• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.493-503
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of Oketani breast massage on breast discomfort, The amount of the breast milk, and the total protein of the breast milk in early postpartum mothers. The design was a non-equivalent control group Quasi-experiment. In the nursing intervention, The Oketani breast massage was given to the experimental group twice after giving birth, and Self Mamma Care (SMC) training was given to the control group. The collected data were analyzed by $x^2-test$ and t-test. The results of the study showed that the Oketani breast massage was more effective than the SMC-treated control group because of decreasing breast discomfort and increasing the amount of breast milk and total milk protein. Therefore, the Oketani breast massage will help early postpartum mothers more easily breastfeed. For the implication for practice, this study suggests that Oketani breast massage can be used as the effective nursing intervention that facilitates breastfeeding of early postpartum mothers in clinical practice.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.442-449
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• 1991

Concentrations of iron. zinc, and copper were measured in human milk samples collected longitudinally from 21 highly selected. healthy lactating women. And the daily milk and trace elements intakes of 14 exclusively breastfed infants were determined by the test-wei-ghing procedure and the direct analysis of milk samples at 6 or 7weeks postpartum. Significant decreases in iron. zinc and copper were found with time postpartum. Iron contents decreased from 0.33$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ at 2-5 days to o.21$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ at 12weeks. Zinc concentrations also declined from 4.15$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ in colostrum to 2.33$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ in matured milk at 12 weeks. Mean copper levels of colostum, transitional. and matured milk were 0.21$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 0.34$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, and 0.26$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ respectively. Data indicated that the amount of milk ingested ranged from 432g/day to 1266g/day and the mean intake was 768g/day. Daily mean intakes for iron, zinc, and copper were 0.19mg, 2.10mg, and 0.15mq respectively.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 1994

모유수유 유무와 아기의 신체적, 정서적 발달과의 관계, 모유수유 성공에 영향을 주는 요소, 모유수유를 성공시키기 위한 전략 등 모유수유를 증진시키기 위한 연구는 많이 이루어 졌다. 이에 비하여 모유수유가 어머니의 모성행위, 어머니의 만족에 미치는 영향 등 모유수유 유무가 어머니의 정서에 미치는 영향에 관한 조사는 거의 이루어지지 않은 실정이다. 그러나 많은 모성간호사들은 모유수유 어머니가 인공수유 어머니보다 아기 양육에 더 자신감을 갖고 있고, 어머니로서의 역할에 더 만족한다고 믿고 있다. 또한 피치못할 사정으로 인공수유를 하는 어머니들 스스로도 모유수유를 하지 못함 때문에 아기에 대한 죄의식을 갖고 있을 수 있다. 그래서 생후 4개월된 아기를 갖고 있는 어머니를 대상으로 모유수유 유무와 어머니의 모성역할 긴장과 모성역할 획득 정도에 차이를 연구하였다. 연구결과 모유수유 유무에 따라 모성역할 획득정도에 차이가 없었으며, 모성역할 긴장에도 차이가 없었다. 또한 남편의 지지와 친척 및 친구의 지지를 공변량으로 처리하여 모유수유 유무에 따라 모성역할 획득정도에 차이를 알아 본 결과 모유수유 유무에 따라 모성역할 획득 정도에 차이가 없었고, 모성역할 긴장 역시 차이가 없었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.488-494
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• 2010

Purpose : A human milk bank collects, processes, eliminates, and stores breast milk from donors and provides breast milk to those in need. The authors hereby present the experiences and the objective lessons obtained through operating a nationwide human milk bank over a period of 2 years. Methods : The characteristics of the donors and the recipients and the amounts of breast milk donated, processed, and received at the East-West Neo Medical Center Human Milk Bank were investigated from August 2007 to August 2009. Results : The donor pool consisted of 131 first-time donors and 39 repeat donors who made 341 and 127 donations, respectively. Seventy-nine percent of the donors resided in the Seoul-Kyunggi area, and 60% of the donors were in their 30s. Most information and motivation came from the Internet (66%) or television (14%). A total of 2,736 L of breast milk was collected, and 1,979 L were processed. The cumulative number of recipients was 160 preterm or full-term infants and 21 adults, each group receiving the breast milk 337 and 41 times, respectively. In total, infants received 1,663 L and adults received 179 L. Conclusion : Through the present study, the role and importance of a human milk bank in collecting, pasteurizing, and storing surplus breast milk in through sanitary, medically proven methods and providing this breast milk to recipients could be appreciated and reevaluated. The authors believe that a national support system is necessary to expand this practice to a nationwide scale.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.772-782
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• 1993

