• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.51-61
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• 2009

This study was performed to research the characteristic of radionuclides of 80 groundwater monitoring networks in Busan. According to the research, average concentration of Uranium was $4.33\;{\mu}g/L$, maximum concentration of Uranium was $171.55\;{\mu}g/L$ among the 80 sampling sites. One sample exceeded the Proposal standard of drinking water in USA in Uranium ($30\;{\mu}g/L$) and four samples exceeded the recommendatory value of WHO about Uranium ($15\;{\mu}g/L$). Radon and gross-$\alpha$ concentration of all samples were far less than the Proposal standard of drinking water in USA. In this study average concentration of radionuclides in underground water wasn't too high, but needed to control the concentration of them to prevent exposure to the people. And it needs to be taken measures in some sites with high concentration of Uranium by closing the pipe line or etc through more studies.

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.230-233
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• 2003

우리나라에서 지하수 수질오염은 갈수록 심해지고 있다 지하수 오염원은 공장폐수, 생활하수, 정화조, 주유소, 농약(살충제, 제초제, 살균제), 비료, 축산폐수, 광산배수, 폐기물 처분장 침출수 등 이다. 특히, 농업지역에서는 농약에서 유래하는 지하수 오염이 점점 증대할 것으로 예상된다. 그러나, 우리나라 먹는물 수질기준에 규정되어 있는 농약 성분은 다이아지 논, 파라티온, 말라티온, 페니트로티온, 카바릴이다. 국내에서 시판되는 농약의 품목 수는 1981년 이전까지는 226종이던 것이 1990년에는 467종, 2001년에는 961종으로 증가하였다(제주도, 2001). (중략)

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.237-245
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• 2014

Volcanic ash components of Mt. Baekdu were estimated to response the change of water quality environment affected by Mt. Baekdu volcanic ash ejected during eruption. Then the change of water concentrations according to the sedimentation of volcanic ash components were analysed. To estimate volcanic ash components of Mt. Baekdu, similar volcanos were selected through the comparison of main foreign volcano's magma type and the selected volcanic ash components supposed as Baekdu Mountain's. To analyse the change of water concentrations, the change of harmful components affected by volcanic ash sedimentation were analysed and the results were compared with domestic drinking water quality standard. As the result, Al, Cd, F, Fe, Pb, Mg, Cl and Sr could affect to water quality. Among those components, concentrations of Cd, F, Fe, Pb and Mg were estimated to exceed the drinking water quality standard.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.346-349
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• 2004

광주시 관내 폐수배출시설 방류수 6지점과 대형 건축물 오수 처리시설 방류수 4지점 및 중수 처리 재이용수, 건물 옹벽 지하수 2지점의 수질을 분석하여 중수로써 재이용 가능 여부를 조사한 결과 폐수 배출시설 방류수의 경우 조립금속제품 제조시설, 축전지제조시설 및 타이어제조시설이 대체적으로 중수도의 수질기준을 만족하고 있어 현재의 방류수를 그대로 중수로 이용 가능하리라 판단된다. 오수 처리시설 방류수의 경우 4지점 모두 유기물질은 물론 색도, 탁도 등 대부분의 항목이 중수도 수질기준을 초과하여 현재의 방류수 자체를 중수로 사용하기는 불가능 할 것으로 판단되며, 이들 방류수를 중수로 재이용하고자 한다면 모래 여과조나 활성탄 여과조, 소독시설 등 중수 처리시설을 설치하여야 할 것으로 판단된다. 오수처리시설 방류수를 중수 처리하여 재이용 하고 있는 중수의 경우 대부분 중수도의 수질기준을 만족하였으나, 색도와 탁도, 대장균군의 경우 일부 상당히 불안정한 수질을 보였으나 현재 화장실 세정수로 이용하고 있는데 색도 외에는 별다른 문제가 없는 것으로 나타났고, 대형빌딩 옹벽에서 흘러나오는 지하수의 경우 일반세균과 질산성 질소를 제외하고는 모두 먹는물 수질기준에 적합한 것으로 나타나 현재의 지하수를 그대로 청소용수나 화장실 세정수 등의 중수로 재활용해도 충분하다고 판단되며, 활성탄 여과조와 소독 시설 등의 추가시설을 갖춘다면 먹는 물로도 사용이 가능하리라 보며, 수량적인 측면에서도 1일 발생량이 100~400톤 이상이므로 충분히 경제성이 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of hot spring water against the survival of food-borne and pathogenic microorganisms. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli, which are food-borne microorganisms, Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, which are skin disease pathogens, and Helicobacter pylori, gastritis inducing microorganism, were tested. The content of fluoride in tested hot spring water is 14.1 mg/L, which is higher than the standard of safe for drinking water 1.5 mg/L, but the results on 48 other items were up to the standard. Hot spring water didn't show the bactericidal effects against food-borne microorganisms, C. albicans, and H. pylori tested. However, the viable cell populations of B. cereus and T. mentagrophytes were decreased, which were depends on the temperature of hot spring water. From these results, we confirmed that hot spring water didn't show the bactericidal effects against food-borne microorganisms, skin disease pathogens, and gastritis inducing microorganism, but the growth of some microorganisms were inhibited by high temperature ($41^{\circ}C$).

