• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.77-81
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• 2007

The spherical lens is typically classified by the refractive power into two groups such as (+) diopter lens and (-) diopter lens. The deformation occurred by the external force that is applied to a lens is caused by the increase or the decrease in the diopter of a lens. In this paper, the deformation of the lens was quantitatively measured by using ESPI (Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry) which have been used in the optical measurement field for past few years. ESPI has an advantage that the deformation of an object can be measured precisely by using coherence of the light. The experiment was carried out to the totally 16 types of plastic lens. It was confirmed that the deformation was decreased by increasing the diopter of the lens when same displacement was applied to the lens in case of (+) diopter lens and was increased by decreasing the diopter of the lens in case of (-) diopter lens. Also, it was found that the deformation of (+) diopter lens is less than that of (-) diopter lens. Therefore, with these results, it is expected that the possibility of the quantitative measurement for variation of the optical defect caused by the deformation of a lens when the deformation is occurred to the various types of the lens can be presented and that the application in the lens industrial field can be performed.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.983-989
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• 2017

This paper presents the bearing strength for laminates in advanced composite materials in bolted joints. Bolted single lap joint tests were experimentally investigated with respect to stabilized and unstabilized lap joints. Stabilized bolted single lap joints refer to joints with out-of-plane rotational constraints. Unstabilized bolted single lap joints refer to joints with absence of out-of-plane deflection constraints. The bearing strength values of laminates in the bolted joint showed that the percentages of ply angle for 0, 45, -45, and 90 degrees were not affected. The bearing strength value in the unstabilized bolted joint was smaller than the bearing strength value in the stabilized bolted joint because of the influence of the out-of-plane behavior. The composite material studied in this paper is a carbon/epoxy unidirectional (UD) tape prepreg cured at $177^{\circ}C(350^{\circ}F)$. In the laminate reference system, the standard angles of 0, 45, -45, and 90 degrees were used for ply orientation within the laminate. A total of 112 bolted single lap joint tests were conducted on specimens from eight distinct laminates. The ASTM-D-5961M standards were adhered to for the stabilized and unstabilized bolted single lap joint tests.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.641-652
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• 2007

In this paper, a half-scaled substructure test was performed to evaluate the buckling and structural safety of an existing transmission tower subjected to wind load. A loading scheme was devised to reproduce the dead and wind loads of a prototype transmission tower, which uses a triangular jig that is mounted on the reduced model to which the similarity law of a half length was applied. As a result of the preliminary numerical analysis carried out to evaluate the stability of a specimen for the design load, is was confirmed that the calculated axial forces of tower leg members were distributed to $80{\sim}90%$ of an admissible buckling load. When the substructured transmission tower was loaded by 270% of its maximum admissible buckling load, it was failed due to the local buckling that is occurred in joints with weak constraints for out-of-plane behavior of leg members. By inspection of load-displacement curves, displacements and strains of members, it is considered that this local buckling was due to additional eccentric force by unbalanced deformation because the time that is reached to yielding stress due to the bending moment is different at each point of a same section.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.189-196
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• 2009

This paper presents the subparametric finite element model formulated by partial-linear layerwise theory for the analysis of laminate composites. The proposed model is based on refined approximations of two dimensional plane for orthotropic thick laminate plate as well as thin case. Three dimensional problem can be reduced to two dimensional case by assuming piecewise linear variation of in-plane displacement and a constant value of out-of-plane displacement across the thickness. The integrals of Legendre polynomials are chosen to define displacement fields and Gauss-Lobatto numerical integration is implemented in order to directly obtain maximum values occurred at the nodal points of each layer without other extrapolation techniques. The validity and characteristics of the proposed model have been tested by using orthotropic multilayered plate problem as compared to the values available in the published references. In this study, the convergence test has been carried out to determine the optimal layer model in terms of central deflection and stresses. Also, the distribution of displacements and stresses across the thickness has been investigated as the number of layer is increased.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.349-359
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• 2006

