• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.245-252
• /
• 2004

Experiment was carried out to find the fertilizing effects of 8 different application rates of swine compost fermented with sawdust(SCS) including Chemical fertilizer(CF) on forage yield and soil chemical characteristics of mixed pastures sown in Sep. 1993 at National Livestock Research Institute, RDA., in Suwon during low years. It was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Dry matter yield were shown at similar among treatments except Control and $50\%$ SCS of standard amount plot. In botanical composition, the legume and weeds percentages of each treatment were increased as advancing year. The final year's legume percentage were high in line with SCS fertilizing plots($39\%{\sim}43\%$), SCS + CF plots($30\%{\sim}41\%$) and CF plot($32\%$). In productions of TDN, NE and crude protein yield, SCS or SCS($75\%$) + CF($25\%$) were nearly same comparing those of CF, respectively. Phosphate, potassium, magnesium contents and K/(Ca + Mg) except calcium contents of those SCS fertilizing plots in plant were generally high with comparing CF. Those contents were proportional according to the fertilizing amount These result indicate the possibility to substitute chemical fertilizer for SCS($75\%$, 25ton/ha) + CF, $25\%$) as manure-N 210 kg/ha, but might be considered accumulation phosphate in the soil.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.95-107
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data by analyzing and analysing the Growth Conditions of old Trees in Yangdong village. This study investigated about the conducted on tree information, soil information, and tree health. The result are as follows. The trees information in Yangdong Village consists of Juniperus chinensis, Salix chaenomeloides, Salix pseudolasiogyne, Celtis sinensis, Zelkova serrata, Gleditsia japonica, and Gleditsia sinensis trees, The range of height was 4.0~17.0m, and the diameter was 0.51~1.34m, Juniperus chinensis trees of No.17 was most large. In the results of soil analysis, there showed that acidity was pH4.1~6.3, hardness of 5~48mm, organic matter content of 21.2~29.1g/kg, electrical conductivity(EC) of 0.34~1.76dS/m, available P₂O₅ of 79.8~451.6mg/kg, exchangeable K of 0.22~1.71cmol+/kg, exchangeable Ca of 4.98~7.44cmol+/kg, exchangeable Mg of 0.67~2.19cmol+/kg, exchangeable Na of 0.19~1.04cmol+/kg and cation exchange capacity(C.E.C) of 7.23~13.02cmol+/kg. As a result, the highest number of tree health levels is 8 of 11trees of Celtis sinensis, 2 of 7trees of Zelkova serrata, and 3 of Gleditsia sinensis, and 13 of 30 trees of health levels, The Older trees with high infection, spoil and hollowed part were the remaining trees except for the healthy part. Relatively, more than half of the number of targets is infected, decay, and the hollowed site, and it is necessary to perform surgery on the damaged area. In addition, preservation and protection measures should be implemented by supplying root nutrients for trees, controlling nutrients in the body to prevent secondary and tertiary damages that cause the infection site to metastasize to the health site, In order to continually monitor the trees, measures to improve the location environment and management of the trees should be sought.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.185-199
• /
• 1998

Hydrogeochemical and environmental isotope studies were undertaken for various kinds of water samples collected in 1995-1996 from the Bugok geothermal area. Physicochemical data indicate the occurrence of three distinct groups of natural water: Group I ($Na-S0_4$ type water with high temperatures up to $77^{\circ}C$, occurring from the central part of the geothermal area), Group II (warm $Na-HCO_{3}-SO_{4}$ type water, occurring from peripheral sites), Group III ($Ca-HCO_3$ type water, occurring as surface waters and/or shallow cold groundwaters). The Group I waters are further divided into two SUbtypes: Subgroup Ia and Subgroup lb. The general order of increasing degrees of hydrogeochemical evolution (due to the degrees of water-rock interaction) is: Group III$\rightarrow$Group II$\rightarrow$Group I. The Group II and III waters show smaller degrees of interaction with rocks (largely calcite and Na-plagioclase), whereas the Group I waters record the stronger interaction with plagioclase, K-feldspar, mica, chlorite and pyrite. The concentration and sulfur isotope composition of dissolved sulfate appear as a key parameter to understand the origin and evolution of geothermal waters. The sulfate was derived not only from oxidation