• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.347-355
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• 2007

Asiatic black Bear(Ursus thibetanus ussuricus) cubs aged one or two were introduced from Russia(Primosky krai) and North Korea for reinforcement of the bear population and they were released to grow wild in Jirisan National Park. We did research on the characteristics of the denning sites of the Asiatic black cubs, which were released before, from Oct. 2004 to Apr. 2006, and the results were as follows: The released bears hibernated in three types of dens,; tree hollows, rock hollows or ground nests. The hibernating sites were dominated by a community of oak trees and its location was at an average of $923{\pm}221m$ height above the sea level ; the average slope incline was $25.9{\pm}7.9^{\circ}$, and the average denning duration was $98{\pm}9$ days. It was analyzed that the cubs' denning site was $2.8{\pm}2.8km$, on an average, far from the release point; $2.0{\pm}0.9km$ far from villages; $1.9{\pm}1.7km$ far from park inspection trails, and $1.9{\pm}1.0km$ on the average far from a driveway. It is assumed that environmental attributes of the denning sites were closely correlated to those of the release points.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.195-202
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• 1995

The seasonal changes in the muscle components of hibernant fish, amphibious mudskipper (Boleopthalmus pectinirostris), caught during the period between June 1993 and April 1994 were studied. The distributional changes of its major components in each muscle tissues was also observed before and after spawning and hibernation. Moisture content was the lowest after spawnig season and the highest just after hibernation, but crude protein was the highest after spawning sea-son. Crude lipid in female was the highest before spawning season, while in male it was the highest after spawning season, but both of female and male the lowest just after hibernation. Carbohydrate content in female and male showed the highest value just before hibernation and tended to decrease thereafter. In case of mudskipper, dyeing distribution was more or less spread in almost all of the tissues after spawning season but showed nearly no difference just after hibernation with the exception of small increase in dyeing degree of muco layer and epidermis layer. Investigation of mudskipper muscle tissue through the method of sudan black B dyeing yielded the results as follows ; lipid component in mudskipper in seasons before and after spawning season was percieved as mainly distributed in muco layer, epidermis and hypodermis layer respectively and also percieved a little between hypodermis subscutoneus cells. In season just before hibernation, it prevailed in almost all of the tissues, contrary to the weakness in its distribution degree just after hibernation.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.251-264
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• 1988

동면 상태에서 혈액성분의 생화학적 변화치를 조사하고자 전남 각지에 서식 또는 광주직할시 근교에서 양식하고 있는 뱀장어, 개구리, 살모사 그리고 다람쥐를 활동기(7월∼8월), 잠입기(10월∼11월), 동진기(12월∼1월) 및 각려기(3월∼4월)에 채집하였다. 이들 동물들의 혈청에서 Total protein, Albumin, Globulin, A/G ratio, Glucose, Calcium, Urea함유량을 조사하여 얻은 성적을 비교 검토하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1 . Total protein의 변화는 각 동물사이에서 상당한 차이를 보이되 잠입기에 다소 증가하였다. 특히 다람쥐에서 Total protein 함유량이 다른 동물들 보다 많았다. Albumin함유량은 잠입기에 상승하였고 동면기에는 약간의 감소를 보이다가 각성기에는 현저한 감소를 보였다. gloulin함유량은 잠입기에 상당히 상승하고 동면기에 약간의 감소를 나타내었으며 각성기 인 봄철에는 많은 증가 현상을 보였다. 2. 혈청 Urea의 함유량은 동면의 각과정에 따라 상당한 차이가 있었다. 즉 잠입기에 약간 상승하고 동면기에는 저하를 보였으며 각성기에는 전 실험동물에서 검출되지 않았다. 3. 혈당의 변화는 잠입기에 대체로 저하하고 동면기에는 심한 저혈당 수준에 이르렀다. 각성기인 봄철에는 다람쥐를 제외하고는 동면기의 혈희량과 유사하였다. 4. 혈청 Calcium함유량의 변화는 활동기에 비하여 잠입기에는 상당한 증가현상을 보였으나동면기에는 전 실험동물이 거의 같은 수준으로 감소를 보이며 각성기에 까지 감소하였다. In order to the biochemical change of the serological components of hibernating animals, eels(hnguillo joponica Temminck et Schlegel), frogs (Rana nigromacurata Hallowell), snakes (Agkistro-don holds breuicaudus Stejneserl, squirrels (Tamias striatus Linnaeus) which were collected around Gwangiu city and the Chunnam area were observed in accordance with the phases of hibernation. The author described the hibernating cycle as active (June-July), prehibematins(October-Novemberl, hibernating (December-January) and posthibemating phase (March-Aprill. The values of total protein, albumin, globulin, hJG ratlo, calcium, glucose and urea were chiefly investigated in their serum. The results are as following: Total protein was shown to be consider-able in eels, frogs, snakes, squirrels and increased in prehibemation. Especially, the mean value was high in sqirrels. Albumin values was increased during prehibemation. But a little decrease was shown during hibernating and an outstanding decrease during posthibemation. The globulin value increased considerably during prehlbemation but decreased a little during hibernation phase. Changes of urea were shown to be considerable according to the stage of each hibem3-tion. A little increase was shown during prehibemation and decrease during hibernating stage. but urea was not found in posthibemation in any experimental animals. The glucose value was generally decreased during prehibematlon. An extremely little increase in glucose was shown during hibernation (hypoglycemia). All hibernating values except those for squirrels in spring posthibemating phase were at almost the same level. The calcium value was shown to be considerable during prehibemation in comparison with active phase. The same level of decrease was represented in all kinds of animals and continued at the stage of posthibemation.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.411-421
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• 2017

