• Korean Journal of Ornithology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 2018

Sexual dimorphism in birds refers to male-female differences in body size, plumage, color and/or behavior. In general, many seabirds, including the family of Laridae, are monomorphic in plumage-color, which makes the determination of sex difficult in the field because both parents also tend to share a great portion of parental care. The development of an inexpensive sexing tool facilitates understanding the degree of sex-specific parental care in the evolution of the life history. Here, we developed a non-invasive method for the determination of sex using the bill-head morphometric of known captive pairs and applied this tool to wild pairs to document factors underlying male-female parental care during the incubation period of Saunders's gulls (Saundersilarus saundersi). Males exhibited relatively larger bill-head ratios than their mates within naturally formed pairs in captivity, resulting in the determination of sex in12 wild pairs at the nest during the incubation period. Males and females equally shared the incubation role during the daytime, attending the nest at a high rate of 95%. However, the male's proportion of nest attentiveness greatly increased with time towards sunset, presumably reflecting the male duty for nighttime incubation. The present study provides a non-invasive method for the determination of sex in a monomorphic seagull species and highlights how male-female incubation behavior is associated with time of the day, rather than other ecological conditions.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.668-674
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• 2012

This study was conducted to find the sexual size dimorphism(SSD) in morphometric characters of three species, Eremias argus, Takydromus amurensis and T. wolteri in lacertid lizard from Korea. Six external traits, snout-vent length, tail length, head length, head width, forelimb length and hind-limb length were focused to compare two sexes among the each three lizards. Student's t-test was used to compare the adult SVL between the sexes for each species. For the other parts of the body, a one-way analysis of covariance(ANCOVA) with SVL as the covariate was used. In all these species, males have longer tail and head than females like general lacertid lizard. In addition, male E. arugus have broader head and longer forelimbs and hind-limbs than conspecific females. Likewise, male T. wolteri have broader head than females. In the three lacertid lizards from Korea, snout-vent length did not significantly differ between the sexes. To understand the causes for SSD in SVL, ecological information, such as the presence/absence of male-male combat and the correlation between the SVL of female and litter size, is required. Therefore, further ecological study on the three species of lacertid lizard from Korea will make it possible to explain the reason SSD is not found in SVL.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.120-124
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• 2016

A certain size of DNA (28-29 kb long) to be packaged into P2-size head and the mutation in sid gene of bacteriophage P4 are the major factors to overcome "P2 sir-associated helper inefficiency". To clarify whether the presence of sid mutation is essential to overcome "P2 sir-associated helper inefficiency" or not, we tested the P4 derivative, P4 delRI::kmr, which is $sid^+$ and whose genome size supposed to be 28.5 kb long in the case of being packaged into $P2_{sir3}$-sized large head. As P4 delRI::kmr showed the low EOP with P2 sir3 lysogen, P4 delRI::kmr phage stock was prepared in P2 sir3 lysogen host to increase the EOP with P2 sir3 lysogen. Through this process, P4 delRI::kmr had been adapted for P2 sir3 lysogen. With a CsCl buoyant equilibrium density gradient experiment and gel electrophoresis of the isolated DNA, it was evident that the adaptation of P4 delRI::kmr for P2 sir3 lysogen was caused by the conformational change of DNA to be packaged into large head. The burst size determination experiments with P4 delRI::kmr phage stock adapted for P2 sir3 lysogen and normal P4 delRI::kmr phage stock showed that not the sid mutation but the size of DNA to be packaged (28-29 kb long) was essential to overcome "P2 sir-associated helper inefficiency".

