• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.693-702
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• 2005

Accurate timing and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth are indicies of growth and essential for pediatric dentistry and pediatric clinical orthodontics. From the children brought to the Yonsei Dental Hospital during 2001 to 2003, 654 boys and 542 girls, ranging in age from five to fourteen years, were selected and analysed. The following was concluded. 1. Eruption time of maxillary teeth is 6.81 years in boys, 6.78 years in girls for central incisor, 8.30 years in boys, 7.98 years in girls for lateral incisor, 10.28 years in boys, 10.04 years in girls for canine, 9.74 years in boys, 9.90 years in girls for first premolar, 10.87 years in boys, 10.41 years in girls for second premolar, 6.25 years in boys, 6.54 years in girls for first permanent molar, 12.21 years in boys, 12.03 years in girls for second permanent molar 2. Eruption time of mandibular teeth is 6.00 years in boys, 6.06 years in girls for central incisor, 6.99 years in boys, 6.74 years in girls for lateral incisor, 9.83 years in boys, 9.17 years in girls for canine, 9.92 years in boys, 9.75 years in girls for first premolar, 10.66 years in boys, 10.39 years in girls for second premolar, 5.99 years in boys, 5.75 years in girls for first permanent molar, 11.92 years in boys, 12.17 years in girls or second permanent molar. 3. The following eruption sequence was observed the first permanent molar erupted first, followed by the central incisor, the lateral incisor, the first premolar, the canine, the second premolar and the second permanent molar in the maxilla. The first permanent molar erupted first, followed by the central incisor, the lateral incisor, the canine, the first premolar, the second premolar and the second permanent molar in the mandible.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.361-371
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• 2021

This study investigated the longitudinal effect of peer play behavior (PPB) during toddlerhood on social competence (SC), followed by the effect on adaptation to elementary school. Data were collected from the 4th to 9th Panel Study on Korean Children between 2011 to 2016, of which the data collected from 114 boys and 94 girls were finally analyzed. Multi-Mediator Model Analysis were performed using SPSS and PROCESS macro programs. First, PPB observed at the age of three significantly predicted PPB observed at ages four and five. It significantly affected SC observed at the age of six after transitioning through PPB at each stage. Second, PPB observed at the age of three significantly impacted the degree of adaptation in the first and second grades of elementary school. The medium identified in this second finding was PPB observed after the age of three and SC observed at the age of six.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.147-165
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to develop the Jeogori Pattern for 9 to 10 year-old boys To determine the measurement items for the Jeogori Pattern making, applied factor analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis to the 37 measurement items of the 9 to 10 year-old boys classified as a standard somatotype. To understand the shape and variation of the body surface, analyzed the replica of the upper body surface that was obtained by the method of using surgical tape. Be based on the results of the above studies, designed the Jeogori Pattern. The designed pattern was evaluated by the sensory test. The drafting methods of Jeogori Pattern obtained are as follows. $\circled1$ The measurement items are Bust Girth, Center Back Waist Length, Neck Width, and Hwajang Length. $\circled2$ Jeogori Length Center Back Waist Length$\times$4/3 $\circled3$ Front Body Girth(1/2) : B/2 + 1.5cm Back Body Girth(1/2) : B/2 + 3.5cm $\circled4$ Jin-Dong : B/4 + 3cm $\circled5$ Back Godae Width(1/2) : Neck Width/2 + 1.7cm Front Godae Width(l/2) : Back Godae Width(1/2) - 2cm $\circled6$Back Godae Point is 1.5cm higher than shoulder line, and Front Godae Point is 1.5cm lower than shoulder line. $\circled7$ Back Godae Depth: 1.2cm + 1.5cm = 2.7cm The Jeogori Pattern designed by the above method Is as (fig. 8) The results of the sensory test of the new pattern are as fellows. Except for 2 items, every mark of 24 test items has over 5.0 point and a total average mark is 5.25 point. Witch is a good mark. Therefore the new pattern is valid. Especially, the parts of Git, sleeves and back face have a high mark, so the appearances of those parts are excellent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.83 no.1
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• pp.127-137
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• 2022

