwestern and the northeastern part, respectively, result in a seaward residual flow of -10${\sim}$-20 cm $s^{-1}$ at station H1 and a bayward residual flow less than 5.0 cm $s^{-1}$ at station H2. However, mean concentration of suspended sediments at station H1 is higher at flood (95.0-144.1 mg $1^{-1}$) than in ebb (75.8-120.9 mg $1^{-1}$). On the contrary, at the station H2, the trend is reversed with higher concentration at the ebb (84.7-158.4 mg $1^{-1}$) than that at the flood (53.0-107.9 mg $1^{-1}$). As a result, seaward net suspended sediment fluxes ($f_{s}$) are calculated to be -1.7 ${\sim}$-$15.610^{3}$ kg $m^{-2}$ $s^{-1}$ through the whole water column. However, the stations H1 and H2 show definitely different values of the flux with higher ones in the former than in the latter. Alternatively, depth-integrated net suspended sediment loads ($\c{Q}_{s}$) for one tidal cycle are also toward the offshore with ranges of 0.37${\times}$$10^{3}$ kg $m^{-1}$ and 0.21${\times}$$10^{3}$ kg $m^{-1}$, at station H1 and H2, respectively. This seaward transport of suspended sediment in summer suggests that summer-time erosion in the Hampyung muddy tidal flats is a rather exceptional phenomenon compared to the general deposition reported for many other tidal flats on the west coast of Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.175-185
• /
• 1995

This experiment was carried out to investigate the optimum rates of animal excreta(cattle slurry-N) for the highest dry matter production and improve the nutritive values of reed canarygrass with different cutting frequency. The results are summarized as follows; The highest relative dry matter yields for annual dry matter yield were 42.2% and 45.2% at 3rd cut in 3 and 4 cuttings, and 34.7% at 4th cut in 5 cuttings, respectively. The annual dry matter yields of non slurry-N application plot showed were from 6.8 tons to 8.0 tons/ha in all cutting frequencies. The highest annual dry matter yield obtained was in 3 cuttings. The annual dry matter yield increased with an increase of applied rates of slurry-N in all cutting frequencies. Annual dry matter yield was produced by 3.3 tons/ha at rates of 90 kg N/ha/cut in 3 cuttings, and more 1.7 tonsha and 2.4 tons/ha at rates of 30 kg N/ha/cut in 4 and 5 cuttings than that of non slurry-N application plots. The contents of crude protein were 12.01% and 15.0% at rates of 90 kg N/ha/cut in 3 and 4 cuttings, and 16.59% at rates of 120 kg N/ha/cut in 5 cuttings, respectively. On the contrary, the content of acid detergent fibre(ADF) showed the lowest values at same rates of slurry-N application in each cutting. J. The average content of crude protein was significantly increased with cutting frequencies, and they were 11.43%, 13.53% and 15.53% in 3, 4 and 5 cuttings, respectively. The average contents of acid detergent fibre(ADF) were 40.27%, 40.53% and 37.06% in 3, 4 and 5 cuttings. The values of 5 cuttings were significantly lower than other cutting frequencies, but the values of acid detergent fibre(ADF) was not significantly different between 3 and 4 cuttings. 6. The efficiency of dry matter production to slurry-N application rates showed the highest values of 18.9 kg and 15.7 kg DM/kg N at rates of 30 kg N/ha/cut in 3 and 5 cuttings, and 16.3 kg DM/kg/ N at rates of 90 kg N/ ha/cut in 4 cuttings. The efficiency of total nitrogen yield to slurry-N application rates were the highest values of 0.51 kg and 0.43 kg W k g N at rates of 30 kg N/ha/cut in 4 and 5 cuttings, and 0.52 kg TN/kg N at rates of 90 kg N/ha/cut in 3 cuttings, respectively. 7. The ranges of economic slurry-N rates were estimated as the 107.2-151.0 kglha, 359.1-375.7 kgha and 160.3-236.9 kg/ha in 3, 4 and 5 cuttings, and marginal dry matter yields were 9.6-10.0 tons/ha, 12.4-12.6 tons/ha and 9.0-9.7 tons/ha in 3, 4 and 5 cuttings, respectively. 8. The limiting sluny-N application rates to maintain the highest dry matter yields were estimated to be 420.0 kg/ ha, 440.6 kg/ha and 666.3 kg/ha in 3, 4 and 5 cuttings.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.11-24
• /
• 1979

