• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.397-402
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• 1985

The fermentation of various sugars by C. thermosaccharolyticum was examined under pH controlled, anaerobic condition. The kinetic model for Product formation at various sugars was the combination of growth and non-growth associated mode. In the utilization of a single sugar, glucose was the best carbon source for growth. The specific growth rate of glucose, xylose and cellobiose were 0.363 h$^{-1}$, 0.242 h$^{-1}$ and 0.144 h$^{-1}$ respectively. The production of ethanol from glucose showed a negatively growth associated mode, so the higher growth rate decreased the productivity of ethanol. The maximum concentrations of the produced ethanol were 2.42 g/l, 3.76 g/l, and 3.4 g/l on glucose, xylose, and cellobiose. No glucose was detected during cellobiose fermentation. Sequential utilization of sugars was observed in the mixtures of glucose, xylose and cellobiose. It preferred glucose, followed by xylose and then cellobiose. The presence of other sugars had little or no effect on the rate of another sugar utilization. Cell lysis at the end of fermentation occured more slowly in the mixtures of sugars than a single sugar.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.675-680
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• 2017

Considering that most sewage treatment facilities have a water head of less than 2.0 m and a constant flow rate, the development of a small hydro power generation device capable of maintaining stable power generation and efficiency is urgently needed. In this study, a numerical analysis using the CFD code was carried out to develop a drag force type vertical axis hydro turbine for the improvement of the production efficiency of small-scale hydro energy underlow flow velocity conditions. The blade pressure changes and internal flows were analyzed in the presence or absence of hydro turbine blade holes at a flow velocity of less than 2.0 m/s. The pressure distribution of the hydro turbine blades with holes was found to be about 5.1 % lower than that of the hydro turbine blades without holes. The analysis of the internal flow around the water tank and hydro turbine blade revealed that the flow velocity varied with the vector distribution and that the flow velocity of the hydro turbine blades with holes was 5.6 % less than that of the hydro turbine blades without holes. It is believed that forming a hole in the blade may be helpful for its structural safety.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.509-516
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• 2020

Since the 1960s, many rivers have been polluted and destroyed due to river repair projects for economic development and the covering of small rivers due to urbanization. Many studies have analyzed rivers using measured river topographic factors, but surveying is not easy when the flow rate changes rapidly, such as during a flood. In addition, the previous research has been mainly about the cross section of a river, so information on the longitudinal profile is insufficient. This research used informational entropy theory to obtain an equation that can calculate the average river slope, river slope, and river longitudinal elevation for a river basin in real time. The applicability was analyzed through comparison with measured data of a river's characteristic factors obtained from a river plan. The parameters were calculated using informational entropy theory, nonlinear regression analysis, and actual data. The longitudinal elevation entropy equation for each stream was then calculated, and so was the average river slope. All of the values were over 0.96, so it seems that reliable results can be obtained when calculating river characteristic factors.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.122-122
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• 2014

수중방전을 환경분야에 적용하기 위한 플라즈마 부상법이 개발되었다. 플라즈마 부상법은 물 속에서 발생시킨 플라즈마가 가지고 있는 주요특성 중 물리적 특징인 쇼크웨이브, UV조사, 버블생성 등과 화학적 특징인 OH라디칼 및 염소산화물 생성 등을 이용하여 물 속에 존재하는 용존성 및 입자성 물질을 부상분리 기법으로 제거하는 공법이다. 유기물을 제거하는 기작으로는 침전, 여과, 분해 등이 있고, 이를 구현하기 위한 공정으로 중력침강법, 부상분리법, 멤브레인법, 미생물법 등이 있다. 이 중에서 가압공기부상법은 침강법에 비해 부지면적을 적게 소모하고 처리시간이 50% 이상 감소되는 특징이 있다. 가압공기부상법은 물 속에 공기를 과포화시킨 후 노즐을 통해 재분사할 때 발생하는 압력차에 의해 미세기포가 발생함을 이용하여 유기물을 분리하는 공법이다. 그러나, 가압용 장비 및 반송수가 필요하고, 미생물분리는 불가능한 단점이 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 미생물살균과 유기물 분리가 동시에 일어나는 플라즈마를 이용한 부상분리기법을 개발하였다. 본 연구에서는 난분해성 용존유기물인 휴믹산 100 mg/L의 플라즈마 공기부상법에 의한 제거능을 확인하였다. 용존성 휴믹산을 입자성 물질로 전환하여 플록을 형성시키고자 알루미늄설페이트(Al2(SO4) $3{\cdot}18H2O$)를 100 mg/L 주입하였고, 침출수와 같이 염도가 높은 물을 모사하고자 35 g/L의 염화나트륨을 첨가한 상태에서 방전을 실시하였다. 방전에 사용된 전원은 EESYS사에서 제작한 펄스형 고전압 전원장치를 사용하였고 최대 15 kW의 출력 중 6 kW의 전력을 인가하였다. 전극 한 개는 2 mm 텅스텐봉을 세라믹튜브로 감싼 구조로 총 사용전극은 28개이다. 전극 한 개당 대략 200 Watt의 전력이 소모되며 이 때 최대의 버블이 생성됨을 확인하였다. 전극 1개에서 생성되는 버블의 부피는 14 mL/min 로 측정되었다. 버블의 크기는 평균 70 um이고 가압공기부상법에서 최적공기크기로 제시하고 있는 40~80 um 의 버블은 약 80% 가량 생성된다. 본 연구에서 사용된 반응시스템에서의 물의 높이는 약 500 mm 이고 전체 40 L의 수조가 3개의 벽으로 분리되어 4개의 수조로 분리되었다. 각 수조는 하부에 7개의 전극을 포함하고 있다. 플라즈마 발생시 생성되는 기포는 약 1분 방전 후에 포화농도에 도달하며 방전종료 후 약 4분간 수체 내에 남아있게 된다. 이를 공정에 적용하여 1분 방전 및 4분 휴지의 순서로 플라즈마를 인가하였다. 휴믹산 용액의 유량을 2 lpm 으로 운전하였을 때 최종 처리율은 94% 이고 이때의 대장균 살균능은 99%이다.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.511-523
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• 2002