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2016

Recently, it has been reported that morphologically and genetically different two Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus, Pallas, 1771), in Mainland and in Jeju island. Until now, this roe deer has not been clearly taxonomy of Siberian roe deer in Korean peninsula. So, the aim of this study was to compare the skull morphometrics of mainland and Jeju roe deer to obtain more information on the species status of C. pygargus and study the distribution of roe deer subspecies in this region. A total of 50 skulls of adult roe deer was compared and analyzed. The maximum skull length, condylo-basal length, basilar length, maximum skull width, cheek-bone width, interorbital width, rostrum length, length of upper tooth row from the Siberian roe deer in Jeju island were significantly smaller than those of the deer in mainland. Length of the skull was the principal factor of interpopulational variability in roe deer. Variation was not distributed along latitude, longitude, or elevation, but those factors did influence the variation through effects on primary production, which in turn caused isolated differences in skull morphology apparently related to types of forage selected by roe deer in various geographic areas. According to the analysis results of the skull characters, Mainland roe deer was more similar to C. p. tianschanicus which is a subspecies of Siberian roe deer. In addition, Jeju roe deer showed distinct differences compared to European roe deer, 3 subspecies of Siberian roe deer, so it appeared that they could be a unique native species inhabited only in Jeju Island. Because Siberian roe deer in Jeju Island can be classified at subspecies level in this study.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.118-127
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• 2015

Objectives Standardization of head size is essential for the volume study. Cortical thickness analyses are increasingly being used in many fields of neuroscience. However, it is not established whether head size correction should be done for thickness study. Methods Using the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies data, we determined cortical thickness of 316 cognitively normal participants aged 18-94 with FreeSurfer. The association between head size and cortical thickness of whole cortical mantle and in each lobe among age tertile groups was assessed. Estimated total intracranial volume (eTIV) was calculated for determining head size. Results Across all participants, cortical thickness in whole brain except some areas in cingulate and insula decreased with aging. eTIV had positive correlation with the thickness of frontal, parietal, occipital and whole brain areas. However, the age effect was not shown in whole brain of the first tertile group and in cingulate areas of the third tertile group. eTIV had negative correlation with the thickness of cingulate in the third tertile group. Gender effects were shown in some areas in third tertile group, but it would be due to difference of head size. Conclusions These findings suggest that head size standardization might be done especially in older population and in studies of paralimbic areas.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.389-397
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of species by comparing the external shape traits and skull size of Tscherskia triton in Jeju Island from May 2014 to November 2016. Body weight, head-body length, ear length, and hind-foot length were not statistically significant (p>0.05), but tail length was statistically significant in females compared to males (p=0.003). To examine the secondary sexual dimorphism characteristics of the collected T. triton, B_HR, T_HR, E_HR, and H_HR were calculated based on the head-body length, and only T_HR was statistically significant (p=0.003). Because of comparing male and female averages, among the 21 traits, the greatest length of skull (GLS; p=0.020) and occipitonasal length (ONL; p=0.014) were statistically significant and length of incisive foramen (LIF) was statistically significant, when the significance level was 90%. However, the other 18 traits did not show statistically significant differences between males and females (p>0.05). Other than GLS, ONL, interorbital breadth (IB), and breadth of occipital foramen (BOF), there was female-biased SSD. The results of this study are the analysis of external morphology and skull characteristics of T. triton in Jeju Island and will be used as basic data to understand the morphological characteristics of T. triton. In addition, the data can be used as a basic information to compare characteristics of T. triton, which is known as a single species, inhabited in China and Russia. The data will play an important role in biogeography and ecology research of T. triton, based on geographical conditions, climate effects, and habitat environment.

• The Magazine of the IEIE
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.23-44
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• 1997

이 글에서는 요즘 신문이나 텔레비전을 통해서 인체 내부를 돌며 검사 및 치료를 하는 마이크로 로보트 등의 차세대 첨단기술로서 일반 국민들에게 소개되기도 하며, MEMS, 마이크로머신, 마이크로시스템, 혹은 초소형 정밀기계 등으로 불리는 기술과 이 기술에 대한 각국 (미국, 일본, 유럽, 한국)의 기술 동향을 소개한다. 이에 이어서, 현재 과기처의 선도기술개발사업 (소위 G7사업) 으로서 진행되고 있는 초소형 정밀기계 기술개발 사업에 대한 소개를 한다. 이 분야에 종사하지 않는 보통 사람들을 위해 가급적 쉬운 말로 풀어 쓰도록 노력하였다. 이 글에서 다루고 있는 크기의 기본 단위는 마이크로미터 (천분의 일 밀리미터) 이며, 사람의 머리카락의 직경이 약 100 마이크로미터 (0.1mm) 내외이다. 초소형 기계나 초소형 부품들은 대개 이 머리카락의 직경정도이며, 머리카락속에 모터나 기어 등이 들어있다고 생각해도 크게 틀리지 않을 것이다.