To characterize elastic and plastic chilling injury, rice seedlings grown at 28/$16^{\circ}C$ day/night temp. under 20K lux (13hrs.) in a phytotron were subjected to a 11/$6^{\circ}C$, 20K lux condition for 2, 4, 6 or 8 days at 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5th leaf-stage, respectively, followed by further growth under 28/$16^{\circ}C$condition till 30th day after seeding. Japonica variety Jinheung and Chulwon No.1 survived almost 100% without any significant , discoloration and death of leaves due to chilling even under the chilling of 8 days at all seedling ages tested. Tongil and Yushin, varieties from Indica x Japonica cross, showed increasing discoloration of leaves and death of plants with increase in chilling intensity. The longest chilling duration shown seedling death less than 5% was 4, 6, 1, 4, 8 days for Tongil, and 6, 6, 1, 2, 2, days for Yushin at 1, 2, 3, 5th leaf-stage, respectively. The degree of discoloration and death of leaves or suppression of height growth was not explicitly related to seedling death or the dry weight reduction. The degree of seedling death or dry weight reduction could differentiate chilling tolerance of varieties and seedling ages, but somewhat differently. Reduction in dry weight due to chilling occurred even without any visible injury or seedling death. These suggest that both the degree of seedling death and reduction in dry weight should be considered in the test of varieties for chilling tolerance. Combined evaluation of seedling death and dry weight reduction indicated the most susceptible seedling age to chilling injury to be 1 to 2nd leaf-stage for Jinheung, 2 to 3rd leaf-stage for Chulwon No.1, 3rd leaf- stage for Tongil and Yushin, respectively.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.530-542
• /
• 2000

Background : Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) has been reported recently to have shown much better response to medical treatment and better prognosis compared with idiopathic UIP. However, clinical characteristics of idiopathic NSIP discriminating it from UIP have not been clearly defined. Method : Among 120 patients with biopsy-proven diffuse interstitial lung diseases admitted to the Samsung Medical Center between July 1996 and March 2000, 18 patients with idiopathic NSIP were included in this study. Retrospective chart review and radiographic analysis were performed. Results : 1) At diagnosis, 17 patients were female and the average age was $55.2{\pm}8.4$ years (44~73 years). The average duration from development of respiratory symptom to surgical lung biopsy was $9.9{\pm}17.1$ months. Increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytes ($23.0{\pm}13.1%$) was noted. On HRCT, ground glass and irregular linear opacity were observed, but honeycombing was absent in all patients. 2) Corticosteroids were initially given to 13 patients, but the medication was stopped in 3 patients due to severe side effects. Further medical therapy was not possible in 1 patient who experienced streroid-induced psychosis. Herpes zoster (n=3), tuberculosis (n=1), avascular necrosis of the hip (n=1), cataract (n=2) and diabetes mellitus (n=1) developed during prolonged corticosteroid administration. Of the 7 patients receiving oral cyclophosphamide therapy, hemorrhagic cystitis hindered one patient from continuing with the medication. 3) After medical treatment, 14 of 17 patients improved, and 3 patients remained stable (mean follow-up ; $24.1{\pm}11.2$ months). FVC increased by $20.2{\pm}11.2%$ of predicted value and the extent of ground glass opacity on HRCT decreased significantly ($15.7{\pm}14.7%$). 4) Of the 14 patients who had stopped medication, 5 showed recurrence of NSIP and 2 became aggravated during steroid tapering. All patients with recurrence showed deterioration within one year after completion of initial treatment. Conclusion : Since idiopathic NSIP has unique clinical profiles and shows good prognosis, diagnosis different from UIP, and aggressive medical treatment are needed.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.10-20
• /
• 1977