of sedimentary pyrites in surrounding rocks (especially for the Subgroup Ib waters) but also from magmatic hydrothermal pyrites occurring in restricted fracture channels which extend down to a deep geothermal reservoir (typically for the Subgroup Ia waters). It is shown that the applicability of alkaliion geothermometer calculations for these waters is hampered by several processes (especially the mixing with Mg-rich near-surface waters) that modify the chemical composition. However, the multi-component mineral/water equilibria calculation and available fluid inclusion data indicate that geothermal waters of the Bugok area reach temperatures around $125^{\circ}C$ at deep geothermal reservoir (possibly a cooling pluton). Environmental isotope data (oxygen-18, deuterium and tritium) indicate the origin of all groups of waters from diverse meteoric waters. The Subgroup Ia waters are typically lower in O-H isotope values and tritium content, indicating their derivation from distinct meteoric waters. Combined with tritium isotope data, the Subgroup Ia waters likely represent the older (at least 45 years old) meteoric waters circuated down to the deep geothermal reservoir and record the lesser degrees of mixing with near-surface waters. We propose a model for the genesis and evolution of sulfate-rich geothermal waters.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.452-464
• /
• 1990

It is well known that extracellular Calcium plays a very important role in several steps of smooth muscle excitability and contractility, and there have been many concerns about factors influencing the distribution of extracellular Ca++ and the Ca++ flux through the cell membrane of the smooth muscle. Based on the assumption that Mg++ may also play an important role in the excitation and contraction processes of the smooth muscle by taking part in affecting Ca++ distribution and flux, many researches are being performed about the exact role of Mg++, especially in the vascular smooth muscle. But yet the effect of Mg++ in the smooth muscle activity is not clarified, and moreover the mechanism of Mg++ action is almost completely unknown. Present study attempted to clarify the effect of Mg++ on the excitability and contractility in the multiunit and unitary smooth muscle, and the mechanism concerned in it. The preparations used were the guinea-pig aortic strip as the experimental material of the multiunit smooth muscle and the rat uterine strip as the one of the unitary smooth muscle. The tissues were isolated from the sacrificed animal and were prepared for recording the isometric contraction. The effects of Mg++ and Ca++ were examined on the electrically driven or spontaneous contraction of the preparations. And the effects of these ions were also studied on the K+ or norepinephrine contracture. All experiments were performed in tris-buffered Tyrode solution which was aerated with 100% 02 and kept at 35oC. The results obtained were as follows: 1] Mg++ suppressed the phasic contraction induced by electrical field stimulation dose-dependently in the guinea-pig aortic strip, while the high concentration of Ca++ never recovered the decreased tension. These phenomena were not changed by the a - or b - adrenergic blocker. 2]Mg++ played the suppressing effect on the low concentration [20 and 40 mM] of K+-contracture in the aortic muscle, but the effect was not shown in the case of 100mM K+-contracture. 3] Mg++ also suppressed the contracture induced by norepinephrine in the aortic preparation. And the effect of Mg++ was most prominent in the contracture by the lowest [10 mM] concentration of norepinephrine. 4] In both the spontaneous and electrically driven contractions of the uterine strip, Mg++ decreased the amplitude of peak tension, and by the high concentration of Ca++ the amplitude of tension was recovered unlike the aortic muscle. 5] The frequency of the uterine spontaneous contraction increased as the [Ca++] / [Mg++] ratio increased up to 2, but the frequency decreased above this level. 6] Mg++ decreased the tension of the low[20 and 40mM] K+-contracture in the uterine smooth muscle, but the effect did not appear in the 100mM K+-contracture. From the above results, the following conclusion could be made. 1] Mg++ seems to suppress the contractility directly by acting on the smooth muscle itself, besides through the indirect action on the nerve terminal, in both the aortic and uterine smooth muscles. 2] The fact that the depressant effect of Mg++ on the K+-contracture is in inverse proportion to an increase of K+ concentration appears resulted from the extent of the opening state of the Ca++ channel. 3] Mg++ may play a depressant role on both the potential dependent and the receptor-operated Ca++ channels. 4] The relationship between the actions of Mg++ and Ca++ seems to be competitive in uterine muscle and non-competitive in aortic strip.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.94-102
