• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.959-970
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• 2000

A laboratory-scale experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soluble microbial products(SMP) on permeate flux in the submerged membrane separation activated sludge process. Continuous and batch filtration test were operated to understand mechanism of relationship between membrane fouling and SMP. Synthetic wastewater(phenol) was used as a carbon source. Hydraulic retention time(HRT) and mixed-liquor volatile suspended solids(MLVSS) of the reactor were kept at 12 hours and 9.000mg VSS/L, respectively. Batch filtration tests ($J_{60}/J_o$) using the mixed liquor from reactor showed that the increase of accumulated SMP concentration in the reactor caused to the decreasing permeate flux and the increasing of the adhesion matters which form cake and gel layer. The resistance value of cake layer was measured $2.9{\times}10^{10}{\sim}4.0{\times}10^{10}(1/m)$, this value showed more significant effect on flux drop than that of among other resistance layers. Batch phenol-degradation experiment was conducted to observe SMP type expected $SMP_{nd}$ and $SMP_{e}$ (SMP resulted from endogenous cell decomposition), these are non-biodegradable high molecular weight organic matter and playa significant role in permeate flux drop. Also, SMP concentration was accumulated as increased of HRT against flux drop.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.127-130
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• 2000

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1997.04b
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• pp.39-39
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• 1997

김치산업에서 원재료의 염적공정중에 발생하는 폐염적수를 처리하여 염적공정에 재사용하는 새로운 시스템을 개발하였다. 관형 정밀여과막을 사용한 본 연구에서 막오염의 감소와 높은 막투과유속의 유지를 위하여 산역세척과 투과수역세척이 도입되었고 대상이 되었던 세공크기가 비슷한 4종류의 막(Carbosep M14, Membralox Z100, Membralox A200, Microdyne MD020TP 2N)에 대하여 역세척의 효율이 각각 다르게 나타났다. 특히 지르코니아 재질의 막 표면과 탄소재질의 지지체로 이루어진 Carbosep M14 세라믹막은 투과수역세척시에 역세척을 하지 않았을 때 보다 오히려 투과유속이 감소하는 특이한 현상이 관찰되었고 이러한 역세척 효율의 차이의 원인을 규명하기위한 연구가 진행되었다. 4종류의 막에 대하여 전처리된 폐염적수의 여과시 진행되는 막오염 메카니즘을 알아보기 위하여 문헌에서 잘 알려진 4가지의 여과모델식을 적용하여 보았고 직렬여과저항모델을 이용하여 여과저항을 세분하여 측정하였다. 모델식의 적용결과 역세척의 효율이 좋은 3종류의 막에는 막표면의 케이크형성이 주된 투과유속의 감소원인임을 알아내었고 carbosep M14 막은 용존유기물의 비가역적인 흡착과 세공막힘이 주된 원인임을 알 수 있었다.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.113-116
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• 2000

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.43-44
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• 1994

일반적으로 다공성막을 사이에 두고 막을 통한 물질전달이 일어날 때 물질전달 속도는 압력차 $\Delta P$, 유속 V, 농도차 $\Delta C$ 등의 함수로 알려져 있다. 따라서 이들 여러 변수들 중에서 어느 한가지 변수만을 독립시키고 다른 변수들을 일정하게 고정시키면, 그 특정 변수가 물질전달 속도 J에 미치는 영향을 관찰할 수 있게 된다. 본 실험에서도 물과 에탄올 양쪽상의 유입 농도를 일정하게 유지시킴으로써 그 영향을 배재하고 유속과 압력차를 각각 독립시켜 그 영향을 살펴보았다.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.221-231
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• 1994

The GR51PP(MWCO 50,000) and GR40PP(MWCO 100,000) membranes manufactured by DDS were used in ultrafiltration of dextran(Mw. : 500,000) solution in flat plate ultrafiltration cell filled with various types of turbulence promoters. The flux improvement by using turbulence promoter was higher in laminar flow region than in turbulent flow region. The maximum improvements of permeate flux were foud as 112% and 50% I laminar flow region and turbulent flow region, respectively. Also, the solute rejection of the ultrafiltration membrane was improved by turbulence promoters and its effect was significant in the high transmembrane pressure and laminar flow region. The smaller the spacer mesh size was used, the higher the flux improved, but the pressure drop in ultrafiltration cell also increased. In laminar flow region, pressure drop by the spacer was negligible, but in turbulent flow region it changed significantly depending upon the mesh size of the spacer and therefore, its mesh size must be baken into account in the design of the process. The predicted results of the modified mass transfer correlation had better agreement with experimental results than those of unmodified one, The modified mass transfer correlations for laminar and turbulent flow region are shown as follow. $N_{sh}=0.151(N_{Re})^{0.199}(N_{Sc})^{0.22}(N_{Scm})^{0.197}\;(625 $N_{sh}=0.0165(N_{Re})^{0.428}(N_{Sc})^{0.33}(N_{Scm})^{0.223}\;(5015