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.23-33
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• 2011

In this study, the data that examined the chloride ion concentration of ground water wells in the west coast of Jeollabukdo applying the GIS spatial estimation method were analyzed. In particular, through the designation of a validation point among ground water wells and then the analysis of error characteristics of the chloride ion concentration by each method of IDW (Inverse Distance Weight), Spline, and Kriging Interpolation method which is proper for estimating salt water intrusion was selected. The main conclusion from this study is as follows. First, as a result of analyzing the error characteristics of various spatial estimation methods by using the data from the chloride ion concentration of 485 ground water wells, the IDW method was found to be the most appropriate for estimating chloride ion concentration by salt water intrusion. Second, analyzing the average chloride ion concentration of the targeted regions has revealed that Gunsan-si with the record of $541mg/{\ell}$ did not meet water quality standards even for industrial use. Both Gimje-si and Gochang-gun satisfied drinking water quality standards and Buan-gun with $272mg/{\ell}$ was slightly below the standards for drinking water. Third, concerning the results of analysis according to administrative districts, as the areas adjacent to the west coast such as Daemyeong-dong, Joong-dong, Jangjae-dong and Guemam-dong in Gunsan-si are found to have very high chloride ion concentration, and both Hoehyeon-myeon and Daeya-myeon bounded by the Mankeong river did not meet water quality standards even for industrial use. From these facts, it is concluded that salt water intrusion has a great effect on Gunsan-si generally.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2010

Most of contaminated groundwater in the study area was contaminated by $NO_3-N$ due to inflow of contaminated shallow surface groundwater inflow into groundwater well. Poor grouting and teared screen have increased contaminated shallow surface groundwater inflow into groundwater well. Contaminated shallow surface groundwater was inflowed into groundwater well throughout faults, joints and fracture zone of ESE-WNW, NNW, NW-SE and NS direction. The objective of this paper is to evaluate an improvement of water quality for contaminated groundwater by $NO_3-N$ using compression packer. For this study groundwater samples collected from 46 groundwater wells were analyzed to clarify $NO_3-N$ contents. Groundwater wells over 10 mg/L in $NO_3-N$ content is 9 wells showing 20% among total samples. $NO_3-N$ contents after compression packer installation showed 26~81% low value compared with before compression packer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.2
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• pp.142-148
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• 2011