• /
• 2008

The physico-chemical properties of ten reclaimed saline soils in five soil series of west-south Korea were analyzed according to the years past after reclamation. The soil samples were collected at the same sites two times in 2000 and 2004. The physico-chemical properties in 2000 had been changed in 2004 as follows. Soil salinity was the highest in Podu and desalinization period was the shortest in Munpo and Yeompo. Seasonal ground water level were above 100 cm in all regions that were 30 years old reclaimed tidal land, which was the same results of normal paddy field. In the case of soil physical changes, bulk density increased in fine textured soil (Poseung and Podu) but decreased in coarse textured soil (Gwanghwal, Munpo, and Yeompo). Porosity decreased in fine textured soil(Poseung and Podu) but increased in coarse textured soil. These reason were as follows. Fine textured soil were increased in solid phase but decreased in liquid and gaseous phase. Coarse textured soil, Gwanghwal and Munpo except for Yempo, were increased in gaseous phase but decreased in solid and liquid phase. Yempo that have low water table level were increased in liquid phase but decreased in solid and gaseous phase. Soil hardness increased in 4 soil series except for Munpo. In the case of chemical property changes, although there were more or less difference, it showed decreasing tendencies. Soil pH, the content of organic matter, available phosphate, and available silicate of five soil series were decreased during the four years. The content of exchangeable cation also decreased except for magnesium.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.86-94
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of hardness and microstructure of Dongchimi cooked with various source of water(distilled water, purified water, Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water). This study was conducted to observe the changes of pH, total acidity, salt content, turbidity, texture and microstructure. Dongchimi cooked with source of water of water was fermented at 10$^{\circ}C$ for 46 days. The changes of pH on Dongchimi cooked with various source of water decreased in all samples during fermentation period, and then showed a slowly decrease after 12 days of fermentation. The total acidity of Dongchimi cooked with Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water was arrived slowly at best tasting condition 0.3 ∼ 0.4 point compared with other conditions. So Dongchimi cooked with Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water was continued to the best tasting condition for end of fermentation. At early stage of fermentation, the changes of turbidity of Dongchimi used Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water showed highly as compared with other test condition for 12th days of fermentation. The maximum cutting force of chinese radish of Dongchimi showed the highest value among all at the 25th day of ripening and then decreased gradually. The maximum cutting force of chinese radish of Dongchimi used Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water was the highest compared with other conditions at 25th day of fermentation. The calcium content of Dongchimi juice used Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water was observed hish at the early stage of fermentation and showed the highest value at 25th day of ripening. The calcium content of chinese radish and Dongchimi juice of Dongchimi cooked with water purifier was lower than that of Dongchimi cooked with Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water, and was higher than that of Dongchimi cooked with Distilled water at the early stage of fermentation. The magnesium content in all samples increased gradually from the early stage of fermentation. The microstructure showed disintegration appearance of middle lamella and cell wall during fermentation period.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.39 no.6
• /
• pp.357-365
• /
• 2006