An expriment was conducted to determine the rate of germination under low temperature and effects of low temperature on seedling of varieties derived from the cross between Indica and Japonica type of rice. Total of 30 varieties including leading variety, Tongil, were germinated at the temperature of $10^{\circ}C$. and $15^{\circ}C$. to determine the rate of germination, and six varieties also including Tongil were planted in pot, and seedlings were exposed to the temperature of $5^{\circ}C$. and $1^{\circ}C$. for 15 days and damage of plant growth due to low temperature was observed. 1. Under the condition of $10^{\circ}C$., varieties such as Iri #323, Suwon #253, Iri #325, Milyang #22, Suwon #251, and Suwon #267 were showing over 70 percent of germination ratio, while varieties, Dodolokiwase, Milyang #23, Yusin, Iri #328, and Iri #329 were below 10 percent in germination ratio. 2. Under the condition of $15^{\circ}C$., variety Suwon #262 was shown 100 percent of germination and varieties such as Milyg an#22, Dodlokiwase, Tongil, Milyang #29, Suwon #258, Milyang #23, Milyang #24, Milyang #28 and Milyang #21 were over 90 percent in germination ratio. However, varieties such as Iri #328, Iri #329, Jinheung, and Minehikari were below 50 percent in germination rate. 3. Considering the germination rate and average days required to germination, Milyang #22 and Iri #323 were highly resistant varieties to low temperature. The rate of germination of varieties from the cross between Indica and Japonica under low temperature was not always lower than that of varieties from Japonica type of rice. 4. Most of the seedlings of varieties used were quite resistant to $1^{\circ}C$. at least for six hours. However, leaves of rice were exposed to the the temperature of $1^{\circ}C$. for 12 hours, and the withered leaves were recovered soon when put in under normal temperature. The degree of leaf withering under low temperature was lower in Milyang #15, Japonica type than in varietieties belonging to $Indica{\times}Japonica$ type of rice. 5. When the seedlings of varieties such as Josaengtongil, Tongil and Yusin were exposed to the temperature of $1^{\circ}C$. for 36 hours, 70 percent of leaves were withered and when the time of expose were doubled, the leaves were completely died. When the temperature was fluctuated, over 75 percent of leaves were died, while 65 percent of leaves of Milyang #15 were died when exposed to $1^{\circ}C$, for 72 hours. 6. Significant growth retardation was observed for all entries when exposed to $1^{\circ}C$. for 24 to 36 hours. The growth retardation was apparently increased as the time of expose was extended.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.19-35
• /
• 2007

The present study was carried out to examine the effect of EGF and IGF-I in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes and development of porcine IVM/IVF embryos. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The rates of nuclear maturation, penetrated oocytes, pronuclear formation, polyspermic oocytes and mean numbers of the penetrated sperm were not different in NCSU-23 maturation medium with 0, 1, 5 and 10 ng/ml EGF and IGF-I (P>0.05). 2. The rates of blastocyst formation at day 7 after in vitro fertilization in 0, 1, 5 and 10 ng/ml EGF groups were $11.2{\pm}1.5%$, $15.0{\pm}8.3%$, $16.8{\pm}2.8%$ and $21.4{\pm}2.0%$, also 0, 1, 5 and 10 ng/ml IGF-I groups were $11.2{\pm}1.5%$, $15.0{\pm}8.3%$, $16.8{\pm}2.8%$ and $21.4{\pm}2.0%$, respectively. In the total cells case, EGF groups were $22.8{\pm}3.7$, $25.7{\pm}5.5$, $26.0{\pm}4.2$ and $35.1{\pm}4.7$, also IGF-I groups were $21.5{\pm}3.7$, $25.2{\pm}2.8$, $26.2{\pm}2.9$ and $33.2{\pm}3.6$, respectively. Both 10 ng/ml EGF group and 10 ng/ml IGF-I group were significantly higher than those of other treatment groups (P<0.05). 3. The rates of blastocyst formation at day 7 in the NCSU23 culture medium of porcine IVF-produced embryos with 0, 1, 5, and 10 ng/ml EGF groups were $14.0{\pm}1.7%$, $16.2{\pm}1.4%$, $16.9{\pm}1.2%$ and $23.1{\pm}1.6%$, also 0, 1, 5, 10 ng/ml IGF-I groups were $13.6{\pm}1.7$, $15.7{\pm}4.5$, $16.0{\pm}0.2$ and $25.0{\pm}0.8$, respectively. And in the total cells case, EGF grups were $21.8{\pm}2.9$, $25.2{\pm}2.8$, $39.7{\pm}2.7$ and $46.2{\pm}3.6$, also IGF-I groups were $20.7{\pm}2.9$, $26.2{\pm}2.9$, $24.6{\pm}2.4$ and $46.1{\pm}3.5$, respectively. Both 10 ng/ml EGF group and 10 ng/ml IGF-I group were significantly higher than those of any other treatment groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggested that the addition of 10 ng/ml EGF and IGF-I were effective on the blastocyst formation and total cells of blastocysts.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