In order to develop the weir with high reaeration efficiency, the reaeration experiments at linear weir, ogee spillway type weir, and labyrinth weirs were conducted and the results were compared. The effect of roughened crest was also analyzed. It was found from the experiments that the oxygen transfer efficiency at the ogee spillway type weir was the lowest and that at the linear weir was second lowest among the weirs used in the experiments. It was also revealed that the reaeration efficiencies of the labyrinth weirs increase as the included angles become smaller. The roughened crest which causes the disintegration of overflow was found to increase the reaeration efficiency significantly. On the basis of the results of the experiments, the pilot construction of the labyrinth welt with included angle of 30 degree was made. The labyrinth weir was made up by assembling the frame and then filling the ripraps into the frame. The ripraps were exposed at the crest to split the overflow. The average value of oxygen transfer efficiency observed at the pilot weir was 0.18. It is expected that the results from the experimental study and the field data of the pilot weir would serve for the improvement of water quality by the weirs with high reaeration efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 2008

$La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_3$ films were deposited on $SiO_2$/Si and Si substrates annealed at $350^{\circ}C$ by rf magnetron sputtering. The oxygen gas flow rates were varied as 0, 40, and 80 sccm. Without post annealing process, $La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_3$ thin films on $SiO_2$/Si and Si substrates were polycrystalline with (100), (110), and (200) growth planes. The grain size of $La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_3$ thin films was increased with increasing oxygen gas flow rate. The sheet resistance of $La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_3$ thin films was decreased with oxygen flow rate due to the increased grain size which induced a reduction of grain boundary. TCR (temperature coefficient of resistance) values of $La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_3$ thin films were obtained from -2.0% to -2.2%.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.308-308
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• 2011

하천에서 유량을 산정하기 위해서 전자파표면유속계를 이용하여 표면유속을 측정하고 수심평균유속환산계수 0.85를 일률적으로 적용하여 수심평균유속을 산정하고 있다. 이 수심평균유속환산계수 0.85의 적절성에 대한 논의가 지속되어져 왔으나 그 동안에는 이에 대한 현장검증을 할 수 있는 방법이 없었던 실정이다. 하지만 최근 들어서는 ADCP(Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler)의 하천용 Application인 StreamPro ADCP가 개발되어 이를 이용하면 홍수기에 수심별 유속을 측정할 수 있다. 다만 홍수기에 StreamPro ADCP의 적용시에는 여러 가지 높은 위험성이 상존하는 것은 인지의 사실이지만, 그 외의 별다른 방법이 없는 실정이다. 따라서 홍수기에 StreamPro ADCP를 이용하여 수심별 유속을 측정하고 이와 동시에 측정한 표면유속을 이용하여 수심평균유속환산계수를 산정하여 기존에 환산계수로 적용하고 있는 0.85의 적절성을 파악하고자 하였다. 흐름조건별 수심평균유속환산계수 산정을 위하여 평수기 용담 수자원시험유역의 동향지점에서 수심평균유속환산계수를 산정한 결과 0.632~1.352로 넓게 분포하고 있음을 파악하였다. 이렇게 계수가 실제 적용하는 0.85와는 크게 차이가 나는 이유로는 수심이 얕아서 바닥마찰의 영향이 크기 때문인 것으로 판단되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 여러 지점에서 홍수기 수심별 유속의 실측을 통하여 수심평균유속환산계수 분포정도를 산정하고자 하였다. 대청댐 상류의 수통수위표가 위치해 있는 적벽대교지점에서 StreamPro ADCP를 이용하여 수심평균유속환산계수를 산정한 결과 0.735~0.986 사이에 분포하고 있다. 측정한 결과의 수심평균유속환산계수의 평균값은 0.853으로 기존에 수심평균유속의 산정을 위하여 적용하고 있는 0.85와 거의 일치함을 보이고 있다. 측정당시 수심이 3.6 m에 이르고 있고 유속 또한 1.55 m/s에 이르고 있어 홍수시 일반하천에서 발생하는 수위와 유속임을 감안할 때, 0.735~0.986의 수심평균유속환산계수는 홍수시 순간적인 변화의 폭이 큼을 알 수 있다. 이렇게 순간적인 변화가 큰 이유로는 난류의 성분이 강해서 나타나는 것으로 이를 평균하면 0.853으로 나타나고 있어 홍수시에 수심평균유속환산계수를 0.85를 사용하여도 무방함을 알 수 있다. 동향지점에서 홍수기에 수심별 유속의 실측을 통하여 수심평균유속환산계수를 산정하고자 하였다. 그러나 이 지점은 강한 와류로 인하여 ADCP가 심하게 흔들림으로 인하여 순간적인 유속의 차이가 최대 4배까지 보임을 알 수 있다. 이로 인하여 수심평균유속환산계수의 범위는 0.233~0.983에 이른다. 측정당시 표면유속이 2.07 m/s 인 것을 감안하여 이 표면유속에 상응하는 수심별 유속 자료만을 이용하여 산정시, 수심평균유속환산계수는 0.876이다. 하천의 하류지점에서 수심별 유속을 측정하여 수심평균유속환산계수를 산정하고자 한강하류로 유입하는 굴포천의 구교 및 박촌1교 지점에서 유속측정을 실시하였다. 이들 두 지점은 홍수기에 조차도 유속이 1 m/s 에 이르지 못하는 지점으로, 수심평균유속환산계수를 산정한 결과 각각 0.826, 0.833을 나타내고 있어, 수심평균유속환산계수 0.85가 홍수기뿐만 아니라 평 갈수기에도 적용할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 1995

