• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 1994

Purpose : Metastatic cancer to the brain is a major problem for the patients with bronchogenic carcinoma, and most of these patients have a limited survival expectancy. To increase tumor control and / or to decrease late morbidity with possible shortening in over-all treatment period, multiple daily fraction technique for brain metastasis was performed. The author reperesented the results of accelerated fractionation radiotherapy in patients with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer. Materals and Methods : Twenty-six patients with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer between 1991 and 1993 received brain radiotherapy with a total dose of 48 Gy, at 2 Gy per fraction, twice a day with a interfractional period of 6 hours, and delivered 5 days a week. The whole brain was treated to 40 Gy and boost dose escalated to 8 Gy for single metastatic lesion by reduced field. Twenty-four of the 26 patients completed the radiotherapy. Radiotherapy was interupted in two patients suggesting progressive intracerebral diseases. Results : This radiotherapy regimen appears to be comparable to the conventional scheme in relief from symptoms. Three of the 24 patients experienced nausea and or vomiting during the course of treatment because of acute irradiation toxicity. The author observed no excessive toxicity with escalating dose of irradiation. An increment in median survival, although not statistically significant(p>0.05), was noted with escalating doses(48 Gy) of accelerated fractionation(7 months) compared to conventional treatment(4.5 months). Median survival also increased in patients with brain solitary metastasis(9 months) compared to multiple extrathoracic sites(4 months), and in patients with good performance status(9 months versus 3.5 months), they were statistically significant (p<0.01). Conclusion : The increment in survival in patients with good prognostic factors such as controlled primary lesion, metastasis in brain only and good perfomance status appeared encouraging. Based on these results, a multi-institutional prospective randomized trial should be initiated to compare the twice-a-day and once-a-day radiotherapy schemes on patients with brain metastasis with careful consideration for the patients' quality of life.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.8 s.265
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• pp.619-625
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• 2006

Background: Peripheral arterial disease is frequently accompanied with systemic arteriosclerosis and more than half of the cause of deaths is due to the development of coronary arterial disease. Moreover, it is known that the most frequent cause of death after a bypass surgery of chronic arterial obstruction is heart related complications. Especially in patients with atherosclerotic arterial obstruction in the lower extremities who had no history of heart disease or had no presenting symptoms of ischemic heart disease showed a high rate of postoperative mortality and for this reason we suggest preoperative evaluation in these patients to evaluate whether or not coronary arterial disease is accompanied. Material and Method: Since Feb. 2001 to Oct. 2004, we analyzed 52 patients who were operated on for atherosclerotic arterial obstruction in the lower extremities, with the exception of patients with a past history of heart disease or symptoms of ischemic heart disease. They underwent on the same day a coronary and femoral angiography for evaluation of accompanying coronary arterial disease. Of among these patients, we compared those who received bypass surgery of the arteries of the peripheral extremities alone to those who underwent combined coronary artery bypass surgery. Result: 63% of the reported cases of atherosclerotic arterial obstruction in the lower extremities were accompanied with coronary arterial disease. Old age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and hypercholesterolemia are known risk factors for arteriosclerosis and of these, only old age and hypertension had statistically significance in patients with severe atherosclerotic arterial obstruction in the lower extremities accompanied with coronary arterial disease. Diabetes, smoking, and hypercholesterolemia showed no statistical significance in this group. With the increase in severity of the range and the degree of atherosclerotic arterial obstruction, coronary arterial disease is frequently accompanied and its severity also increased. Patients who received both peripheral artery and coronary artery bypass surgery showed no difference in the period of hospitalization and ICU stay period compared with patients who received bypass surgery of the arteries of the lower extremities alone. Conclusion: Patients with atherosclerotic arterial obstruction in the lower extremities without symptoms of ischem to evaluate coronary arterial disease for active treatment, especially in the patients with old age, hypertension and high AVD scores.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.386-392
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• 1996