The investigations were conducted to find out the situation of fertilizer use and the contents of soil chemical components on summer vegetable crops at 791 farmers' upland fields located in the parts of Gangwon-do, Gyengsangbuk-do and Jeollabuk-do of alpine area. Major vegetable crops were potato, Chinese cabbage, radish, carrot, onion, and cabbage. From the location surroundings cultivated alpine vegetable crops, the orders were Gangwon-do>Gyeongsangbuk-do>Jeollabuk-do part in the sizes of a fie1d area and the height above sea level, and Jeollabuk-do>Gyeongsangbuk-do>Gangwon-do part in the slope degrees. The soil texture was of wide distribution on sandy loam soil for Gangwon-do(76%) and Jeollabuk-do part(64%), and 1oam(42%) and sandy loam soil(35%) for Gyeongsangbuk-do part. From the numbers of investigated fields, the distribution of slope degree was wider than those of height above sea level in relation to location surroundings. The upland soils of 785 fields cultivated vegetable crops were sampled at 0~15 cm of top soil before seeding or transplanting and analyzed. On an average, pH, organic matter, available phosphate and exchangeable potassium, calcium, magnesium of soil were 5.7, $27.6g\;kg^{-1}$, $765mg\;kg^{-1}$, $1.16cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, $6.1cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, and $1.6cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. The average cation exchange capacity(CEC) of 120 sites in Gangwon-do part was $9.2cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$. The content of organic matter, exchangeable potassium, exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium was higher, while that of available phosphate was lower with slope degrees. And the content of major chemical components in carrot soil was lower in comparison with other crop soils. The average levels of N, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$, livestock manure and lime fertilizer of 785 Belds applied by farmers were 335, 198, 244, 12,680 and $1,750kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, for summer vegetable crops in alpine area. The average amounts of $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ fertilizers applied by farmers in 785 Gelds of vegetable crops were higher 1.7~2.0-4.2~7.0-1.4~2.0 times on potato, 1.4~1.6-4.6~8.3-3.5~4.2 times on Chinese cabbage, and 1.2~1.3-4.2~7.2-3.0~3.61 times on radish than the rates of NPK fertilizers based on soil testing for each crop.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.364-370
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to survey, analyze on the compaction layer and the plow layer at Jeonbug and Jisan series paddy soil, which is the representative soil in fluvio-marine and local alluvium, respectively. The depths of surface soil were 12.6 and 12.7 cm in Jeonbug and Jisan series, respectively. A plowing depth was 10.5 cm. The properties of compaction layer in two soil series were as follows. The hardness were $14.7kg\;cm^{-2}(25.3mm)$ and $8.7kg\;cm^{-2}(22.1mm)$ in Jeonbug and Jisan series, respectively. The thickness were 22.3 cm and 17.8 cm in Jeonbug and Jisan series, respectively. The depth of soil compaction, which means depth from surface, were 15 and 20 cm in Jeonbug and Jisan series, respectively. The relationship between the hardness of compaction layer and the depth of surface soil showed negative correlation, however relationship between the hardness and the thickness of compaction layer showed positive correlation. Soil temperature was lower in compaction layer than in plow layer. This temperature differences between compaction layer and plow layer were from 1.0 to $2.5^{\circ}C$ in Jeonbug series and from 0.7 to 2.1 in Jisan series. The soil physical properties of compaction layer were higher in bulk density and solid phase and lower in porosity and gaseous phase than those of plow layer in all soil series. The soil chemical properties of compaction layer were higher in pH, content of available silicate, exchangeable calcium and magnesium but lower in total nitrogen, content of organic matter and available phosphate than those of plow layer in all soil series. Cation exchangeable capacity and content of exchangeable potassium were similar between compaction layer and plow layer in Jeonbug series, however, in Jisan series these were lower in compaction layer than in plow layer. Elution amount of inorganic nitrogen were lower in compaction layer than in plow layer in all soil series. The content of soluble Fe and Mn were plenty in compaction layer compared with plow layer and these tendency was apparent in Jeonbug series. The water depth decrease were fast until the latter part of June, and were slow as $1{\sim}3mm\;day^{-1}$ for July and August, and were fast again from september. Rice roots distributions as each soil series and tillage method were 25 cm at rotary plowing in Jeonbug series, 30 cm at deep plowing in Jeonbug series, and 20 cm at tillage in Jisan series. Dry weight per m2 at heading stage were much in order of deep plowing in Jeonbug series, rotary plowing in Jeonbug series, and tillage in Jisan series.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.11-19