For several years lots of attempts have been made to establish the liquid membrane-based techniques for separations of gas mixtures especially containing carbon dioxide. A more effective system to separate $CO_{2}$ from flue gases, a circulatory hollow-fiber membrane absorber(HFMA) consisting of absorption and desorption modules with vacuum mode, has been considered in this study. Gas-liquid mass transfer has been modeled on a membrane module with non-wetted hollow-fibers in the laminar flow regime. The influence of an absorbent flow rate on the separation performance of the circulatory HFMA can be predicted quantitatively by obtaining the $CO_{2}$ concentration profile in a tube side. The system of $CO_{2}/N_{2}$ binary gas mixture has been studied using pure water as an(inert) absorbent. As the absorbent flow rate is increased, the permeation flux(i.e., defined as permeation rate/membrane contact area) also increases. The enhanced selectivity compared to the previous results, on the other hand, shows the decreasing behavior. It has been found obviously that the permeation flux depends on the variations of pressure in gas phase of desorption module. From an accurate comparison with the results of conventional flat sheet membrane module, the advantageous permeability of this circulatory HFMA can be clearly ascertained as expected. Our efforts to the theoretical model will provide the basic analysis on the circulatory HFMA technique for a better design and process.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 2008

In this study, periodic water-back-flushing using permeate water was performed to minimize membrane fouling and to enhance permeate flux in advanced water treatment system by ceramic microfiltration. We investigated effect of water-back-flushing period (FT) and time (BT), and tried to find the optimal operating conditions. BT was fixed at 3 sec and FT was changed in $30{\sim}120$ sec to inspect effect of FT. Also, FT was fixed at 120 sec and BT was changed as $3{\sim}12$ sec at experiment of BT effect. At both two experiments, TMP was fixed at 1.52 bar, water-back-flushing pressure at 0.98 bar, feed flow rate at 0.5 L/min, and feed water temperature at $20^{\circ}C$. As the result, optimal FT was 30 sec at fixed BT 3 sec in our experimental range. It means that the more frequent back-flushing was the more effective to reduce membrane fouling. However, there were not large effects of FT due to a short BT. Then, increasing BT at fixed FT 120 sec could decrease resistance of membrane fouling ($R_f$) and increase permeate flux (J) and dimensionless permeate flux ($J/J_o$), and the most total permeate volume ($V_T$) could be produced at the maximum BT 12 sec.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.69-75
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• 2019

The cooling performance of heat pump system for light-duty commercial electric vehicle was evaluated experimentally. The cooling performance characteristics of the heat pump for light-duty commercial electric vehicles were evaluated by varying the temperature, flow rate of chiller coolant, and electric compressor speed, under the exterior air temperature of 35 ℃ and interior air temperature of 25 ℃. Increasing the compressor speeds decreased the cooling system efficiency by 16.4 % on average with the cooling capacity increasing by 8.0 % on average and the compressor work increasing by 27% on average. To use waste heat from the coolant to chill power electronic components, such as the motor and inverter, a chiller was installed to transfer heat between the coolant and refrigerant. Increasing the temperature of the chiller coolant from 35 ℃ to 55 ℃ decreased the efficiency by 18.2 % on average due to higher condensing heat source. Increasing the coolant flow rate from 10 liter/min to 20 liter/min did not affect the cooling capacity of the system due to a similar total condensing heat transfer rate at the chiller and the exterior heat exchanger. In future works, heating performance will be investigated by varying the operating conditions to use the chiller's waste heat with an improvement of heating capacity.