Preoperative and postoperative evaluation was done in 60 adult patients above 20 years of age among 152 patients, who had operation for the congenital atrial septal defect from January 1984 to June 1993 in the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonbuk National University Hospital. Anatomically, the secundum type defect was present In 58 cases and the other two were ostium primum type defect. The defect were closed directly in 45 cases and with patches in 15 cases. Preopera ive EKG findings revealed regular sinus rhythm in 81%, arrhythmia 19%, RVH 32%, RAD 30%, Postoperative findings were regular sinus rhythm in 76%, arrhythmia 24%, RVH 25%. RAD 25%. In hemodynamic data, the mean SPAP in patients over 40 years old was 41.91 $\pm$ 14.33mmHg compared to 31.46 $\pm$ 13.77 mmHg in patients under 40 years old, and the difference between the two groups was stastistically significant. And then the patients were classified into two groups (group A sinus group, and group B : arrhythmia group) according to their preoperative rhythm. The patients in group B were older, had greater value of mean SPAP and Rp/Rs. Mean Qp/qs was higher in group A. But the difference between two groups about the mean Qp/qs and Rp/Rs was not significant. Postoperative complications such as arrhythmia, pneumothorax or hemothorax occurred in 7 cases, but there was no operative mortality. The functional improvement were remarkable in half of the patients who underwent surgery.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.93-102
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• 2015

The characteristics of frozen soils are one of most important factors for foundation design in cold region. The objective of this study is to evaluate the shear strength and stiffness of frozen soils according to the confining conditions during the freezing and shearing phase. A direct shear box is constructed for the frozen specimens and bender elements are mounted on the wall of the shear box to measure shear wave velocities. Specimens are prepared by mixing sand and silt with a silt fraction of 30% in weight and the degree of saturation of 10%, giving a relative density of 60% for all tests. The temperature of the specimens in the freezer is allowed to fall below -5℃, and then direct shear tests are performed. A series of vertical stresses are applied during the freezing and shearing phase. Shear stress, vertical displacement, and shear wave along the horizontal displacement are measured. Experimental results show that in all the tests, shear strength increases with increasing vertical stress applied during the freezing and shearing phases. The magnitude of the increase in shear strength with increasing vertical stress during shearing under fixed vertical stress in the frozen state is smaller than the magnitude of the increase in vertical stress during freezing and shearing. In addition, the change in shear wave velocities varies with the position of the bender elements. In the case of shear waves passing through the shear plane, the shear wave velocities decrease with increasing horizontal displacement. This study provides an evaluation of the properties of shear strength and stiffness of frozen soils under varied confining condition.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.335-345
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• 1996

A critical role of oxygen-derived free radicals has been implicated in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced brain damage. In this study, we have produced experimental I/R to the brains of Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) by a transient occlusion and release of the common carotid arteries. We have attempted to determine whether the oxidative stress is generated upon I/R and whether this oxidative stress is linked to the cell damage. Since hippocampus has been suggested as one of the most vulnerable regions of the brain to the oxidative stress, we analyzed samples from hippocampus in comparison with those from cortex. In addition, we have examined the expression of heat shock protein 70kD species (HSP70) in these regions in order to evaluate a possible role of this protein in I/R-induced brain damage. To determine whether the oxidative stress is produced upon I/R, we measured the glutathione oxidation, GSSG/ (GSH + 2xGSSG), as an index of oxidative stress. We found an increase of the glutathione oxidation primarily in hippocampus upon I/R. To determine whether this oxidative stress is linked to the cell damage, we measured the degree of lipid peroxidation upon I/R. We found an increase of lipid peroxidation in both regions. However, the magnitude of increases was greater in hippocampus than in cortex. In addition, we found that changes in both the magnitude and the temporal patterns of glutathione oxidation closely correlated with those of lipid peroxidation. Our study provides biochemical evidences that the oxidative stress is generated upon I/R and this oxidative stress is linked to the oxidative cell damage. Our study also provides evidences that the degree of oxidative stress as well as oxidative cell damage is greater in hippocampus than in cortex. We could not find difference in the basal level of HSP70 expression between hippocampus and cortex, indicating that the intrinsic vulnerability of hippocampus cannot be explained by the lower level of HSP70 expression. We did find, however, that the induction of HSP70 expression upon I/R was impaired in the hippocampus. This impairment appeared to be at the transcriptional level. These results suggest that the measurement of HSP70 induction may be employed as a useful predictor of differential cellular susceptibilities to the I/R-induced brain damage.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.189-196
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• 2012