Understanding the need for temperature regulation, behavior, and ecology of hibernating bats provides the possibility of conservation and management for target species. Our objective in this study was to improve understanding of the population trend and ecological requirement in Myotis formosus population in South Korea. From 2007 to 2016, total of 58 hibernacula for Myotis formosus were found across the country. Of the 58 hibernating sites of Myotis formosus, 86% (n=49) were abandoned mines and 14% (n=8) were natural caves. During the survey period, 28 (5%) bats of total 570 bats were observed in natural caves (n=8) and 542 (95%) bats were observed in abandoned mines (n=49). The internal environments of hibernacula of M. formosus were highly stable despite dramatic variation in the external environment. Specifically, we examined the population trend of the endangered bat Myotis formosus in South Korea by long-term monitoring for hibernation sites. The population trend of endangered species M. formosus showed a marked stable in hibernating population. Our results indicate that a tightly collected long-term data set may help to establish the initial approximation of population trends and manage to threats for the endangered bat species.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.258-272
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• 2014

Bats hibernating in caves and unused mines were surveyed during six hibernation periods (from December to February, 2005 and 2011) in Korea. We recorded 13,288 individuals of 11 species at 140 hibernacula (60 caves and 80 abandoned mines): Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (n=3,509), Eptesicus serotinus (n=6), Hypsugo alaschanicus (n=349), Miniopterus fuliginosus (n=5,919), Murina hilgendorfi (n=417), Myotis aurascens (n=294), Myotis bombinus (n=2), Myotis formosus (n=401), Myotis macrodactylus (M.mac, n=151), Myotis petax (n=2,131) and Plecotus ognevi (n=109). We studied the thermal preference and selection of hibernacula of seven dominant bat species. Four species (Myotis petax, Hypsugo alaschanicus, Plecotus ognevi and Murina hilgendorfi) hibernated mainly at the cold site below than $7^{\circ}C$, while three species (Myotis formosus, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and Miniopterus fuliginosus) hibernated at warm site above than $7^{\circ}C$. Rhinolophus ferrumequinum had broad-ranged temperature zone for their hibernating site. The mean body temperature of each species was $2.64{\pm}0.98^{\circ}C$ for Murina hilgendorfi, $2.76{\pm}1.68^{\circ}C$ for Hypsugo alaschanicus, $2.78{\pm}0.98^{\circ}C$ for Plecotus ognevi, $4.52{\pm}1.02^{\circ}C$ for Myotis petax, $7.83{\pm}1.94^{\circ}C$ for Miniopterus fuliginosus, $9.19{\pm}2.35^{\circ}C$ for Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and $13.64{\pm}0.76^{\circ}C$ for Myotis formosus, respectively. The body temperatures of hibernating bats were closely related to the rock surface temperatures rather than the ambient temperatures. In conclusion, the diversity of bats community in hibernacula were closely related to the range of inner ambient temperature of hibernacula, and more species of bats were occupied at sites presenting a broad range of ambient temperatures.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 1996

Comparing hibernation with active periods, the regional distribution and relative frequencies of gastrointestinal endocrine cells were studied immunohist-ochemically in the GITs of the Rana dybowskii. Six kinds of endocrine cells were identified in this study. In this study, several novel findings were emerged: in hibernation period, the perdominant presence of immunoreactive cells; the widely distributional regions of glucagon-, Gas/CCK- and BPP-immunoreactive cells; the intense reaction of immunostaining against the antiserum; and the existence of 5-HT- and somatostat-in-immunoreactive cells in upper regions of the fundic glands. These results suggest that the gastro-entero-endocrine cells in hibernation period synthesize continuously its gut hormones and accumulate in their cytoplasms.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.449-456
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• 1995