• The Proceeding of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.68-78
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• 2004

본 고는 최근 이슈가 되고 있는 어린이의 휴대전화 사용에 대해, 휴대전화기에서 복사되는 전자파 에너지가 성인과 달리 작용할 가능성이 있는지에 관한 연구 또는 보고 자료를 수집하여 다양한 각도에서 조사한 것이다. 공학적 관점에서 휴대전화 사용에 있어 어린이와 성인의 전자파 흡수율에 차이를 가져올 수 있는가에 관한 연구 결과를 기술하고 있으며, 각각 형태적 측면에서 성인과 어린이를 나타내는 각기 다른 크기의 머리 형태에서 전자파 흡수율의 차이가 있는지와 생체의 재료(재질) 측면에서 연령층에 따라 조직의 전기적 특성에 변화를 알아보았다. 그 다음 휴대전화기에 가장 가까이 위치하는 인체 머리의 성장과정 상의 변화를 살펴봄으로써 생물학적 측면에서 어린이가 성인에 비해 취약할 가능성이 있는지 검토하였다 그러나 이러한 가능성을 현재로서는 명확히 판단하기 어려우며, 원인 규명을 위한 추가 연구 및 다양한 연구 분야간 협력이 요구됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.230-233
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• 2001

본 논문에서는 기존의 QMSA에 비해 안테나 전체 길이를 소형화함은 물론 전기력선이 미치는 범위가 제한받지 않도록 그라운드 판을 접어올린 좌측 평행 평판과 방사 패치사이 용량을 장하한 QMSA를 설계ㆍ제작하여 실제의 휴대전화기에 부착해서 안테나의 이득노화요인에 대해서 서술하였다. 안테나 성능 지표로서 휴대전화기케이스의 크기를 그라운드판으로 한 안테나를 설계하여 상용화된 HFSS프로그램에 의해서 리턴로스와 방사패턴등, 각종 손실을 고려한 개략적인 시뮬레이션을 행한 결과를 나타냈다. 또한 인체 근체에서 사용되고 있을 때의 휴대 전화용 안테나의 특성은 다른 사용상황에 있어서 안테나 급전점과 인체머리부분과의 간격, 인체머리부분과 안테나의 각도 등을 고려해서 인체에 미치는 전계강도를 시뮬레이션했다.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2001

압력기반의 유한체적법과 k-$\varepsilon$난류모델을 이용하여 신생아 보육기 내의 삼차원 정상난류유동해석과 대류현상에 의한 열전달을 해석하였다. 보육기 내의 주된 공기유동은 입구에서 유입된 공기가 보육기 위쪽을 지나 출구로 이동하며 각진 구석에서 작은 와류들이 관찰되었다. 보육기의 입구부를 제외한 대부분에서의 유속은 0.1m/s 이하로 나타났으며, 신생아의 다리부분에서의 속도가 머리부분보다 다소 크게 관찰되었다. 입구쪽의 온도가 출구쪽의 온도보다 1~2$^{\circ}C$ 높게 나타났으며 속도 크기가 큰 다리부분에서의 온도가 머리 또는 목부분보다 다소 낮았다. 보육기 내의 온도변화는 약3~4$^{\circ}C$로 다소 크게 나타났는데 이는 입구에서 유입된 공기가 상벽과 직각으로 만나며, 보육기 외벽의 각진 구석부분에 의한 영향으로 생각된다. 따라서 입구속도를 적절히 줄이거나 유선형의 유동을 갖도록 설계하여 열손실을 최소화한다면 보다 효율적인 보육기가 될 것으로 생각된다.