Purpose To assess the prevalence of incidentally detected lumbar spondylolysis in children. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the data of 809 patients under the age of 11 years (mean age, 7.0 ± 2.7 years; boys:girls = 479:330) who underwent abdominal and pelvic CT between March 2014 and December 2018. We recorded the presence, level, and laterality (unilateral or bilateral) of spondylolysis. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of spondylolysis: the spondylolysis (SP) and non-SP groups. Results In total, 21 cases of spondylolysis were detected in 20 patients (20/809, 2.5%). The mean age of the SP group was higher than that of the non-SP group (7.8 ± 1.8 vs. 6.9 ± 2.7 years, p > 0.05). The prevalence of spondylolysis in boys was higher than that in girls (15/479 [3.1%] vs. 5/330 [1.5%], p > 0.05). The prevalence of spondylolysis in school-age children (6-10 year olds) was higher than that in preschool-age children (0-5 year olds) (17/538 [3.2%] vs. 3/271 [1.1%], p > 0.05). L5 was the most common level of spondylolysis (76.2%); one 8-year-old boy had two-level spondylolysis. One case of isthmic spondylolisthesis was detected in a 10-year-old boy (1/809, 0.1%). There were 11 unilateral spondylolysis cases (11/21, 52.4%). Conclusion In our study, the prevalence of spondylolysis in children under the age of 11 was 2.5%. The prevalence was higher in boys than in girls and in school-age than in preschool-age children, despite the lack of any statistically significant differences.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.359-370
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to analyze the meaning of picture book reading experience for 2-year-old children using sensory reading media and to suggest a plan to support language ability through meaningful reading. For this study, 35-month-old boys were selected, and data collection was conducted based on participant observation and field record notes at home and analyzed qualitatively. In this study, for about two months from March 20th to April 30th, 2021, all the time of exploring picture books and playing were recorded and the data were collected. The recording time was about 20 hours, and the collected data and field records were transcribed on 108 pages of A4 paper. The results of the study showed that 2-year-old infants were immersed in exploring new media through the experience of reading picture books using sensory reading media, comparing with similar media, and reading picture books using media. In addition, it was found that the emergence of leading reading that selects and reads books by Hans himself, exploration using reading media, and play linked to picture books in everyday life.This can be seen as a result of suggesting that the picture book reading experience of 2-year-olds using sensory reading media is meaningful to the reading experience of infants.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.192-199
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• 2016

Triple tooth is rare in primary dentition; it is the abnormal fusion of three teeth. There are a few reports of double teeth, but triple teeth are rare. These multiple teeth create several clinical problems, not only esthetic problems but also a high caries susceptibility, congenital missing permanent tooth germ(s), orthodontic problems, and periodontal problems. They also make it difficult to perform pulp treatment because of the complex tooth structure. A 1-year 7-month-old male underwent a partial pulpotomy with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) when pulp exposure caused by deep caries occurred at a maxillary anterior triple tooth in the first case. The second case was a 1-year 9-month-old male presenting with a fracture line at a mandibular anterior triple tooth. After removing the fractured fragment, a pulpectomy was performed at the remaining primary lateral incisors. Specific complications were not observed during 24 and 6 months of follow-up, respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.194-205
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary behaviors of preschoolers in Daejeon using the Nutrition Quotient for Preschoolers (NQ-P). Methods: The study subjects were recruited from child-care centers and kindergartens located in Daedeok-gu, Daejeon between August and September 2018. A total of 411 preschoolers aged 3 ~ 6 years were included in the data analyses. A questionnaire of NQ-P, which consisted of 14 checklist items on dietary behaviors, was completed by the parents or guardians of the study subjects. The NQ-P scores and its three factors, including "balance", "moderation", and "environment" factors, were calculated according to sex, age, and weight status. Differences in the NQ-P scores and their factors according to sex, age, and weight status were tested using a student's t-test. Results: The mean NQ-P score of the total subjects was $58.5{\pm}9.2$, which was within the medium-low grade. The NQ-P score was $58.5{\pm}9.4$ in boys and $58.6{\pm}9.0$ in girls (p = 0.955). The NQ-P score was similar regardless of the age groups ($57.8{\pm}9.4$ in 3 ~ 4 years vs. $59.2{\pm}9.0$ in 5 ~ 6 years, p = 0.124), whereas subjects aged 5 ~ 6 years showed a significantly higher scores of environment factors than those aged 3 ~ 4 years ($67.9{\pm}16.8$ vs. $61.7{\pm}17.3$). The mean score of the moderation factor was lower in the overweight/obese children compared to the non-overweight/obese children ($46.6{\pm}13.3$ vs. $51.0{\pm}16.2$, p = 0.012). Compared to children aged 3 ~ 4 years, children aged 5 ~ 6 years had higher intakes of vegetable dishes and processed meat. The overweight/obese group showed a higher consumption of processed beverages than the non-overweight/obese group. Conclusion: The current study indicates that the dietary behaviors of preschoolers residing in Daejeon need to be improved. These findings suggest that nutrition education or health interventions targeting young children is necessary for improving their nutritional health status.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.156-162
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• 2002