• /
• 1998.05a
• /
• pp.37-54
• /
• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mugwort extracts on the blood ethanol concentration, liver function and low level of cadmuim(Cd) in rats. The effects of mugwort extracts on the blood ethanol concentration was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats (10 weeks old) administered p.o. with 25% ethanol (5g/1kg body weight) and then injected with mugwort extracts (at the 2% levels of daily feed consumption compared with the concentration of catechins level in mugwort extracts) in caudal vein. SD rats were divided into five groups : control group (CON-E, only ethanol and 0.85% saline sol'n treated instead of each extracts), water extracts of mugwort treated to the control (MDW-E), ethanol extracts of mugwort treated to the control (POH-E). And then rat plasma of each time (0hr, 1hr, 2hr, 3hr) was investigated ethanol concentration by gas chromatography. Another rats were measured at the time of 0 and 5hr for the test of GOD(Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase) and GPT(Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase). Components of each extracts were analyzed by using high performance liquid chromatography. The effects of mugwort extracts on the liver function were studied in culture of rat hepatocyte composed of three groups : Control group and two groups treated with each extracts (1% & 2% MDW, 1% & 2% MOH). Condition of rat hepatocytes cultured for 36hr at $37^{\circ}C$(5% $CO_2$ incubator), number of cells, GOT and GPT activity were investigated. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. Catechins level of mugwort extracts was $8{\sim}10mg/100g(MDW)$, $3{\sim}4mg/100g(MOH)$ 2. The contents of (-)-Epigallocatechin was high in MDW 3. The effects of mugwort extracts on the blood ethanol concentration were as follows; 1) The order in ethanol degradation efficiency was MDW-E > MOH-E > CON-E. 2) Ethanol concentration significantly decreased (p<0.05) in MDW-E and MOH-E. 4. The effects of mugwort extracts on the liver function were as follows; (rat hepatocytes cultured for 36hr at $37^{\circ}C$) 1) Cells condition of MDW-L was better than other groups. 2) The order in number of cells (rat hepatocytes) was 2% MDW-L >1% MDW-L >1% MOH-L > Con-L > 2% MOH-L 5. Cd treatment increased concentrations of hepatic GSH level, and decreased GOT activity in plasma. Therefore, this results suggest that the effects of mugwort extracts may an important rols in degradation ethanol and recovery liver function in body. Also, Mugwort extracts may modify the toxicities of Cd in Cd-treated rats and play an important roles in preventing the liver from various toxicants including Cd in Cd treated rats.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.365-375
• /
• 2009

Statement of problems: Stress analysis on implant components of the combined screw- and cement-retained implant prosthesis has not investigated yet. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the load distribution characteristics of implant prostheses with the different prosthodontic retention types, such as cement-type, screw-type and combined type by using 3-dimensional finite element analysis. Material and methods: A 3-dimensional finite element model was created in which two SS II implants (Osstem Co. Ltd.) were placed in the areas of the first premolar and the first molar in the mandible, and three-unit fixed partial dentures with four different retention types were fabricated on the two SS II implants. Model 1 was a cement-retained implant restoration made on two cement-retained type abutments (Comocta abutment; Osstem Co. Ltd.), and Model 2 was a screw-retained implant restoration made on the screw-retained type abutments (Octa abutment; Osstem Co. Ltd.). Model 3 was a combined type implant restoration made on the cement-retained type abutment (Comocta abutment) for the first molar and the screw-retained type abutment (Octa abutment) for the first premolar. Lastly, Model 4 was a combined type implant restoration made on the screw-retained type abutment (Octa abutment) for the first molar and the cement-retained type abutment (Comocta abutment) for the first premolar. Average masticatory force was applied on the central fossa in a vertical direction, and on the buccal cusp in a vertical and oblique direction for each model. Von-Mises stress patterns on alveolar bone, implant body, abutment, abutment screw, and prosthetic screw around implant prostheses were evaluated through 3-dimensional finite element analysis. Results: Model 2 showed the lowest von Mises stress. In all models, the von Mises stress distribution of cortical bone, cancellous bone and implant body showed the similar pattern. Regardless of loading conditions and type of abutment system, the stress of bone was concentrated on the cortical bone. The von-Mises stress on abutment, abutment screw, and prosthetic screw showed the lower values for the screw-retained type abutment than for the cement-retained type abutment regardless of the model type. There was little reciprocal effect of the abutment system between the molar and the premolar position. For all models, buccal cusp oblique loading caused the largest stress, followed by buccal cusp vertical loading and center vertical loading. Conclusion: Within the limitation of the FEA study, the combined type implant prosthesis did not demonstrate more stress around implant components than the cement type implant prosthesis. Under the assumption of ideal passive fit, the screw-type implant prosthesis showed the east stress around implant components.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.46 no.10
• /
• pp.1234-1242
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate BMI, dietary behavior, and nutrient intake status according to frequency of breakfast intake in female college students (n=253) in Chuncheon area. This study was conducted by employing a self-administered questionnaire. Dietary assessment was measured by the 24-h recall method. The subjects were divided into two groups by frequency of breakfast: Five to seven times per week (eating breakfast group, n=139) and none to four times per week (skipping breakfast group, n=114). The living with parents group showed significant high frequency of breakfast intake, whereas the self-boarding group showed significant low frequency of breakfast intake. The body image satisfaction score of the 5~7 times/week group was higher than that of the 0~4 times/week group. The average height and weight of the 5~7 times/week group were $161.0{\pm}0.1cm$ and $52.6{\pm}7.6kg$, respectively, whereas those of the 0~4 times/week group were $160.7{\pm}0.1cm$ and $57.1{\pm}11.8kg$, respectively. The average body mass index (BMI) values of the 5~7 times/week and 0~4 times/week groups were $19.8{\pm}1.9kg/m^2$ and $21.5{\pm}3.4kg/m^2$, respectively. The dietary behavior score of the 5~7 times/week group was higher than that of the 0~4 times/week group. The daily averages for energy, carbohydrate, and protein intakes in the 5~7 times/week group were significantly higher than those of the 0~4 times/week group. Intakes of vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, vitamin $B_6$, P, Zn, and cholesterol in the 5~7 times/week group were significantly higher than those of the 0~4 times/week group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that resident type was the most significant variable associated with breakfast intake frequency. Therefore, strengthening dietary education programs that largely focus on resident type will greatly contribute to prevent skipping breakfast.