Purpose: The sufficiency of skin dose and the reemergence of patient set-up position to the success of skin cancer radiation treatment is a very important element. But the conventional methods to increase the skin dose were used to vacuum cushion, bolus and water tank have several weak points. For this reason, we producted Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion and evaluated the efficiency of the Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion in skin cancer Radiation treatment. Materials and Methods: We measured absolute dose for 3 materials (Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion, bolus and solid water phantom) and compared each dose distribution. We irradiated 6 MV 100 MU photon radiation to every material of 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm thickness at three times. We measured absolute dose and compared dose distribution. Finally we inspected the CT simulation and radiation therapy planing using the Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion. Results: Absolute dose of Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion was similar to absolute dose of bolus and solid water phantom's result in each thickness. it Showed only the difference of 0.1~0.2% between each material. Also the same result in dose distribution comparison. About 97% of the dose distribution was within the margin of error in the prescribed ranges ($100{\pm}3%$), and achieved the enough skin dose (Gross Tumor Volume dose : $100{\pm}5%$) in radiation therapy planing. Conclusion: We evaluated important fact that Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion is no shortage of time to replace the soft tissue equivalent material and normal vacuum cushion at the low energy radiation transmittance. Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion can simultaneously achieve the enough skin dose in radiation therapy planing with maintaining normal vacuum cushion' function. Therefore as above We think that Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion is very useful in skin cancer radiation treatment.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.95-103
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate feasibility of semi-dry anaerobic digestion using dairy cattle manure and to evaluate solidified fuel value of semi-dry anaerobic digestate. To evaluate semi-dry anaerobic digestion using dairy cattle manure, 950 mL bottle type anaerobic reactor was set in the constant temperature room maintained at $35^{\circ}C$. To produce anaerobic digestate for making solidified fuel, acrylic cylindrical anaerobic digester(1,000 mm width ${\times}$ 450 mm height) was set in the constant room temperature to carry out batch test of semi-dry anaerobic digestion using same dairy cattle manure. Moisture content of dairy cattle manure and inoculum solution for anaerobic digestion were 80.64% and 96.83%, respectively. The dairy cattle manure and the inoculum solution was mixed by 1:1 ratio(v/v) for anaerobic digestion. Water content and VS/TS(Volatile Solids/Total Solids) of mixture of substrate and inoculum were 89.74% and 83.35%, respectively. In case of non-inoculated anaerobic digester, the biogas was not produced. By the semi-dry anaerobic digestion, the calorific value of the digestate was reduced by 20% compare to fresh dairy cattle manure. In other hand, ash content increased from 15% to 18.4%. The contents of Cr, Pb, Cd and S of pellet produced from anaerobically digested dairy cattle manure were not against the standard regulation for livestock manure solidified fuel. Therefore, it can be used as fuel that anaerobic digestate produced after semi-dry anaerobic digestion using dairy cattle manure.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 2004

