• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.15-33
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• 2019

Objectives The objective of this study is to provide the evidence of the effectivness of herbal medicine for frozen shoulder. Methods 2 Korean medical on-line databases (Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, Korean Traditional Knowledge), and 3 foreign databases (Pubmed, Cochrane library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure) were searched to find articles concerning herbal medicine for frozen shoulder. We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Several repeated articles and those not relevant to the topic were excluded, as well as review articles and commentaries. The methodological quality of RCTs were evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and meta-analyes were perfomed. Results Total 474 studies were founded and 22 RCTs were selected for systematic review. Efficiency rate was used as the primary evaluation method. Almost studies reported that herbal medicine has significant effect on pain reduction, increasing shoulder function on frozen shoulder. 3 studies comparing herbal medicine and chuna with chuna and 3 studies comparing herbal medicine with ibuprofen were included in the meta-analysis. At herbal medicine and chuna with chuna meta-analysis, it showed positive results of herbal medicine for efficiency rate (risk ratio: 1.18, 95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.27, p<0.0001). At herbal medicine with ibuprofen medta-analysis, it showed positive results of herbal medicine for efficiency rate (risk ratio: 1.15, 95% confidence interval: 1.05-1.27, p=0.003). Conclusions The studies showed that herbal medicine can significantly effective on frozen shoulder. However, the risk of bias in RCTs were evaluated as uncertain. In the future, further well-designed RCTs are needed to prove the effectiveness of herbal medicine for frozen shoulder and reduce the risk of bias.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.35-49
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• 2019

Objectives The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of moxibustion theraphy for frozen shoulder through systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods The effect of moxibustion for frozen shoulder was constructed as a key question to search randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in 16 databases without type of publication restriction. Results A total of 790 studies were searched and 22 RCTs were finally selected through primary and secondary selection/exclusion process. In most of the evaluation indexes used in each study, moxibustion treatment for shoulder pain was statistically significant compared with other treatments. A meta-analysis of effective rate in 10 studies comparing moxibustion with acupuncture and acupuncture showed a statistically significant effect of moxibustion treatment. And there was a significant effect on the improvement of the shoulder mobility, but the effect size of shoulder pain was no significant effect for shoulder pain reduction. In addition in the result of meta-analysis of 4 studies' effective rate comparing moxibustion with electronic acupuncture, the effect of moxibustion was significantly higher than that of electronic acupuncture in frozen shoulder. Conclusions Moxibustion therapy was effective in symptoms in patients with frozen shoulder. However because of the high risk of bias in the quality of the included studies, the applicability of this study seems to be limited. It is thought that future randomized controlled trials will need to be designed and performed by reviewing ways to minimize bias.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.105-113
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• 2006

Objectives : To establish an effective collaborate medicine treatment of acupuncture and western medicine for treating frozen shoulder patients. Methods : 59 voluntary patients were randomly assigned to Eastern treatment group(E group, n=22), Western treatment group(W group, n=17) and East-West treatment group(EW group, n=20). The E group received acupuncture treatment on LI15, TE14, GB21 and Master Dong's acupuncture points, Shin-gwan and Gyun-joong, twice a week for 4 weeks. The W group received suprascapular nerve block, subacromial injection and trigger point injection, twice a week for 4 weeks. The EW group received acupuncture and injection treatment including nerve block All groups were instructed to practice self exercise during their daily lives. Evaluations were made before treatment and after treatment based on the change in shoulder Range of Motion(ROM) and the patient's satisfaction concerning the treatment was measured by Visual Analogue Scale(VAS). The obtained data were analyzed and compared. Results : The patient's satisfaction scores were E group 5.67, W group 7.73 and EW group 7.67. The E group and the EW group showed significant improvement in abbduction, adduction and flexion(p<0.05). The W group showed significant improvement in adduction(p<0.05). Abduction significantly improved(p<0.05) in the EW group compared to E group and W group. Flexion also showed improvement in the EW group, but the difference among the 3 groups was statistically insignificant. The three group's difference of change in extension and adduction was insignificant(p>0.05). Conclusion : Acupuncture and nerve block alone significantly improved ROM in frozen shoulder patients. Also collaborate treatment of acupuncture and nerve block significantly improved ROM in frozen shoulder patients. But the difference of the three treatments were significant only for improving abduction(p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 1995