This study was conducted to assess the relationships between maternal dietary intakes and milk contents of minerals and trace elements, and the correlation among levels of these milk constituents. Maternal dietary intakes were measured and milk samples were collected at 2∼5 days, 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks postpartum from 29 lactating women. The results obtained are sumarized as follows: 1) The overall mean nutrient intakes of lactating women in this study were below the recommended allowances and there were extensive individual variations between subjects. 2) Concentrations of minerals and trace elements in matured human milk showed the same range reported from different countries with the exception of calcium, magnesium, manganese and molybdenum which were relatively high. 3) There were no significant relationships between maternal dietary intakes of minerals and the corresponding mineral levels of human milk. In addition, no significant correlations were found between maternal vitamin C intake and the iron contents of milk. These were significant positive correlations between maternal calcium intake and the magnesium level of milk ; between maternal protein intake and the contents of zinc and copper in human milk. Maternal energy intake was negatively correlated with milk sodium level. 4) Pearson correlation coefficient showed positive significant relationships between levels of 17 pairs of various mineral and trace elements : sodium and potassium, iron ; potassium and calcium, phosphors, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese ; calcium and magnesium, iron manganese, molybdenm, nickel ; magnesium and iron, molybdenum ; iron and copper ; nickel and manganese.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.476-487
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the concentration of nutrients in transitional breast milk from Korean lactating mothers and to evaluate daily intakes of their infants based on the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2010 (KDRIs 2010). Methods: Breast milk samples were collected at 5~15 days postpartum from 100 healthy lactating Korean mothers. Macro- and micro-nutrients, and immunoglobulin (Igs) concentrations in breast milk were analyzed. Results: The mean energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate concentrations in breast milk were $59.99{\pm}8.01kcal/dL$, $1.47{\pm}0.27g/dL$, $2.88{\pm}0.89g/dL$, and $6.72{\pm}0.22g/dL$. The mean linoleic acid (LA), a-linolenic acid (ALA), arachidonic acid (AA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations were $181.44{\pm}96.41mg/dL$, $28.15{\pm}8.89mg/dL$, $5.67{\pm}1.86mg/dL$, and $5.74{\pm}2.57mg/dL$. The mean vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_{12}$, and folate concentrations were $2.75{\pm}1.75{\mu}g/dL$, $2.31{\pm}1.12ng/dL$, $0.74{\pm}1.54mg/dL$, $3.02{\pm}1.84mg/dL$, $7.51{\pm}20.96{\mu}g/dL$, $61.78{\pm}26.78{\mu}g/dL$, $63.71{\pm}27.19ng/dL$, and $0.52{\pm}0.26{\mu}g/dL$. The mean concentrations of calcium, iron, potassium, sodium, zinc, and copper were $20.71{\pm}3.34mg/dL$, $0.59{\pm}0.86mg/dL$, $66.71{\pm}10.35mg/dL$, $27.72{\pm}10.16mg/dL$, $0.44{\pm}0.41mg/dL$, and $70.48{\pm}30.41{\mu}g/dL$. The mean IgA and total IgE concentrations were $61.85{\pm}31.97mg/dL$ and $235.00{\pm}93.00IU/dL$. The estimated daily intakes of infants for protein, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_{12}$, iron, potassium, sodium, zinc, and copper were sufficient compared to KDRIs 2010 adjusted by transitory milk intakes. The estimated infants' intakes of energy, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin $B_1$, folate, and calcium did not meet KDRIs 2010 adjusted by transitory milk intakes. Conclusion: In general most estimated nutrient intakes of Korean breast-fed infants in transitory breast milk were sufficient, however some nutrient intakes were not sufficient based on KDRIs 2010. These results warrant conduct of future studies for investigation of important dietary factors associated with nutrients in breast milk to improve the quality of breast milk, which may contribute to understanding nutrition in early life and promoting growth and development of breast-fed infants.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.632-642
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate effect of education for breastfeeding on practice of breastfeeding 171 primiparae (experimental group with education 83 and control group without education 88) who gave birth in hospitals located in Taegu City from October 25, 1999 to December 25, 1999 and planned to breastfeed their children after childbirth. The results of this study were as follows. 1) The experimental group's practice rate of breast-feeding was statistically higher than the control group's at the points of two weeks, four weeks, eight weeks and twelve weeks after childbirth(p<0.05). However, the rate at the points of sixteen weeks and twenty weeks after childbirth was higher in the experimental group than in the control group but there was no significant difference between both groups. 2) The experimental group's discontinuance rate of breast-feeding was lower than the control group's at all the points of two weeks, four weeks, eight weeks, twelve weeks, sixteen weeks and twenty weeks after childbirth, and it was statistically significant(p<0.05). The discontinuance rate of breast-feeding at the point of four weeks after childbirth was the highest in both groups. It accounted for 25.5% in the experimental group and 36.8% in the control group. 3) The reason of which the rate appeared to be the highest among those for discontinuance of breast-feeding was the lack of breast milk. The rate accounted for 65.5% in the experimental group and 50.7% in the control group. In conclusion, the study suggested that the education for encouraging breast-feeding provided to the primiparae after childbirth has an positive effect on the practice of breast-feeding.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.33-46
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• 1994

