• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2009

Background: Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is characterized by a proliferation of Langerhans cells and this results in granulomas that involve multiple organs of the body. Because the incidence of PLCH is very low in Korea and worldwide, collecting the clinical data of patients with PLCH nationwide is needed to determine the clinical features of Korean patients with PLCH. Methods: The patients with PLCH confirmed by biopsy at any body site were included and the patients should have lung lesions present. A questionnaire that had items on the symptoms, lung function tests, the roentgenographic findings and the treatment was collected retrospectively at a Korean ILD Research Meeting. Results: A total of 56 cases were collected. The number of males and females was 48 and 8, respectively, and their median age was 43 years (range: 18-67 years). The patients were current or ex-smokers in 79% of the cases. The most frequent symptom was coughing (39%), followed in decreasing order by dyspnea (38%), sputum (20%) and chest pain (20%). Pneumothorax was observed in 16 (29%) patients. Lung function tests showed a normal, restrictive, mixed or obstructive pattern in 26 (61%), 7 (16%), 7 (16%) and 3 patients (7%), respectively. Nodular-cystic lesion was most frequently observed in 59% of the patients on HRCT. The lung lesions were located in the middle and upper lobes in almost the cases. The median follow-up period was 90 months (range: 1-180 months) and only two patients died during this period. Conclusion: This study provides a national survey of the patients with PLCH during a long follow-up period.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2006

Objective: Our purpose was to investigate the relationship between the levels of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ in the peritoneal fluid of women with and without endometriosis and infertile women. Methods: This study is prospective and case-control study in University hospital, enrolled thirty-four women with laparoscopic findings of minimal to severe endometriosis, and thirty-seven women with no visual evidence of pelvic endometriosis and with benign gynecologic disease. IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ levels in peritoneal fluid were determined using commercial ELISA. IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ concentrations were compared among women with and without endometriosis, and with infertile and fertile women, and then also compared according the revised American Fertility Society classification. Results: IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ concentrations were higher than in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis than in matched normal controls. Cyclic variations in IL-6 concentrations were seen in peritoneal fluid from patients with endometriosis: the concentrations in the secretory phase were significantly higher than those in the proliferative phase. The concentrations were higher than among of infertile women than in fertile women. A significant correlation between IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ concentrations and endometriosis stage III and IV was noted. Conclusion: Increased levels of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ in patients with endometriosis in the peritoneal fluid may be relate to the pathogenesis of endometriosis suggesting that partially contribute to the disturbed immune regulation observed in patients with endometriosis.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.37.3-38
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• 2017

