• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
• /
• v.9 no.3 s.32
• /
• pp.401-419
• /
• 1997

In this paper the kinematics of damage for finite strain, elasto-plastic deformation is introduced using the fourth-order damage effect tensor through the concept of the effective stress within the framework of continuum damage mechanics. In the absence of the kinematic description of damage deformation leads one to adopt one of the following two different hypotheses for the small deformation problems. One uses either the hypothesis of strain equivalence or the hypotheses of energy equivalence in order to characterize the damage of the material. The proposed approach in this work provides a general description of kinematics of damage applicable to finite strains. This is accomplished by directly considering the kinematics of the deformation field and furthermore it is not confined to small strains as in the case of the strain equivalence or the strain equivalence approaches. In this work, the damage is described kinematically in both the elastic domain and plastic domain using the fourth order damage effect tensor which is a function of the second-order damage tensor. The damage effect tensor is explicitly characterized in terms of a kinematic measurure of damage through a second-order damage tensor. Two kinds of second-order damage tensor representations are used in this work with respect to two reference configurations.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.447-454
• /
• 2012

Considering that the weight of a hollow slab system is not increased with an incremental increase in its thickness, and that the flexural stiffness of a hollow slab is not significantly lower than that of a general slab, there has been a growing need for hollow slab system, because long span structures are in great demand. In a long span structure, the problem of vibration of floor slabs frequently occurs, and the dynamic characteristics of a hollow slab system are quite different from the conventional floor system. It is required to investigate the safety and the serviceability of hollow slab. Therefore, there exists a necessity for accurate vibration analysis. Hollow slab should be modeled by refined mesh for accurate vibration analysis. For the efficiency of the Eigenvalue Analysis, an equivalent plate slab model when can relatively precisely represent the dynamic behavior of a one-way hollow slab system is used. In conclusion, equivalent plate models relatively precisely presented the dynamic characteristics of one-way hollows.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.12 no.12
• /
• pp.485-490
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this Study investigated corneal power, corneal astigmatism and corneal axis according to spherical equivalent of refractive error. We measured spherical equivalent, corneal power and corneal astigmatism in 100 subjects from January 2014 to July 2014. Measured spherical equivalent of refractive error were $-3.01{\pm}3.79D$, corneal power of $43.79{\pm}1.60D$ and corneal astigmatism of $-1.17{\pm}0.79D$ respectively. Prevalence of spherical equivalent of refractive error were as follows : myopes (61%), emmetropes (22%), hyperopes(17%). Corneal astigmatism of refractive error greater than +0.75D was 63% and prevalence of corneal astigmatism were as follows : with-the-rlue astigmatism (84.13%), against-the-rule astigmatism(9.52%) respectively. Corneal power by spherical equivalent increased from hyperopia to myopia. Between spherical equivalent of refractive error and the mean corneal power was significant correlation(r=-0.25, p=0.01). A correlation were found between corneal power and spherical equivalent of refractive error in adults. They have the highest distribution of prevalence myopia among the refractive error. When the refractive error was increased, we found that corneal power was steeper. It is recognized that this can be refractive error factor and correct visual function is considered.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.39-45
• /
• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the visual performance by contrast sensitivity (CS) and disability glare (DG) in low astigmatic eyes corrected with toric soft lenses and other optical corrections. Methods: Twenty university students with myopia (-1.00 to -6.50D Sph. with astigmatism up to 1.50 cyl) were enrolled and corrected by five different methods: 1) soft toric lenses; 2) spherical soft contact lenses; 3) RGP lenses; 4) best spectacle corrected visual acuity; 5) spherical equivalent spectacles. All subjects had corrected vision acuity of 20/20 or better. Contrast sensitivity and disability glare were measured using the OPTEC 6500 contrast sensitivity view-in tester included the EyeView Functional Vision Analysis software at photopic or mesopic conditions with glare. Results: At photopic condition, best corrected spectacle wearers had the highest monocular contrast sensitivity at all spatial frequency followed by soft toric lenses, RGP lenses, spherical equivalent spectacles, and spherical soft contact lenses. However, all of them were in normal contrast sensitivity value at photopic condition. At mesopic condition with glare, toric soft lenses were the highest and followed by RGP lenses, spherical equivalent spectacles, best spectacle corrected visual acuity and spherical soft contact lenses. It was observed that spherical soft contact lens wearers demonstrated lower range than normal contrast sensitivity value at mesopic condition with glare. Conclusion: Toric soft lenses gave better visual performance than spherical soft lenses in low astigmatic eyes. Subjects requiring the use of contact lenses under mesophic conditions could benefit from toric soft lenses.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.24 no.12
• /
• pp.113-120
• /
• 2008

