• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.137-144
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• 1990

To examine effects on complement and reticuloendothelial system, alkali extract was isolated from cultured mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum IY107. It was shown to strongly activate both classical and alternative pathways of complement as compared with krestin. Activated complement C3, 3rd peak, was observed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. It was also shown to activate reticuloendotherial system of ICR mice in the carbon clearance test and to increase hemolytic plaque forming cells of the spleen. Carbohydrate and protein contents of the alkali extract were 10% and 49%, respectively. The carbohydrate consisted of four monosaccharides and the protein contained 16 amino acids.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.431-437
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• 2016

Macrophages play a pivotal role in the innate and adaptive immune systems. This study investigated the immuno-modulatory activities of polysaccharides separated from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZPS) in macrophages. Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum were extracted by the ethanol precipitation method. RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line was treated with CZPS (4 to $128{\mu}g/mL$), and there was no cytotoxicity at a dose below $32{\mu}g/mL$. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-$1{\beta}$) production in the CZPS treated group ($32{\mu}g/mL$) were $6.5{\pm}0.12{\mu}m$ (NO), $1252.8{\pm}79.85$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), $305.4{\pm}29.41$ (IL-6), and $683.3{\pm}59.71$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), respectively, and they were significantly increased when compared to the control group; $2.2{\pm}0.03{\mu}m$ (NO), $452.3{\pm}38.34$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), $31.7{\pm}5.75$ (IL-6), and $184.1{\pm}11.52$ (IL-$1{\beta}$). Additionally, protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and phosphorylation of MAPKs and NF-${\kappa}B$ expression were significantly increased upon CZPS treatment. Therefore, these results indicated that polysaccharides separated from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZPS) may have a potential immunomodulatory activity in macrophages through MAPKs and NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling, and this information is useful for the development of immune enhancing adjuvant materials using a natural ingredient.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.837-842
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• 1995

Hot red pepper(Capsicum annum L.) has been extensively used as a spicy food additive and preservative in Korea. In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary hot red pepper powder on humoral immune response in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups and fed experimental diets containing 0, 2, 5, 10% hot red pepper powder for 27 days. All groups were immunized with sheep red blood cells. In order to measure the immune response, plaque-forming cell number, agglutination titer, and serum antibody level were measured. Tissue ascorbic acid contents were also determined by high-performance liquid chromatogrphy. There was an increased plaque-forming cell number, agglutination titer, and serum IgG level in the groups supplemented with hot red pepper powder as compared to control. Tissure ascorbic acid contents in the hot pepper powder supplemented group were higher than those of control. The results suggest that the dietary hot red pepper powder enhances humoral immune response in rats, indicating that the hot pepper contains biological response modifier.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.9
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• pp.1513-1517
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• 2013

This study examined the immunomodulatory activities of apple seed extracts (ASE). The immunomodulatory effects were estimated through nitric oxide production, cytokine induction, protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the phosphylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and inhibitory kappa $B{\alpha}$ ($I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$) in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. In the cytotoxicity asay, ASE (31 to $250{\mu}g/mL$) did not induce cytotoxicity; thus, the optimal concentration of ASE was confirmed to be less than $250{\mu}g/mL$. Nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-6) production significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, the protein expression of iNOS and the phosphorylation of MAPKs and $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ were also increased by ASE treatment. Overall, our results suggest that extracts from apple seeds potentially have immunomodulatory activities on macrophages.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2024

This studied the immune-enhancing activity properties of water extracts from the leaves, branches, and fruit of 13 species (Rhamnaceae) collected during the bearing season (Berchemia berchemiifolia, B. floribunda, Hovenia dulcis, Paliurus ramosissimus, Rhamnella franguloides, Rhamnus crenata, R. davurica, R. koraiensis, R. parvifolia, R. ussuriensis, R. yoshinoi, Sageretia thea, and Ziziphus jujube). Immune-enhancing activity were studied using the nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells. Extracts of B. berchemiifolia, H. dulcis, R. franguloides, R. crenata, R. davurica, R. ussuriensis and S. thea showed strong immune-enhancing activity through NO production. In addition, the expression of immune enhancement-related cytokine genes (NOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) were confirmed through PCR-electrophoresis. The results of this study suggest that Rhamnaceae extracts can be used as natural antioxidants and immune enhancer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.232-232
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• 1994

