• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 1998

We investigated the optimal concentration of lidocaine and MS-222 (tricaine methanesulfonate) for the exfoliation and recovery of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai in different shell lengths, for the purpose of preventing the damage of shell and muscle. However, most anaesthetics applied at present have a strong toxic effect on abalone. MS-222 is the only anaesthetic which is approved for use in food fish by FDA, and lidocaine belongs to a group of anaesthetic which are used in human medicine. These chemicals were evaluated as anaesthetic for different shell size of abalone. The response varied for different shell size groups (shell length 1, 2 and 3 cm). In this study, we suggested the result that the exfoliation and recovery time by lidocaine and MS-222 in shell length 1 cm group were more shorter than in 3 cm group. In shell length 1 cm group, the optimal concentrations of lidocaine and MS-222 for anaesthetic were 200 ppm and 100 ppm, respectively. Lidocaine and MS-222 are preferable to other conventional abalone anaesthetics since these are cheap, safe and convenient to use.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 1988

Anaesthetis have been in use for a long time in aquaculture because working with anaesthetized aquatic vertebrate was found to be advantages in many technical operations. However, most anaesthetics applied at present have a strong toxic effect on fish. Lidocaine belong to a group of anaesthetics which are used in human medicine. This chemical was evaluated as anaesthetics for seven species of fishes. The response varied for seven test species. Lidocaine was preferable to other conventional fish anaesthetics since it is cheap, safe and convenient to use.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.6-8
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• 2006

One male Arabian horse, 13-year-old reared in Galway, Ireland, was diagnosed as laminitis. Hemo-acupuncture at TH01, SI01 and ST45 was used. Injection acupuncture with dexamethasone was also applied at the same acupoints after homo-acupuncture twice a week. Bee-venom was injected into GV01 at session 2. After session 3, the patient showed almost normal walking.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.273-278
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• 2000

Several topical preparations containing lidocaine, a widely used local anesthetic agent, have been developed and marketed recently for the treatment of premature ejaculation. In this study, microemulsion(ME)-based hydrogels containing lidocaine were prepared by dispersing ME to hydrogel bases such as Carbopol, sod. alginate, and sod. carboxymethylcellulose. Lidocaine-containing ME was thermodynamically stable over 6 months and had a diameter ranging from 10 to 100 nm. In vitro skin penetration of lidocaine from ME-based hydrogels followed apparent zero-order kinetics. ME-based hydrogel showed higher drug penetration during fifteen minutes after application than alcoholic hydrogel, reference preparation. Tail flick test in rat was introduced to compare in vivo local anesthetic effects of different hydrogels, and the results showed that ME-based hydrogels are superior to other hydrogels. In optical microscopy, recrystallization of lidocaine was observed within 5 min after application of reference hydrogel, but there was no change in ME-based hydrogels even after 30 minnute. These results indicated that ME-based hydrogels had some advantages in skin penetration, anesthetic effect and physical stability compared with alcoholic hydrogels. Finally it is possible to conclude that ME-based hydrogels containing lidocaine is a good topical drug delivery system for the treatment of premature ejaculation.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.136-142
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• 2004

The method of insertion of T-type cannula into the proximal duodenum of cattle was established for the feed digestibility test. Five cattle were anesthetized with rumpun and 2% lidocaine. The incision(15 ~ 20 cm) through the abdominal wall exposing the peritoneal cavity was made. The identified duodenum was extracted through the abdominal incision. The cannula was inserted into the incised duodenal wall. Cannula barrel was extracted between the 10th and 11th rib. All of operated cattle were healthy and cannula remained completely functional until 20 months after a proximal duodenal cannulation.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2018

INTRODUCTION The most commonly impacted tooth is the third molar. An impacted third molar can ultimately cause acute pain, infection, tumors, cysts, caries, periodontal disease, and loss of adjacent teeth. Local anesthesia is employed for removing the third molar. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 or 1:200,000 epinephrine for surgical extraction of bilateral impacted mandibular third molars. METHODS Sixty-five healthy participants underwent surgical extraction of bilateral impacted mandibular third molars in two separate visits while under local anesthesia with 2% lidocaine with different epinephrine concentration (1:80,000 or 1:200,000) in a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial. Visual analogue scale pain scores obtained immediately after surgical extraction were primarily evaluated for the two groups receiving different epinephrine concentrations. Visual analogue scale pain scores obtained 2, 4, and 6 h after administering an anesthetic, onset and duration of analgesia, onset of pain, intraoperative bleeding, operator's and participant's overall satisfaction, drug dosage, and hemodynamic parameters were evaluated for the two groups. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in any measurements except hemodynamic factors (P > .05). Changes in systolic blood pressure and heart rate following anesthetic administration were significantly greater in the group receiving 1:80,000 epinephrine than in that receiving 1:200,000 epinephrine ($P{\leq}01$). CONCLUSION The difference in epinephrine concentration between 1:80,000 and 1:200,000 in 2% lidocaine liquid does not affect the medical efficacy of the anesthetic. Furthermore, 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine has better safety with regard to hemodynamic parameters than 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine. Therefore, we suggest using 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine rather than 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine for surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars in hemodynamically unstable patients.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.276-282
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• 2005