One-dimensional site response analysis is widely used to simulate the seismic site effects. The equivalent linear analysis, which is the most widely used type of site response analysis, is essentially a linear method. The method applies constant shear modulus and damping throughout the frequency range of the input motion, ignoring the dependence of the soil response on the loading frequency. A new type of equivalent linear analysis method that can simulate the frequency dependence of the soil behavior via frequency-strain curve was developed. Various forms of frequency-strain curves were proposed, and all curves were asserted to increase the accuracy of the solution. However, its validity has not been extensively proven and the effect of the shape of the frequency-strain curve is not known. This paper used two previously proposed frequency-strain curves and three additional curves developed in this study to evaluate the accuracy of the frequency-dependent equivalent linear method and the influence of the shape of the frequency-strain curves. In the evaluation, six recordings from three case histories were used. The results of the case study indicated that the shape of the frequency-strain curve has a dominant influence on the calculated response, and that the frequency dependent analysis can enhance the accuracy of the solution. However, a curve that results in the best match for all case histories did not exist and the optimum curve varied for each case. Since the optimum frequency-strain curve can not be defined, it is recommended that a suite of curves be used in the analysis.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2007.02a
• /
• pp.943-948
• /
• 2007

진료 기록 문서(CDA)가 의사들에 의해 작성되기 때문에 많은 전문용어, 약어, 숫자, 기호 등을 포함하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 특성을 고려하여 문서 내에서 여러 의미로 해석될 수 있는 약어, 중의어 등의 단어 모호성을 해소하고자 의미적 등가 부류를 이용하여 모호성을 해소하였다. 특히 의료문서가 많은 비율의 숫자, 기호를 사용하고 있고 문서 내에서 많은 의미적 유의성을 포함하고 있기 때문에 이들을 불용어로 처리하지 않고 의미적 등가 부류에 포함시킴으로써 진료문서 특성을 반영하였다.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.59-78
• /
• 2006

As a theoretical background for this research, the literatures which focus on the rationale of teaching and learning of connecting with mathematics and science in calculus were investigated. And teaching and learning material of connecting with mathematics and science in calculus was developed. And then, based on the case study using this material, the research questions were analyzed in depth. Students could understand mean-velocity, instant-velocity, and acceleration in the experimenting process of constant acceleration movement. Also Students could understand fundamental ideas that instant-velocity means slope of the tangent line at one point on the time-displacement graph and rate of distance change means rate of area change under a time-velocity graph.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2006.07a
• /
• pp.317-318
• /
• 2006

전력 계통이 거대화되고 그 복잡성이 증가함에 따라 계통의 안정적인 운용을 위하여, 다양한 안정도 해석에 대한 요구가 제기되고 있다. 이에 따라 실시간 시뮬레이터를 이용한 계통의 과도현상 해석에 대한 연구 역시 증가하고 있는데, 이는 대규모 비선형 계통을 대상으로 할 경우 H/W의 제약으로 인해 현실적으로 많은 제한을 받는다. 하지만 FACTS등 새롭게 계통에 연계되는 전력 설비의 성능 검증 및 사례 연구를 위해서는 이러한 실시간 시뮬레이터를 이용한 실제 계통에 대한 다양한 과도현상 모의 및 해석이 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 UPFC, SVC등 FACTS 기기가 포함된 한전의 실제 전력 계통을 대상으로 등가화 및 계통 축약 기법을 이용하여 해당 계통의 동적/정적 특성을 반영할 수 있는 등가계통을 PSS/E상에서 개발하고, 등가 계통과 실 계통에 대한 다양한 모의를 통해 그 타당성을 검증하였다. 이렇게 개발된 등가 계통 모델은 각 FACTS 기기에 대해 독립된 모델 계통으로 실시간 시뮬레이터를 이용한 FACTS 기기의 성능 검증 및 평가에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Composites Research
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.347-352
• /
• 2016

This work presents the free vibration characteristics of laminated composite corrugated rectangular plates using the analytical method. Because it is very difficult to determine its mechanical behavior of 3-dimensional corrugated structures analytically, the equivalent homogenization model is adapted to investigate the overall mechanical behavior of corrugated structures. The corrugated element can be homogenized as an orthotropic material. Both the effective extensional and flexural stiffness of this homogenized equivalent orthotropic material are considered in the analysis. The present analytical results are validated by those obtained from 3D finite element analysis based on shell elements. The natural frequencies and global vibration mode shapes obtained from present analytical and finite element analysis are presented. Some numerical results are presented to check the effect of the geometric properties.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.142-147
• /
• 2001

Using transmission-line equivalent circuit based on cross-field model for an interdigital acoustic wave transducer, an efficient simulation technique of SAW filters by SPICE is proposed. Propagation of surface acoustic wave is modeled as transmission line so that frequency-dependent circuit elements are not needed in the equivalent circuit of an interdigital transducer. Because the equivalent circuits for frequency-dependent circuit elements are not derived approximately, and a small number of circuit elements are used in the equivalent circuit for filters, simulation time is much reduced. The utility of the proposed technique is demonstrated through simulation for the characteristics of SAW filters such as insertion loss, input admittance, passband ripple, and harmonic frequency response.