This paper presents a new block stiffness matrix for the analysis an orthogonal Cartesian coordinate system. The displacement fields are defined using the first order shear deformable beam theory. The longitudinal displacement can be expressed as the sum of the projected plane deformation of the cross-section due to Timoshenko's beam theory and axial warping deformation due to modified Vlasov's thin-waled beam theory. The derived element takes into account flexural shear deformation and torsional warping deformation. Three different types of beam elements, namely, the two-noded, three-noded, and four-noded beam elements, are developed. The quadratic and cubic elements are found to be very efficient for the flexural analysis of laminated composite beams. The versatility and accuracy of the new element are demonstrated by comparing the numerical results available in the literature.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.5-14
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• 1987

연속체의 해석에 있어서, 특별한 경우를 제외하고는, 구조물의 개략적인 거동을 파악해야 될 경우가 종종 있다. 이러한 요구에 부응하기 위해서 강체요소법(Rigid Element Method)이라 불리우는 새로운 해석법이 개발되었다. 강체요소법은 원래 평정연구실에서 벽식프리캐스트 철근콘크리트 구조물의 탄소성해석을 하기 위해서 개발된 해석법에 착안하여, 내수벽과 같은 연속체에 적용함으로서 시작된 수치해석법이다. 그 후 저자들은 도통쉘, 구형쉘 혹은 이들이 조합된 쉘구조물에 적용할 수 있도록 개발 확장하였다. 강체요소법의 기본개념은 연속체의 분해된 각 요소를 강체(rigid body)라고 가정하고, 각 요소들은 요소의 강성으로 치환된 가상스프링으로 서로 연결되어 있다고 가정하여, 이 가상스프링의 거동을 평가함으로서 전체구조물의 거동을 파악하는 해석법이다. 이때 요소의 주변에 취해진 스프링은 해석을 단순화하기 위해서 축력, 면내전단력 및 면외전단력만을 전달한다고 가정하고, 요소의 강체변위(자유도)는 요소내의 임의의 한 점에서 취하며, 이 점에서의 강체변위(rigid displacements)는 요소의 주변에 취해진 스프링을 통하여 다른 요소로 전달된다. 상기와 같은 강체요소법의 개념을 연속체의 탄성 및 탄소성해석에 적용하면, 해석적 개념이 단순할 뿐만 아니라 구조물 전체의 자유도수를 대폭 줄여 컴퓨터 계산시간을 절약할 수 있는 잇점이 있고, 거시적인 모델(macroscopic modeling)과 미시적인 모델 (microscopic modeling)의 중간적인 성격을 가지기 때문에 구조물의 파괴상황에 대해서도 그 개략을 파악할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 강체요소법을 보다 일반화된 해석법으로 개발, 확장하기 위해서 종전에 단층스프링시스템(single-layer spring system)으로 해석이 어려웠던 문제점들을 보완한 복층프링시스템(double-layer spring system)을 사용함으로서 휨, 비틀림의 효과를 파악할 수 있는 이론적 개념을 적용한 새로운 구요소, 원통요소 및 평면요소를 개발하고, 이러한 강체요소들의 적합매트릭스의 유도 및 해석저긴 방법을 정식화하였다. 또 휨, 비틀림 및 전단력의 효과를 고려한 사각형원통요소 및 능형원 통요소를 이용하여 원통쉘의 탄성 및 탄소성해석할 수 있는 프로그램을 개발하고, 이 프로그램으로 캔틸레버로된 연속형철근콘크리트 원통쉘의 탄성 및 탄소성해석에 적용하여 구조물의 거동에 관한 수치해석의 결과, 즉 내력의 분포, 균열의 진전, 파괴의 상황 및 변형의 상태 등을 파악해 보았다.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2017