Inferior alveolar nerve block using lidocaine is the most frequent local anesthetic method in the dental treatment, but clinically it is not always successful. The 2% lidocaine cartridge has been used commonly in dental anesthesia. It contains vasoconstrictor and antioxidant, which presents low pH which provides chemical stability and longer shelf life. But alkalinized local anesthetics has less tissue trauma, easier dissociation of the non-ionized base which penetrates nerve sheath, rapid onset and more intensity. In this study, in inferior alveolar nerve block, alkalinized lidocaine using sodium bicarbonate (experimental group) is compared with plain lidocaine (control group) about injection pain, anesthetic onset, duration and postinjection discomfort. In inferior alveolar nerve block, alkalinized lidocaine using sodium bicarbonate showed lower injection pain. There was significant difference statistically from plain lidocaine(p=0.019). Comparing with plain lidocaine, alkalinized lidocaine produced more rapid onset (lip & pulp anesthetic onset), there was no significant difference(p>0.05). but there was boundary significance (0.050.05). These results suggest that addition of sodium bicarbonate to 2% lidocaine(1:100,000 epinephrine) for inferior alveolar nerve block is more effective for reduction of injection pain and onset time.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2013

Ketamine is a safe and effective drug for pediatric anesthesia, sedation and analgesia. We hoped to identify that surgeons could operate a pediatric hernia with the ketamine anesthesia without general anesthesia. The study was a consecutive case series of 2230 inguinal hernia patients aged 1 months to 17 years in a Joo's day-surgical clinic during 11-year period. The patients had pediatric inguinal hernia surgery without general anesthesia under the day-surgery system. We retrospectively analyzed the medical record of patients who were registered with the Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) system. All patients received ketamine (5mg/kg) and atropine (0.01mg/kg) intramuscularly before surgery. After anesthesia, we injected 1~2% lidocaine (Less than 5ml) subcutaneously at the site of incision and started operation. The surgical method was the high ligation method of the hernia sac.) In total 2230 patients, male were 1756 and female were 474. 2076 patients were a unilateral inguinal hernia at the time of surgery and 154 were bilateral hernia patients. Less than three months, depending on the age of the patients was 391, and less than 12 months the patient was 592 people (26.5%). After surgery, there were no accidents or long term complications associated with ketamine anesthesia. We think the surgeon can safely do the pediatric inguinal hernia surgery using ketamine and lidocaine without anesthesiologist through 11 years of our surgical experiences.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2005

To assess the effect of anaesthetic on stress response in cultured sweetfish (Plecoglossus altivelis) during transportation, the levels of plasma cortisol, glucose, lactic acid, $Na^+,\;K^+,\;Cl^-$, osmolality and survival were determined. The transportation was performed in square boxes where liquefied oxygen was saturated in polyethylene bags. Fish transportation was carried by car for 2 hours after anaesthesis with lidocaine-HCl/1,000 ppm $NaHCO_3$ in experiment. Mean plasma cortisol concentration before transportation was 170.7ng/ml. After transportation, the levels of plasma cortisol increased to 518.5ng/ml (Control), 461.9ng/ml (Sham control), 369.4ng/ml (20ppm anaesthetic), 304.0ng/ml (40 ppm anaesthetic), 405.7ng/ml (80 ppm anaesthetic) and 499.1ng/ml (160ppm anaesthetic) in each experimental groups, respectively (p<0.05). However levels of glucose, lactic acid, $Na^+,\;Cl^-$ and osmolality in 40ppm anaesthetic group did not show significant differences in this before and after transportation (P>0.05). These result reveal an anaesthetic lidocaine HCl/1,000ppm $NaHCO_3$ is effective as sedative for transportation mixture in this species. This research provides baseline data on cortisol, glucose, lactic acid, $Na^+,\;K^+,\;Cl^-$, osmolality and survival for anaesthetic transportation.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

Background: Articaine, commercially available in South Korea from 2004, is widely being used for dental treatments. In the surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars, one of the most common procedures in oral and maxillofacial surgery, the anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine and 2% lidocaine, both with 1：100,000 epinephrine, was compared. Methods: A randomized double-blind clinical trial was conducted of 80 patients for bilateral surgical extraction of mandibular third molars with informed consents. One operator carried out the routine surgical procedures using local anesthetic 4% articaine or 2% lidocaine with the same concentration of vasoconstrictor. Latency, duration of anesthesia and the amount of anesthetic solution were recorded. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the intraoperative pain. Results: The pain VAS scores reported similar anesthetic effect with both local anesthetics. Not in the latency of anesthesia and the amount of anesthetic solution, statistically significant difference was found in the mean duration of anesthesia. Conclusions: It was concluded that 4% articaine could offer better or at least the same clinical feasibility compared to 2% lidocaine, particularly in terms of the duration of the local anesthesia for common dental treatments.