우리나라의 천문 관측의 기록의 역사는 삼국시대 이전 선사시대까지 거슬러 올라간다. 선사시대에는 천문 현상을 바위나 건축 유물에 기록을 남기고 역사를 기록하기 시작한 이후에는 일반 역사 기록 속에 항상 함께 기록하고 있다. 특히 동양은 역사기록 자체가 인간이 남긴 자취뿐만 아니라 하늘과 땅에 일어나는 다양한 자연 현상도 함께 동시에 남겼다. 고대로부터 인간은 하늘과 땅과 항상 유기적인 관계를 갖는다고 믿었기 때문이다. 우리나라는 정사로서 가장 오래된 역사 기록인 삼국사기와 삼국유사에 일식, 혜성 출현, 별똥과 유성우, 달과 행성 운행, 초신성 관측 등 250회 이상의 천문 기록이 나타나며 대부분 실제로 일어났던 사실을 그대로 기록하고 있다. 그 후 고려사와 조선왕조실록에는 이루 헤아릴 수 없을 정도로 많은 천문 기록을 남기고 있다. 이러한 천문 기록뿐만 아니라 일찍부터 중국으로부터 역법을 도입하여 천체 운행을 이용하여 우리 생활에 필요한 시각법을 사용하고 달력을 제작하였다. 특히 달과 태양의 운행 원리를 파악하여 일식과 월식을 직접 추산하였다. 역법의 운용은 천체 운행의 원리를 이해하고 수학을 발전시키는데 큰 역할을 하였다. 이러한 천문 관측과 정확한 시각 체계를 유지하고 정밀한 역법을 사용하기 위해서는 끊임없이 천체를 정밀하게 관측할 필요성이 있다. 이를 위해 다양한 천문 관측기기를 개발하고 제작하였다. 천문 의기는 천체의 위치를 측정하고 천체의 운행을 이용하여 시각 체계를 유지 관리를 위해 필수불가결한 기기이다. 우리나라 천문학 발달의 네 가지 축인 천문(天文), 역법(曆法), 의상(儀象), 구루(晷漏)등은 조선 초기 세종시대 완성을 보게 되었다. 이는 단일 왕조가 이룬 업적으로 다른 문화권에서 볼 수 없을 정도의 우수한 과학 기술의 유산이다. 특히 칠정산내편과 외편의 완성은 중국의 역법에서 벗어나 독자적인 역법을 완성하려는 시도였다. 이 모든 것은 당시 이를 주도하던 세종대왕의 지도력과 천문학과 수학에 뛰어난 천문학자가 이룩한 업적이다. 그 후 조선 중기로 접어들면서 쇠퇴하다가 임진왜란과 병자호란을 겪으면서 거의 모든 과학기술의 유산이 파괴되거나 유실되었다. 조선 현종 이후에 세종시대의 유산을 복원하려는 노력 중에 중국을 통하여 서양의 천문학을 도입하게 되었다. 중국에 들어와 있던 서양 선교사들이 주도하여 중국의 역법 체계를 바꾸었다. 즉, 일식과 월식의 예측력이 뛰어난 시헌력을 만들어 사용하기 시작했다. 시헌력에는 서양의 대수학과 기하학을 이용한 다양한 수학적 기법이 사용되었다. 조선 후기에 이 시헌력을 익히기 위한 노력을 하는 과정에서 서양의 수학과 기하학을 접하게 되고 새로운 우주 체계를 도입하게 되었다. 특히 서양의 천문도와 지도 제작에 기하학의 투사법이 사용되어 복잡한 대수학적 계산을 단순화시켜 활용하였다. 조선 후기에 전문 수학자뿐만 아니라 많은 유학자들도 서양의 수학과 기하학에 깊은 관심을 갖고 연구하였다. 고천문학 전체를 조망해 볼 때 핵심은 현대의 천체물리학이 아니라 위치천문학이다. 따라서 고천문학을 연구하는데 필수적인 요소가 지구의 자전과 공전 운동에 의해서 일어나는 현상과 세차운동에 의한 효과를 정확하게 이해하고 있어야 한다. 그중에서도 구면천문학과 천체역학에 대한 원리를 알고 있는 상태에서 접근해야 한다. 고천문학의 중심인 천문(天文), 역법(曆法), 의상(儀象), 구루(晷漏) 등의 내용은 이러한 위치천문학이 그 기본 골격을 이루고 있다. 예를 들어 고려사의 천문 현상을 모아 놓은 천문지(天文志)와 일식과 월식 계산 원리가 들어있는 역지(曆志)를 연구하기 위해서는 위치천문학의 기본 개념 없이는 연구하는데 한계가 있다. 인문학을 전공하는 학자가 고천문을 연구하는데 가장 큰 걸림돌이 되는 점이 위치 천문학의 기본 개념 없이 접근하는 것이다. 심지어 조선시대 유학자들조차 저술한 많은 천문 관련 기록을 보면 상당부분 천체 운행 원리를 모르고 혼란스럽게 기록된 내용이 적지 않다. 우리나라 수학사를 연구할 경우 방정식 해법, 보간법, 삼각법, 일반 기하 원리에 대한 것을 연구하는데 큰 문제가 없다. 그러나 천문 현상이나 천문 의기 제작에 사용되는 수학은 천문 현상에 대한 원리를 모르면 접근하기 어렵게 된다. 수학사를 하더라고 기본적인 위치 천문학의 기본개념을 이해하고 있어야 폭 넓은 수학사 연구에 성과를 거둘 수 있다. 의외로 천문 현상 추산을 위해 사용되는 수학이나 기하학 원리가 수학사 연구에 중요한 요소가 된다. 더구나 한문으로 기록된 천문 내용을 한문 해독이 능숙한 학자라 하더라도 내용을 모르고 번역하면 도무지 무슨 내용인지 알아볼 수 없는 경우가 많다. 그래서 한문으로 된 천문 현상 기록이나 역법 관련 기록의 번역 내용 중에 많은 오역을 발견하게 된다. 문제는 한번 오역을 해 놓으면 몇 십 년이고 그대로 그 내용을 무비판적으로 인용하게 되고 사실로서 인정하는 오류를 범하게 된다. 이 때문에 우리 선조들이 남긴 고천문 관련 기록에 관한 이해는 우리 현대 천문학자의 역할이 대단히 크다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2000