The purposes of this study were to classify somatotype was obtained from the factor scores of the upper half of body and analyze the somatometric characteristics. The sample group was drawn from boys at the ages 9 to 10 living in Pusan and Kyungsangnam-do. Data from each boy comprised 36 anthropometric measurements and 7 photographic measurements. The study reached following conclusions. 1. According to the analysis to draw somatometric factors, seven indicative factors were obtained from measurements of the upper half of body. The most significant factor "sectional size" and the second most significant factor "longitudinal size" characterized most aspects of body shape. 2. According to the analysis of somatometric characteristics by the upper half of body, they were categorized into four types; Boys in type 1 had high stature, broadest shoulders, average frame, flattest chest and quite protruded shoulder blades and belly; boys in type 2 had shortest stature, smallest frame, most sloping shoulders and flattest shoulder blades and belly; boys in type 3 had quite corpulent with average stature, rising shoulders, most protruded chest and shoulder blades and belly of protrusion close to the average; boys in type 4 had highest stature, biggest frame, broad shoulders and back, and most protruded shoulder blades and belly.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 1999

Purpose: The prevalence of childhood renal diseases including the nephrotic syndrome in Korea has not been well established. In priority to this point, we analyzed ninety-six nephrotic children of the annual incidence, the ratio of them to all inpatients and estimated incidence of childhood nephrotic syndrome under 15 years of age in Taejon, Korea. Also we classified them by clinical and histopathological findings. Methods: we analyzed the admission and outpatient records retrospectively between June 1986 and December 1998. For the estimation of incidence, we were assisted with three other general hospitals in Taejon Results: The mean annual number and the ratio to inpatients were $7.4{\pm}2.1,\;0.3{\pm}0.11%$ respectively. The latter showed a tendency to decrease during the recent three years. The estimated annual incidences of childhood nephrotic syndrome in Taejon were 5.6 in 1988, 5.5 in 1993 and 4.8 in 1998 per 100,000 for children aged up to 15 years. The mean age of our patients was $6.8{\pm}3.5$ tears, 1-7 years of age was 55 cases(57.3%), and male to female ratio was 3.6:1. By the clinicopathologic classification, 89 cases(92.7%) were classified as primary nephrotic syndrome, and 7 cases(7.3%) as secondary nephrotic syndrome. Among the primary nephrotic syndrome, there was 79.8% of minimal change nephrotic syndrome, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 11.2%, mesangial proliferation 4.5%, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 3.4%, and membranous nephropathy 1.1%. $Henoch-Sch\"{o}nlein$ nephritis was the most frequent of 3 cases in the secondary nephrotic syndrome. Respones to steroid therapy of 71 cases minimal change were classified as non-relapse 22.5%, non-frequent relapse 49.3%, frequent relapse 18.3% and steroid-dependence 9.9%. Conclusion: The estimated incidence of childhood nephrotic syndrome was about 5 per 100,000 for children aged up to 15 years and it showed little changes during 10 years in Taejon, Korea. Our results of clinicopathologic study was little difference from the results reported in other literatures.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.159-167
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• 2009

Objective: This study investigated the onset, peak height velocity (PHV) and end of adolescent growth spurt as well as menarcheal timing deduced from surveying accumulative height growth over many years. Methods: Ninety six students of Samgoe high school between 1st and 3rd grade that were in good health participated in the research. A survey questionnaire was distributed to examine the students' health status and menarche timing. Results: Adolescent growth spurt typically began at the age of 9.9 and reached a PHV at the age of 11.6. The growth spurt ended at the age of 14.1 on average. The average age of menarche was 12.6 years, which was about one year after the PHV of adolescent growth spurt. In most cases, menarche came after PHV. But in 24% of the students, menarche and PHV was nearly coincident or menarche preceded PHV. The growth curves were classified into four types. A typical adolescent growth spurt showed one PHV on graph that drastically drops after the PHV. However, there were cases with two PHVs. Conclusions: The results indicate that individual growth patterns show large individual differences, however the categorization into the various growth curves may aid in predicting individual growth patterns.