Seasonal changes in the activity and charaderistics of brain Na+, K+-ATPase and Mg2+-AWase were investigated in frog (Rana dybowskii) The brain Na+, K+-ATPase adivity during hibernation was similar to that in active period in frogs. The Na+, K+-AWase activity increased in December and March, when the frogs enter into and awake from the hibernation. Over 5-35$^{\circ}C$ temperature range, Na+, K+-ATPase showed non4inear Arrhenius kinetics throughout the year. The brain Mg2+-ATPase activity decreased during hibernation, but markedly increased in March. The Arrhenius plots for Mg2+-AWase activity were linear in frogs both in torpid and active state. The ratio of Na+, K+-AWase activity at 15~C to at 35~C did not change during hibernation. The sensitivity of Na+, K+-AWase to ouabain was also unchanged throughout the year. These results indicate that the activity and charaderistics of brain Na+, K+-AWase remain unchanged during hobernadon in frog.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.977-985
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• 2016

The captive breeding program of the Reeve's turtle (Mauremys reevesii), which is designated as an endangered category II species by the Korean Ministry of Environment, has developed, but the reproductive physiology of the species is still not fully understood. In this study, we investigated seasonal changes in the sex steroid levels, the number and size of follicles and eggs and male-female interactive behaviors of hibernated and non-hibernated turtles between November 2014 and October 2015. Plasma estradiol level in females increased from July and peaked in the period from August to October. Plasma testosterone level in males peaked between August and September and was the lowest in March, although there were some variations depending on the patterns of hibernation. Hibernated females had fully developed eggs between early May and middle July and laid eggs between early June and late July, but non-hibernated females had eggs between early April and early June and also between middle August and late November, and laid eggs in early June, mid-October, and early February. These results suggest that hibernation could be essential for normal follicular and egg developments. Male-female interactive behaviors including courtship intensified from late August and peaked in October and November. Our findings suggest that mating period of this species is directly related to increased steroid hormone levels, but follicular and egg developments in females are not. Our results could be very useful to the successful operation of captive rearing programs of the endangered Reeve' sturtles.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.36-50
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• 1993

한국산 관박쥐(Rhinolophusfewmequinum Jroma의 웅성생식 pattern을 알아보기 위하여 정소의 형태변화와 세정관 정상피의 1년주기를 조사하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 정자형성은 5월에 시작되어 10월말에 완료되었다. 7월초부터 10월중순까지는 정자변태과정이며, 정자형성과정의 활성도가 가장 높은 달은 8월 중순경이었다. 또한 교미가 끝난 11월경부터 세정관내에는 미성숙한 정자세포가 Sertoli cell의 식작용과정의 일환으로 포식되어졌고, 91년 12월부터 92년 1월, 2월, 3월, 그리고 동면각성기인 4월의 실험군에서도 역시 점진적으로 식작용 과정을 관찰할 수 있었다. 교미가 끝난 후의 세정관 내에는 새로운 정자를 만들기 위한 준비단계로서 미성숙된 정자들이 Sertoli cell의 식작용에 의해 정화(cleaning)되므로 이 기간을 정화기간(cleaning time)이라 볼 수 있다. 따라서 정소내 세정관의 1년 주기를 볼 때 정화기간은 동면 개시기인 11월부터 익년 4월까지 약 6개월에 걸쳐 이루어 진다. 이상의 결과로 볼때, 정자형성은 동면각성 직후부터 시작하여 10월경에 완료되며 교미개시기에는 정지되고, 동면기 동안 정자형성이 일어나지 않는 점으로 보아 한국산 관박쥐는 'Pipistnfluspottem'에 속한다고 할 수 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.51-66
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• 1993

한국산 관박쥐(Rhinolophusfemmequinum koran의 웅성생식 pattern을 알아보기 위하여, 1년 주기를 통한 정소상체 이부로의 정자유입, 정자저장 및 정자소멸에 따른 상피세포와의 상관관계를 조사하여, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 정소로부터 정자유입과 정자저장 및 정자소멸에 관련하여 볼때, 정소상체 미부는 2단계의 정화기간(cleaning time)을 가진다. 첫째로, 동면 각성시기인 4월부터 6월까지는 오래된 저장정자를 파괴시켜 새로운 정자를 받아들이기 위한 준비단계로서 둘째로, 정차과정은 7월에서 8월까지 계속되는[tl 이는 7월부터 새로운 정자와 함께 유임된 기형 정자세포,기형 정자 및 기타 잔여 노페물질을 제거하여 성숙된 정자만을 보유함으로서 곧 교미기를 맞이하기 위한 준비단계로서 정화기간을 가진다. 따라서, 1년 주기를 통한 정소상체 이부의 정화기간은 동면 각성기인 4월부터 8월까지 약 5개월에 걸쳐 이루어진다. 한편, 교미가 끝난 11월부터 동면기를 거쳐 동연 각성기 전까지의 긴 기간동안에 정소상체 미부내의 저장된 정자는 급격한 변화를 가져오지 않았다. 이는 동면동안의 낮은 물질대사율과 관련이 있다고 생각된다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아 정자유입, 정자저장 및 정자소멸에 따른 정소상체 미부의 조직변화는 정소상체 미부내 상피세포의 분비 및 흡수의 조절작용에 의해 변학되는것이라 여겨진다.