The electronic components in mobile device are composed of electronic chips and various other materials. These components become extremely thin and the constituent materials have different coefficient of thermal expansion, so that considerable warpages occurs easily due to temperature change or external load. Shadow $moir{\acute{e}}$ is non-contact, whole field technique for measuring out-of-plane displacement, but the measurement sensitivity is not less than $50{\mu}m/fringe$, which is not suitable for measuring the warpage of the electronic components. In this paper, we implemented a measurement method with enhanced sensitivity of $25{\mu}m/fringe$ by investigating and optimizing various experimental conditions of the shadow $moir{\acute{e}}$. In addition, four $moir{\acute{e}}$ fringe patterns recorded by the phase shift are processes to obtain a $moir{\acute{e}}$ fringe patterns with a sensitivity four times higher. The measurement technique is applied to small electronic components of a smart phone for measuring warpage with a high sensitivity of $5{\mu}m/fringe$ at room temperature and at the temperature of $100^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.40-46
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• 2003

In this research, we accomplished the interpreting about the vibration of the object, which is the out of plane displacement in the Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry(ESPI), one of the optical measuring technique. The vibrating object has a inherent nodal line, therefore we can get the information about the vibration of the object by interpreting it. we used a speaker and a cantilever plate for a measurement object, and interpreted it qualitatively by using the Time-Average ESPI. In this experimental result, the speaker has the lower mode of fringe at 550Hz, 570mV, and the higher mode of fringe at 950Hz, 570mV This ESPI is a non-destructive test, and because of using the laser at measuring, it has a high resolution. The ESPI can test vibration mode regardless of the test object size, because the area which illuminated laser is the test area.

• 어항어장
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• s.2
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• pp.86-127
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• 1988

버트리스 푸팅 케슨(Buttress footing caisson) 및 상형 푸팅 케슨의 역학특성을 해명하고 구조설계법을 검토할 목적으로 재하실험을 실시했다. 재하실험에는 배근의 제약등을 고려해서 실구조물의 1/4정도의 대형모형공시체를 사용해서 푸팅부를 중심으로 해석하기위해 푸팅에 선분포하중을 재하했다. 유한요소법에 따른 선형구조해석을 실시하여 변위, 단면력과 한계상황설계법에서의 산정식에서 얻어진 단면내력과를 비교하여 동설계법의 케슨구조물에 대한 적용성에 관하여 고찰했다. 이 보고로써 얻어진 주요한 결론은 아래와 같다. (1) 재하실험에 의하면 버트리스 푸팅공시체의 파괴형식은 버트리스부의 철근에 연한 부착할열파괴였다. 또 상형푸팅공시체에서는 푸팅부의 내면전단파괴였다. 양구조물을 설계할 때는 종래의 면외력만의 검토뿐아니라 면내력도 적절히 평가할 필요가 있다. (2) 양공시체 함께 푸팅 케슨본체와의 접합부 및 푸팅과 상자옆쪽의 벽과의 접합부에 변형이 일어나 종래의 판구조설계에서 가정하고 있는 판주변의 고정조건이 만족되지 않았다. 따라서 케슨구조물의 구조해석에서 구조전체계를 취급할 필요가 있고 부재단위에서는 단면력을 과대 또는 과소로 산정할 우려가 있다. (3) 철근강복시정도까지는 구조전체계를 모델화한 유한요소법에 의한 선형구조해석결과와 실험결과가 잘 일치했다. (4) 한계상태설계법에서의 굽음내력, 전단내력 및 구열폭의 산정식은 실험결과와 비교해서 어느쪽이나 안전측의 치를 부여했다.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.60-65
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• 2004

Kim et al. described and compared other methods of measuring stress triaxiality using the displacements near the side necking, proved the validities of these models and explored the effect of location where the displacements are measured using three-dimensional finite element analysis for a standard CT specimen with 20% side-grooves. In this paper, the applicability of these models to various specimen and materials are examined in detail. To consider the effects of side groove, thickness of specimen, crack length, specimen geometry and strain hardening exponents, three-dimensional finite element simulation has been performed for various specimen geometries. For a case without a side groove, in the whole the difference between the stress triaxilaity analytically evaluated and directly determined is similar. For a case with a 20% side groove the stress triaxiality is measured at the area where ${\theta}$ is smaller than $60^{\circ}$, which excludes a side grooved area.