• Membrane Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2003

This study was focused on the investigation of filtration characteristics of membrane-coupled fermentor system for dissolved organics recovery from liquid organic sludge. On the filterability of MF over the range of $0.1{\sim}5 {\mu}m,$ the magnitude of total membrane resistance ($R_t$) is ranged as follows in the order; $0.1 {\mu}m>0.2{\mu}m>0.5 >1{\mu}m>2{\mu}m>5{\mu}m$. The cake layer resistance ($R_c$) occupied about 68~88% of total resistance with fermented sludge. Permeation flux decline was mainly attributed to the $R_c$, which was formed by a strong deposition from physico-chemical interactions of solids on membrane surface. Higher suspended solids (SS) concentration of suspension caused lower permeation flux. However, there was not a proportion relation beyond a certain SS concentration. The cross-flow velocity on the membrane surface was faster, which resulted in the higher permeation flux and also more efficient with low trans membrane pressure (TMP) in viewpoint of energy efficiency. The appropriate pH of suspension was over the range of 5.0~6.0 for dissolved organics recovery as well as the permeation flux. It is possible f3r bacteria to be separated perfectly with $0.1{\mu}m\; and \;0.2{\mu}m$ membrane pore size. Based on experimental results, most appropriate membrane pore size for the recovery is believed to around $1{\mu}m$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.770-777
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• 2004

Three pilot-scale membrane systems were operated using lake water as influent in this study. Microfiltration (MF) membrane with pore size of 0.01 m was used in Systen I of which filtration mode was set at constant pressure of $1kgf/cm^2$. Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with molecular cutoff (MWCO) of 80,000 and 13,000 were used in System II-1 and II-2, respectively. Constant flow mode was applied at the range between 0.7 and $1.5m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$ (average of $1.1m^3/m^2${\cdot}d) for System II-1 and between 0.37 and $1.65m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$ (average of $1.18m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$) for System II-2. In System I, the flux changed from $1m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$ to $0.2m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$ during the operation time of 5 months. System II showed recovery of 94% under the allowable maximum pressure of $3kgf/cm^2$ during the same operation period. From these results, the efficient operation was observed in constant flow mode with respect to filtration time and recovery. Average filtrate turbidity showed 0.0071 NTU in System I and 0.0054 NTU in System II, which implied that high turbidity removal was obtained in both MF and UF systems with no significant difference between MF and UF. From the fact that membrane flux depends largely on membrane type and operation mode, a guideline of optimum design and operation should be suggested for application of membrane systems to full scale water treatment.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.51-56
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the applicability of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment for the prevention of scaling formation and membrane fouling reduction. To validate the effect of PEF and to identify the mechanism, some experiments with and without PEF treatment were carried out. PEF treatment affected the precipitation of $CaCO_3$ by which $CaCO_3$ particles were actively grown and sedimented. It was confirmed that the calcium ions were decreased as 78% and particle size was grown by PEF treatment. It was also verified that the crystalline structure of $CaCO_3$ was transformed by PEF treatment from Aragonite, which is formed at a high temperature and hard to be removed, to Calcite being stable at room temperature. In PEF treatment, permeate volume and permeation flux were greater than that of without PEF, case while Langelier Index(LI) decreased. From the experiment results, PEF treatment is believed to be an effective method to prevent scaling formation and to mitigate $CaCO_3$ fouling as the pretreatment of membrane filtration.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.62-63
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• 1995

혐기성 소화는 고농도의 유기폐수를 최종적으로 메탄으로 전환하여 에너지원을 회수할 수 있는 효율적인 생물학적 폐수처리 공정 중의 하나이다. 그런데 이러한 혐기성 소화 공정에서 가장 큰 장애요인으로 작용하고 있는 요소 중의 하나가 매생물의 침강성 저하로 인한 고액분리의 문제이다. 이로인해 현재 고전적인 중력침강법, 부상법 대신에 분리막을 이용한 막결합형 혐기성 소화 공정이 대두되고 있으며 완전한 고액분리, 반응조내의 고농도 미생물 보유, 양질의 최종 유출수 획득 등 많은 장점들이 제시되고 있다. 그러나 이러한 장점에도 불구하고 시간에 따른 막오염 현상, 분리막 표면에서의 케이크층 형성 등으로 인한 막투과 유속 (flux)의 감소는 분리막의 응용에 있어 경제성을 저하시키는 주요한 부정적 요인으로 지적되고 있다. 그리고 막분리 성능은 분리막의 특성, 유체역학적 조건, 그리고 혐기성 소화 상태 등에 의해 영향을 받을 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 막결합형 혐기성 소화 공정의 십자흐름 (crossflow) 막분리 공정에서 유체역학적 조건 및 혐기성 소화조의 상태와 관련된 요인들이 어떻게 막투과도 및 배제율 등에 영향을 미치는 지 살펴보고자 한다.