This study was carried out to clarify the change characteristics of stream water quality by type of forest from June to August, 2009 in three stands (Castanea crenata, Pinus densiflora and Plantation Land) of Samgye-ri Naedong-myeon Jinju-si Gyeongsangnam-do. The pH of stream water in three stands was highest in Pinus densiflora (pH 7.18) followed by Castanea crenata (pH 6.90) and Plantation land (pH 6.90) while the electrical conductivity of stream water was highest in Plantation land followed by Castanea crenata stand and Pinus densiflora stand was the lowest. Cations contents of stream water in three stands were high in order of $Ca^{2+}$, $Na^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^{+}$, and $NH_{4}{^{+}}$. But anions of stream water in Castanea crenata stand and Pinus densiflora stand were high in order of $SO_{4}{^{2-}}$, $Cl^{-}$ and $NO_{3}{^{-}}$ while those of stream water in Plantation land were high in order of $SO_{4}{^{2-}}$, $NO_{3}{^{-}}$ and $C\lambda^{-}$. The stream water in three stands was significant at pH, EC, $NO{^{3-}}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^{+}$, $Cl^{-}$, TNU and Color by duncan test. These results indicate that quality of stream water have a difference among three stands. The level of pH, $NH_{4}{^{+}}$, $Cl^{-}$, $SO_{4}{^{2-}}$ and $NO_{3}{^{-}}$ of stream water in three stands were within the domestic use standard for drinking water. but turbidity and color of stream water were more than that of domestic use standard for drinking water. Therefore, non-point sources like urban forest watersheds which are soil erosion and fertilizer application lands should be taken to the appropriate mitigation measures if they are to be used as source of drinking water.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.3 s.104
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• pp.356-368
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• 2003

Water quality of effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPS) was reviewed to examine the feasibility of agricultural reuse using USEPA and WHO guidelines. It might meet the guidelines for BOD and SS, however, the most critical microbiological concentration was too high and further treatment is required. The pilot study of three treatments were performed to reduce microbiological concentrations. The UV irradiation was proved to be very effective in disinfection of secondary level effluent, and about 30 mW ${\cdot}$ s/$cm^2$ of dose was suggested to meet the even most stringent USEPA guidelines. Slow sand filter demonstrated effective removal of bacteria, and effluent concentration of total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), and E. coli. dropped from about 10,000/100 mL to 300, 200, and 150 MPN/100 mL, respectively, showing over 95% removal. These level of bacterial concentration sufficiently meet the WHO guidelines ($10^3\;{\sim}\;10^5$ FC/100 mL), and could meet the more stringent USEPA guidelines (200 FC/100 mL) if properly applied. Slow sand filter also provided about 50% removal of SS, turbidity, and BOD in addition to bacterial removal. The removal efficiency of pond system was relatively poor, but still showed over 85% removal and effluent concentration of TC, FC, and E. coli was all below 10,000/100 mL. The pond system alone could meet the WHO guidelines, but hardly meet the USEPA guidelines and further treatment might be necessary. Overall, three methods evaluated in the study treat the effluent to meet the WHO microbiological guidelines for agricultural reuse. The UV disinfection and slow sand filter might also could the USEPA guidelines, while the pond system can hardly meet the USEPA guidelines if applied alone. The WHO and USEPA guidelines were made based on data from upland field agricultural system and may not be directly applicable to the paddy field agricultural system. Therefore, national standards for agricultural reuse of reclaimed water should be made considering domestic agricultural systems as well as international guidelines. Also, further investigation is recommended to develop optimum and feasible treatment measures for agricultural reuse of effluent from WWTPs.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 2008

Water quality standards (WQS) are mandatory to guarantee the human health and protection of aquatic ecosystems, and maintain the condition of suitable water quality. The present WQS for the protection of human health in Korea contain nine substances (As, Cd, $Cr^{6+}$, CN, Pb, Hg, ABS, organophosphorus compounds and PCBs), but it is insufficient to preserve the human and aquatic ecosystem from a variety of chemicals. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the substance of WQS for the protection of human health. In this study, we chose the 20 chemicals from 43 chemicals of the project entitled 'Development of Integrated Methodology for Evaluation of Water Environment'. The methodology for calculating water quality criteria was amended from the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)'s equation for deriving ambient water quality criteria for the protection of human health. The factors including fish intake, drinking water intake, and human body weight used in the equation reflected Korean situations. The monitoring values were derived from the water quality monitoring data in Korean four main rivers. The orders of priorities of chemicals were evaluated by human health risk assessment, and the proposed WQS was derived by technical and economic analyses. These results were reflected to expand the WQS for the protection of human health.