In Korea, breastfeeding practice has decreased since 1980's. According to the literature review, insufficient milk supply(IMS) is a major reason found by mothers for early termination of breastfeeding practice. Insufficient milk supply syndrome cannot be explained simply. IMS is a complex phenomenon that has never been adequately investigated in Korea. Using the modified IMS conceptual framework by Hill and Humenick(1989), a study was conducted at one well baby clinic located in metropolitan hospital. Approval was obtained from head of nursing service and employees ill the well baby clinic. The study sample was to restricted mothers who initiated breastfeeding and still continuously breastfeeding (n=52) and mothers who initiated breastfeeding but terminated at the time of data collection (n=39). Factor analysis suggested that Potential Determinant factors, maternal psychologic factors were : sociocultural factors, breastfeeding behaviors, breastfeeding frequency, social support, maternal education and prenatal preparation, physical and sibling support, maternal confidence, and maternal physicals which accounted for 71.12% of the variance. Using discriminant analysis those potential determinant factors predicted 72.49% of the cases accurately. These findings of research suggest that the modified IMS model is valid. But additional variables which consider Korea sociocultural factors may need to be included in future studies to determine and develop an IMS model for Korea.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.588-596
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• 2010

Most nutrients taken by pregnant women are secreted into their breast milk. Food contains choline together with betaine, and in human body choline is oxidized to betaine which transfer methyl group. The aim of the study was to estimate the concentrations of choline and betaine in breast milk of Korean lactating women and the choline and betaine intakes of their infants. Total choline, free choline and betaine concentrations in breast milk of some lactating women living in Daejon Metropolitan city were analyzed every month by using HPLC-MS and enzymatic method during the first five months. Total choline concentrations of breast milks were 157.64 mg/L (1.52 mmol/L), 157.83 mg/L (1.52 mmol/L), 165.99 mg/L (1.60 mmol/L), 153.67 mg/L (1.48 mmol/L), 145.05 mg/L (1.39 mmol/L) by month after delivery for five months. The concentrations of total choline and free choline in breast milks were not significantly changed for the five months while the betaine concentrations gradually decreased. Daily intake of total choline of the infants appears to be adequate for the infant's requirement according to the US DRI; 124.6 mg/d, 120.9 mg/d, 126.5 mg/d 104.1 mg/d from 2nd to 5th month after birth. Free choline and betaine intakes of the infants were not significantly changed during the four months except showing decrease in betaine intake per kg body weight. Choline intakes of the infants more correlated with choline concentrations of the breast milks (r = 0.982, p = 0.000) than intake amount of the breast milk (r = 0.414, p = 0.028). These results suggest that the choline intake of Korean breast-fed infants appears to be adequate and the intake could be affected by the choline concentration of the breast milk.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.11
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• pp.1152-1157
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• 2008

Purpose : Since the infant formula milk has been produced in Korea, it has faced a low rate of breast milk feeding, though breast milk feeding is a little increasing. Therefore, the Korean Pediatric Society launched its website for breast-feeding consultation to provide information to the general public and enhance the health of growing infants. The consultation results were analyzed to identify the problems that mothers encounter during breast-feeding. Methods : From August 1, 2004 to July 31, 2007, 1001 mothers who visited the online consultation webpage (www. pediatrics.or.kr) of the Korean Pediatric Society asked 1,021 questions. The questions were divided into 3 major categories and 14 specific categories. Interesting questions asked more than 100 times were retrospectively analyzed. Results : The results for the major categories were as follows: 413 questions (40.3%) were on how to breast-feed, 315 (30.8%) on problems of feeding mothers, and 293 (28.8%) on problems of the fed babies. In the specific categories, 22.2% of the questions were on how to breast-feed. With the increasing number of working couples and working mothers, many questions were asked on the problems of breast-feeding after returning from work. Conclusion : The author expects that analyses of these consultations will contribute to the enhancement of information on the consultation website, thus enabling to provide clearer answers to people's increased interest in and concerns on breast-feeding. Furthermore, this research will help to establish correct breast-feeding practice.