인삼이 면역계 질환의 일종인 과민성 반응에 대한 치료약으로서의 가능성을 연구하기 위해서 in viva와 in vitra실험을 수행하였다. in vitra실험으로서는 hyaluronidase의 활성을 지표로 삼았으며, in viva실험에서는 mouse이각, rat등피부, 복강 비만세포, 그리고 guinea pig의 ileum에서 면역반응에 대한 아답타겐의 작용을 관찰하였다. in uitra 실험에서는 hyaluronidase와 histamine 분비를 항알레르기 작용의 지표로 사용하였다. hyaluronidase의 경우 그 활성은 Cacl2로 활성화 시키기 전이나 후에 모두 아답타겐(100, 50, 및 10 mg/ml)에 의해서 현저하게 억제되었다. 한편 rat 복강 비만 세포에서의 histamine유리 시험에서는 아답타겐(0.5, 1, 5mg/ml)이 histamine유리가 증가되었다. Guinea pig의 ileum 평활근에서는 아답타겐이 평활근 자극 작용없이 항히스타민 효과률 나타내었다. in uiua 실험의 첫 단계로 우리는 혈관 투과성에 미치는 아답타겐의 효과를 mouse 이각과 rat 등피부에서 관찰하였다. Mouse이각에서의 실험에서는 hoistamine, serotonin, 그리고 LTC4로 challenge하여 관찰한 결과 histamine과 serotonin의 경우, 혈관투과성 항진은 아답타겐(50-400mg/m1)에 의해서 유의성있게 억제되었으나, rat 등 피부에서는 mouse에서와는 달리 48-hr PCA가 증가 되었고, histamine에 의한 혈관투과성 항진은 아답타겐에 의해 영향을 받지 않았다. 반면에 compound 48/80과 serotonin에 의한 혈관투과성 항진은 mouse 의 경우에서처럼 아답타겐에 의해 억제되었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.87-91
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• 2006

Polysaccharides extracted from mushroom have been most commonly used to enhance the immune system. Also polysaccharides maintaining the moisture extent on epidermal tissue have an effect on the removal of necrotic tissue and the restoration of epidermal tissue through enhancing the immune system at skin layers. In this work, polysaccharides were from Schizophyllum commune studied about the burn and wound healing activity in the epidermal tissue on rats through in vivo experiment and hematological values. And antibacterial activities were examined using pathogenic microorganisms causing the secondary inflammation.

• Monthly Duck's Village
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• s.68
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• pp.48-56
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• 2009

현대와 같이 산업사회로 발달되기 이전의 자연생태계는 행복하였다. 청정한 태양 빛 아래 맑은 공기, 물, 흙과 나무가 어우러진 자연의 환경에서 엄연한 먹이사슬질서 속에서 살아 왔었는데, 인구증가와 산업사회로 발전하면서 대량수요가 요구되면서 그들은 점차 행복한 삶의 터전이 없어지고, 강제로 억제시킨 극도의 열악한 집단사육환경에 적응하면서 살아갈 수밖에 없게 되면서 먹이사슬에서 부작용과 역기능이 발생되기 시작하였다. 집단사육장환경을 획기적으로 개선해야 된다. 태양빛이 완전 차단되고 밀폐된 공간에서 집단사육시키고 있는 닭, 오리, 돼지가 정상적으로 생장할 수 있도록 적어도 자연환경에 가까운 밝고 청정한 환경으로 개선시켜야 된다. 사육동물들이 정상적으로 생장할 수 있도록 자연환경과 버금가는 생태환경으로 개선시켜 주어야만 오리들이 건강하게 성장하고 면역력이 증강되어 조류인플루엔자와 같이 원인불명의 질병에 감염되지 않을 것이다. 현실적으로 모든 실내 생태계의 성장을 활성화시키면서 면역력을 증강시킬 수 있는 생명에너지 빛(Bioenergetic Rays)을 방사하는 차세대 조명기술로 집단사육장의 실내를 획기적으로 밝게 하고, 실내의 탁한 공기가 신선한 외부공기로 충분히 순환이 될 수 있도록 반 밀폐구조로 개조해야 한다. 그리고 한 마리 당 활동공간을 넓혀 주어야 한다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1076-1080
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• 2018

Carrageenan (CGN) has been used as a safe food additive for several decades. CGN has also been widely used to induce inflammation in various animal models. Likewise, degraded CGN (dCGN), which is produced by subjecting CGN to acid hydrolysis, also induces inflammation and does so more effectively than CGN. One of the most important characteristics of an immunological adjuvant is its ability to activate innate immunity. The immune-adjuvant effects of CGN and dCGN have not yet been studied in detail. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunological adjuvant activities of both CGN and dCGN, which was done by comparing the levels of an ovalbumin (OVA)-specific antibody after treatment with OVA in the absence or presence of CGN or dCGN in plasma from immunized mice. CGN and dCGN showed similar levels of adjuvant activity, as evidenced by increased antibody titer. Specifically, both CGN and dCGN significantly increased the levels of OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies in the plasma as compared with OVA alone (the control). However, compared to the positive control (Freund's adjuvant), both CGN and dCGN caused greater increases in IgG1 than in IgG2a. These results suggest that CGN and dCGN have similar adjuvant activities and produce more IgG1 antibodies than IgG2a.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.484-489
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• 2004

Bifidobacterium species isolated from infant feces were fractionated into cell wall, cytosol, and extracellular preparations of culture broth, and each fraction was examined for Peyer's patch-mediated bone marrow cell proliferation activity in vitro. Cell wall preparation of B. bifidum SL-21 (CWP) showed the highest bone marrow cell proliferating activity dose dependently, and enhanced production of cytokines, such as hematopoietic growth factor (GM-CSF), IL-2, and IL-6, in culture supernatant of Peyer's patch cells, After treatment with lysozyme, CWP was fractionated, among which intermediate molecular-weight fraction (30-50 kDa) showed significantly high bone marrow cell proliferating activity. These results suggest CWP of B. bifidum SL-21 effectively activates lymphocytes in Peyer's patch, and several cytokines, possibly playing important role in enhancement of systemic immune system, were produced by activated lymphocytes.