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the association between H. pylori infection and socioeconomic status and to determine the current prevalence of H. pylori infection in Korean adolescents. Methods: A structured questionnaire was sent to the children's parents to obtain demographic information on the parents and environmental information. Of the 532 questionnaires sent out, 375 (70.5%; 170 girls and 205 boys) were returned. Their ages ranged from 10 to 15 years (mean, 12.9 years). After collecting blood samples, we measured serum IgG antibody to H. pylori using ELISA method. The association of risk factors such as age, sex, socioeconomic class, type of house, and crowding index with H. pylori infection were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. Socioeconomic status was estimated from the parents' education and occupation using a modified Hollingshead index. Results: The prevalence rate of H. pylori infection was 16.8% (63/375). It increased with age (10.3% at 10~11 years, 15.9% at 12~13 years, and 20.7% at 14~15 years). The H. pylori infection was inversely related to the socioeconomic class (6.3% for the upper class, 16.0% for the middle class, and 20.0% for the lower calss). Crowding condition and type of house did not affect significantly on seroprevalence of H. pylori infection. After logistic regression, we found that the odds ratio for age was 2.2 (95% confidence interval 0.9~5.4), and for socioeconomic status, 3.6 (95% confidence interval 0.5~28.9). Conclusion: The prevalence of H. pylori infection in Korean adolescents was 16.8%. It related inversely to socioeconomic status but was not statistically significant. Socioeconomic status based on parents' education and occupation seemed to affect more on H. pylori seroprevalence than crowding or type of house did.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.157-171
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• 2008

The year of 2007 Reformed Curriculum encourages various activity materials in the textbook facilitate students oriented self-help learning. The purpose of this paper is to find out how much the activity materials in housing area of middle school Technology and Home Economics are practiced in the class and why they are used or not used. The data were collected from 253 middle school teachers who had ever taught the housing unit in any of 6 textbooks. The analyses indicated that the most frequent teaching methode was lecture based on the textbook and internet data focused on the figures and contents of the individual textbook. The average rate of practicing the activity materials was differ by textbooks and the characteristics of the materials such as type of materials, feature of non sentence materials, and type of activity. The main two reasons to practice the activity materials were it's adequacy to class goals and application to everyday life. Low interests of students and shortage of time were the two main reasons why not used the materials. Textbook writers should consider these reasons as well as the characteristics of activity materials practiced in the class by the teachers in order to meet the goals of the reformed as well as current curricula.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1159-1170
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• 2000

It is necessary to improve the ambient air quality through the proper treatment and control of pollutants by designating air pollutants to regulatory ones. Especially, human took a concern for particulate matters which raised visibility reduction, public health effects and injury of property for urban areas. In order to reduce the effect of particulate matters, we need to establish proper control strategies based on the concentration characteristics of particulate matters. In this study. to evaluate the characteristics of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$. thirty-eight samples of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were collected at Nam-Gu sampling site where continuous air monitoring system has been operated, from May, 1999 to November, 1999, and their concentrations for the mass and anion components($Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$) were analyzed. The important conclusions obtained in this study were as followings. Total average mass concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were 35.016 and $50.293{\mu}g/m^3$ respectively. and $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio was calculated 0.692. Total average concentrations of anion components in $PM_{2.5}$ were $1.581(Cl^-)$, $3.690(NO_3{^-})$ and $12.825(SO_4{^{2-}}){\mu}g/m^3$ and those in $PM_{10}$ were $2.471(Cl^-)$, $5.819(NO_3{^-})$ and $14.414(SO_4{^{2-}}){\mu}g/m^3$ respectively. From the correlations analysis. the correlation coefficient between mass concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ was calculated as 0.945. The correlation coefficients between $PM_{2.5}$ and anion components were analyzed as $Cl^-$(0.025), $NO_3{^-}$(0.788) and $SO_4{^{2-}}$(0.500) respectively, and the correlation coefficients between $PM_{10}$ and anion components were analyzed as $Cl^-$(-0.019), $NO_3{^-}$(0.806) and $SO_4{^{2-}}$)(0.535) respectively.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.144
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• pp.319-338
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• 2017

Nowadays, the attention of integrity increases in ethics by concerning about the self and reviving the virtue ethic. It's terminology is diverse because integrity is understood and translated in various dimensions. I am trying to translate integrity into self-integration. Firstly, the reason why is to bring the Latin language of integrity. The Latin language of integrity means an undivided and broken completeness or totality with nothing wanting. Secondly, This is the reason why it is related with the morally good life. This integrity is not an integration as a stream of consciousness and a substantial self identity given from an ancient Greek. I resolve a self integration through the unity of a narrative of MacIntyre. MacIntyre's point is like this. Integrity is connected with the unity of character which a self is embedded in character. The unity of character presupposes a self identity, ultimately the integrity of narrative requires the unity of character. But like a beginning and middle and end of a narrative, he says that the concept of self is based on the its unity in the narrative uniting birth and middle and death. This is in the course of life being his/her history and narrative because a self has a sustainability of time embedded in a life from birth to end. That self exists as a subject making its narrative shows being responsible for and responsible for experience and action constructing this narrative. This shows the relation with narrative and temporality. The self of present is talking about the self of past and brings the problem of responsibility by narrating the self of future. Then, who are those person who live life of their integrity. We can talk that comfort women live life of their integrity. Comfort women realized their integrity by narrating and become subject of their history.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2020