• /
• 2018

This study was conducted to develop the manufacturing method of biochar using pruned stems of pear tree and its application effect on the crop growth and soil physico-chemical properties. In this study, biochar derived from pruned stems of pear tree at heating temperature of $300^{\circ}C$, $500^{\circ}C$ and $700^{\circ}C$ in heating times of 2, 3 and 4 hours, were tested in the changes of their chemical properties during biochar processing. The pH, Exch. K, Exch. Mg and cation exchange capacity (CEC) increased as the pyrolysis temperature increased during the production of biochar, and the change of these properties rapidly occurred at $500^{\circ}C$. However, as the pyrolysis temperature increased, ash content increased and total carbon (T-C), yield decreased. And the change of the properties in response to the heating time was not shown. It was thought that it would be desirable to set the production conditions of biochar at $500^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours in consideration of the change of chemical properties and the ash content and yield. And also, were conducted the experiments to establish manufacturing method of farm-made biochar using drum biochar manufacturing machine and investigate the application effects of biochar on the cultivation of chinese cabbage and tomato. Application of biochar derived from pruned stems of pear tree could enhance pH, organic matter (OM), total carbon (T-C) of soil. On the other hand, soil electrical conductivity (EC), NO3-N were lowered compared to the control which has no application. The bulk density, porosity and aggregate formation of soil were improved by biochar application. The fresh matter yields of chinese cabbage and tomato were significantly increased in proportion to the application rate of biochar. This study demonstrated the effect of the biochar derived from agricultural byproduct to be as a low cost potential soil ameliorant by physico-chemical properties in eco-friendly greenhouse cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.4-25
• /
• 2011

This study was performed in 2010 to examine the flora and vegetation structure and chemical characteristics of soil in the growing community of Abeliophyllum distichum, located in the Byeonsanbando National Park. This Abeliophyllum distichum community has more individual numbers in Cheongrim-ni and Jungkye-ri, Byeonsan-myeon, and Buan-gun area, which is designated as a Natural Monument (No. 370), and also where the habitat conditions for Abeliophyllum distichum is more favorable. The authors recorded 100 taxa with 45 families, 82 genus, 93 species, 4 varieties, and 3 forms. Among them, species such as Abeliophyllum distichum (critically endangered), Asarum maculatum (near threatened) and Chionanthus retusa (near threatened), which are categorized as rare plants, were recorded. According to the list of Korean endemic plants, 4 taxa, particularly Philadelphus schrenckii, Abeliophyllum distichum, Weigela subsessilis, and Lonicera subsessili, were recorded. The community of Abeliophyllum distichum is located in the northwest slope of Baekcheon watershed and the community is comprised of healthy soil. The community structure was classified into three: the Castanea crenata community, Zelkova serrata community, and Quercus serrata community. The Castanea crenata community is composed of the Cornus walteri, Platycarya strobilacea, Zelkova serrata, Rhamnella frangulioides, arranged in terms of importance percentage. The Zelkova serrata community is composed of Celtis sinensis, Quercus aliena, Styrax japonica, and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, also according to importance percentage. As for the Quercus serrata community, it is composed of Quercus variabilis, Castanea crenata, and Prunus sargentii, also arranged in terms of importance percentage. The importance percentage of Abeliophyllum distichum is 6.6% in the Castanea crenata community, 5.6% in the Zelkova serrata community and 5.1% in the Quercus serrata community. Moreover, in order of chemical characteristics of soil pH, electrical conductivity, available phosphoric, organic matter, and exchangeable cation (K, Ca, Mg) are analyzed. The No. 3 site was relatively higher than other districts of the same chemical characteristics of soil.