Previously, we synthesized a novel Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, MCS-5A. Also, we investigated the involvement of cell cycle regulatory events during MCS-5A-mediated apoptosis in HL-60(+p16/-p53) cells with up-regulation of p16 protein expression. In contrast, apoptosis was not observed in A549(-p16/+p53) cells. Therefore we propose that $p16^{INK4A}$ is a key enzyme for inducing apoptosis. In the present studies, we have explored the mechanism of $p16^{INK4A}$ -mediated cytotoxicity and the role of p16.sup INK4A/ overexpression in the induction of apoptosis in human tumor cells. The tumor suppressor gene $p16^{INK4A}$ is known as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) and cell cycle regulator. We expressed wild type $p16^{INK4A}$ in pcDNA3.1 vector and then transfected into non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell expressing different statue of p16$^{INK4A}$, p53 gene〔A549(-p16/+p53), H1299(-p16/-p53) and HeLa(+pl6/+p53) cell line〕. TUNEL assay (including propidium iodide staining following transfection of these cell line with pcDNA3.1-pl6) indicate that p16$^{INK4A}$-mediated cytotoxicity was associated with apoptosis. This is supported by studies demonstrating an induction of caspase 3 cleavage due to the transfection of A549, H1299 and HeLa cells with pcDNA3.1-pl6. These results suggest that p16$^{INK4A}$ has a new function of inducing apoptosis which is not related with the function of tumor suppressor gene p53.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.18-29
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• 1983

A low cost and versatile data acquisition system for the field and laboratory use was developed by using a single board microcomputer. Data acquisition system based on a Z80 microprocessor was built, tested and modified to obtain the present functional system. The microcomputer developed consists of 6 kB ROM, 5 kB RAM, 6-seven segment LED display, 16-Hex. key and 8 command key board. And it interfaces with an 8 channel, 12 bits A/D converter, a microprinter, EPROM programmer for 2716, and RS232C interface to transfer data between the system and HP3000 mini-computer manufactured by Hewlett Packard Co., A software package was also developed, tested, and modified for the system. This package included drivers for the AID converter, LED display, key board, microprinter, EPROM programmer, and RS232c interface. All of these programs were written in 280 assembler language and converted to machine codes using a cross assembler by HP3000 computer to the system during modifying stage by data transferring unit of this system, then the machine language wrote to the EPROM by this EPROM programmer. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Measuring program developed was able to control the measuring intervals, No. of channels used, and No. of data, where the maximum measuring speed was 58.8 microsec. 2. Calibration of the system was performed with triangle wave generated by a function generator. The results of calibration agreed well to the test results. 3. The measured data was able to be written into EPROM, then the EPROM data was compared with original data. It took only 75 sec. for the developed program to write the data of 2 kB the EPROM. 4. For the slow speed measurements, microprinter instead of EPROM programmer proved to be useful. It took about 15 min. for microprinter to write the data of 2 kB. 5. Modified data transferring unit was very effective in communicating between the system and HP3000 computer. The required time for data transferring was only 1~2 min. 6. By using DC/DC converting devices such as 78-series, 79-series. and TL497 IC, this system was modified to convert the only one input power sources to the various powers. The available power sources of the system was DC 7~25 V and 1.8 A.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.268-275
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• 2013

Many kinds of liquid spray products are used in livelihood activities these days. Spray products can be distinguished by the target to be sprayed (like into the air or on human skin (body)). Because human can be exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted from spray products, some considerations on safety or hazard of spray products should be needed. In this study, emission characteristics of VOCs were investigated against 10 types of liquid spray products (6 skin spray and 4 air spray products). The concentrations of benzene and toluene were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) equipped with a thermal desorber (TD). Their average concentrations from 6 skin spray products exhibited$ 5.64{\pm}1.95$ ($mean{\pm}S.D$) and $8.52{\pm}2.89$ ppb(w), respectively. In contrast, those of 4 air spray samples had $7.30{\pm}1.31$ and $7.19{\pm}1.78$ ppb(w), respectively. If liquid contents in spray samples are completely vaporized in one cubic meter (1 m3) after spraying for 10 seconds, their mean concentrations of skin spray products are $31.7{\pm}8.80$ (benzene) and $50.5{\pm}17.1{\mu}g/Sm^3$ (toluene). In contrast, those of air spray products are $24.0{\pm}4.30$ (benzene) and $23.6{\pm}5.83{\mu}g/Sm^3$ (toluene). The estimated concentration levels of benzene from two types of products (31.7 and $24.0{\mu}/Sm^3$) exceeded the Korean atmospheric environmental guideline ($5{\mu}g/Sm^3$). The results of this study thus suggest that some measures should be made to reduce or suppress the contents of VOC in spray products.