The aim of this thesis is to investigate exhibition spaces which are being expanded and transformed concurrently with social phenomena that are also the result of rapid changes, all of which are reflective of a modern society in transition. Such investigation would also include an analysis of changes in the viewing public and artworks themselves, and also an assessment of the public nature of art and its effective aspects. Expansion of exhibition spaces and the increasing connection between art and the public have very important ramifications, in many respects. They present opportunities for the viewing public to immerse themselves in artistic spaces, with some reaching further into other activities - activities that they often share with other individuals. This also leads them to expand their range of activities, turning them into more mobile, proactive audiences. In connection, many corporations have turned their attention to this public aspect of art, which has resulted in a display of art in different types of spaces. The government also began to adopt 'public art' as a matter of policy, using it as a medium of communication between the state and its populace. The public aspect of art, being highlighted as a result of expansion and diversification of exhibition spaces, will have a significant impact not only on the viewing public, but also on the art market. This represents a momentous change for creators of art, which naturally warrants close scrutiny and research.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.115-145
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• 2023

The 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (hereafter referred to as "the 20th National Congress") was under the global spotlight long before it was held for seven days from 16 to 22 October 2022. People wondered whether Xi Jinping would secure a third term as China's leader or whether he would lay the foundations to be in power forever during the third term. In Korea, the press and media questioned whether the event would become the "crowning of Emperor Xi (Xi Huangdi)," whose power rivaled that of the first emperor in China, Shi Hunagdi, and featured the scene where Hu Jintao was forced to leave the venue during the Congress. On the other hand, many Korean academics focused more on how Xi would organize the Politburo and its Standing Committee and whether the outline of his heirs would appear during the event. This tendency in academia in turn worsened the media's concerns. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the 20th National Congress Report, as opposed to an analysis of Xi's political intentions at the event. The National Congress Report outlines the Party's visions, goals, and strategies for the next five years in politics, economy, society, culture, foreign affairs, and relationship with Taiwan. The authoritative document is rich in narrative and logic and deserves academic study. This research analyzes the 18th, 19th, and 20th Reports by identifying their keywords and regular expressions and checking their frequency and percentage through text-mining methods. This approach enables the quantification and visualization of the significant changes in the Party's sovereign vision over the fifteen years of Xi's rule from 2013 to 2027.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.95-110
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• 2011

As global economic conditions are getting uneasy and polarization of our economy is intensified, the economic sentiment of small businesses is still low and unstable. The collapse of worldwide banking systems due to sub prime crisis in 2007 became the catalyst that shakes financial industries in each country in the world; the most sentiment people, small businesspersons, also have hard time facing survival way out, facing a great crisis. All organizing powers including manufactures, wholesales and retails are being gradually greater in mutual relations and dependence, and unstable factors about risks are also increasing. For exterior environmental and physical risk factors which cannot make small businesses survive themselves by developing ways out are eventually increasing, those who cannot cope with these factors face a great crisis. Although the government tries hard to overcome this situation conducting many ways, the effect does not continue. It is the real state that independent business markets including overall employment and establishing business have vicious cycle that they cannot be improved, due to increase of employment centered on short-term labors which lack durability in creation of employment and decline of household income. Recently, growth shows indication of slowdown because of multinational risk factors including financial crisis in each country in Europe, the death of Kim Jung-il, relationship with North Korea, and unstability of war situation in the Middle East Asia. Experts expect that growth rate will be about 4%, and independent business that ordinary people feel is still gloomy. It's reality that there is no adequate alternative for lack of jobs, unstable employment and a means of living after retirement. Also, the fact that large companies enter the market which is narrow and in the excessive competition should be an environmental factor that makes the situation worse. The business concept, a franchise, is the part we should think about whether it is the institutional solution that can guarantee independent businessmen stable life. Major companies are frightfully entering the market today, breaking the barrier to entry and shouting of a win-win with independent businesses. It's the small businesspersons who go through painful domestic recession, cannot predict the future and manage confusing and unstable independent business. It's very important to restore the domestic economy through wisely boosting consumption as soon as possible. It's also important to lead the situation by gathering powers of the government and related organizations, agonizing, suggesting solutions, and establishing accurate directions. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to suggest ways to strengthen competitiveness of small businesspersons by examining small business support policies which are currently implemented.