To investigate effect of seeding on post-thaw motility and viability of canine spermatozoa, the semen from male dogs which had been proved to be fertile in the past were frozen and seeded during freezing process. Post-thaw motility and viability of canine sperm which were frozen and seeded were investigated according to different seeding temperatures of $-5^{\circ}C$, $-10^{\circ}C$, or $-l5^{\circ}C$ and also according to different concentration of glycerol of 2%, 5% and 10%. In addition, post-thaw motility of canine sperm frozen by direct freezing in a deep freezer or programmed freezing in a programmed cell freezer was investigated. Post-thaw motility of canine sperm was compared according to different seeding temperatures : The sperm seeded at $-5^{\circ}C$ showed considerably higher post-thaw motility than that of non-seeding, and that seeded at $-10^{\circ}C$, or $-l5^{\circ}C$, respectively, in 2% and 5% glycerol groups on both 2 and 7day after freezing(p<0.05). In 10% concentration of glycerol, the sperm seeded at each seeding temperature showed considerably higher post-thaw motility than that of non-seeding group on day 7 after freezing(p<0.01). Post-thaw viability of canine sperm was compared according to different seeding temperatures : The sperm seeded at $-5^{\circ}$ showed significantly higher post-thaw motility than that of non-seeding, and that seeded at $-10^{\circ}C$, or $-l5^{\circ}C$, in 5% and 10% glycerol groups on day 7 after freezing(p< 0.05). In comparison of post-thaw motility of canine sperm seeded according to different concentration of glycerol, 5% glycerol group and 10% glycerol group showed considerably higher post-thaw motility than 2% glycerol group without difference between those two groups in all seeding temperatures($-5^{\circ}C$, $-10^{\circ}C$ and $-l5^{\circ}C$) on day 2 and 7 after freezing(p<0.01). In comparison of post-thaw viability of canine sperm seeded according to different concentration of glycerol, 5% glycerol group and 10% glycerol group showed the same considerably higher post-thaw viability than 2% glycerol group on each thawing day(p<0.01). The canine sperm frozen and seeded by programmed freezing method showed considerably higher post-thaw motility than that frozen by direct freezing method in all different seeding temperatures($-5^{\circ}C$, $-10^{\circ}C$ and $-l5^{\circ}$). These results indicated that the higher post-thaw motility and viability was obtained in the spermatozoa seeded than that of non-seeding, that among different seeding temperatures of $-5^{\circ}C$, $-10^{\circ}C$ and $-l5^{\circ}C$, the sperm seeded at $-5^{\circ}C$ showed higher post-thaw motility and viability than the other temperatures, also among different concentrations fof glycerol of 2%, 5% and 10%, the sperm frozen and seeded in 5% and 10% concentration of glycerol showed higher post-thaw motility and viability than that in 2% of glycerol, and that the sperm frozen and seeded by programmed freezing method showed higher motility than that by direct freezing method.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.1 s.63
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• pp.201-214
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• 2006

Modern society is an age of vagueness and confusion. In addition, vagueness, complexity and variety are seen throughout art including modern philosophy, literature, and environmental design. A phenomenon like this shows that modern society has integrated different components as an organic relationship frequently crossing the boundary of fields. This feature can be regarded as hybrid related with accepting contradictory components and binding them into one under relationship between part and whole. As new design concept, presented are attitude to accept the two instead of attitude to select one of the alternatives, abundance instead of dearness, and ambiguity instead of simplicity. This principle has a crucial influence on creative design providing opposing contradiction and several alternative plans as non-deterministic form not completed one and, above all, useful information in mutual dependence and mutual relationship. When it comes to hybrid, therefore, a strategy is needed to consider layer of several fields getting out of standardizing space into a single space. As an event of this situation and concept, space experience means behaving freely based on experience of users' body. It can be known that this experience brings about users' more dynamic experience in comparison with the experience of seeing environmental design from a viewpoint of visual ism on the existing simplicity. Such a practical experience is subjective, synesthetic, and non-observational one. Therefore, hybrid has brought active users to the stage, which is distinguished from synesthesia felt through body's experience, not through observational attitude and visual space which achieve former balance and harmony with non-determination. That's because hybrid creatures are turning to a product resulted from creative imagination instead of from reappearance which makes text visualized. Such experience performed by user's active participation collapses the boundary between special elite-centered art and daily life and it is the present progressive form showing creation process of future events and new esthetic experience.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.159-170
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of two dry matter levels of liquid swine manure on dry matter yield and nutritive value of Italian ryegrass, rye and oats, and the chemical characteristics of soil in Jeju. This experiment tested in split plot design. Three forage crops (Italian ryegrass, rye and oats) were the main plot and four fertilizers (no fertilizer=T0, chemical fertilizer=T1, liquid swine manure with DM 2.7%=T2 and liquid swine manure with DM 5.9 %=T3) were the sub plots. Yield and nutrient contents of forage crops and soil properties were determined. Application of liquid swine manure containing 5.9% dry matter resulted in highest DM yield in all three forage crops species compared with the other treatments (p<0.01). Crude protein content(%) and crude protein yield(kg/ha) of forage crops were highest in rye compared with the other forage crops species(p<0.01). K and Mg contents of soil were higher(p<0.01) in rye than in the other species while Na contents was higher(p<0.01) in Italian ryegrass than others. Mg content of soil appeared higher in rye than in the others and higher(p<0.05) in forage crops applied with liquid manure containing 2.7% DM compared with the other species. $NO_3-N$ contents in soil was lower in rye than the other species and higher in species with chemical fertilizer. These findings indicate that most of liquid swine manure produced on local pig farms containing low levels of dry matter and other nutrients suggest a low efficiency of its use as a fertilizer. The liquid swine manure is recommended as a fertilizer for rye production in winter, compared with Italian ryegrass or oat.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the immunomodulatory activities of proteoglycan extracted from cultured mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum IY009. The proteoglycan contained two polymer peaks, one was the higher MW peak of 2,000 kD and the other was low peaks of 12kD. To understand the part of strong pharmaceutical activity between two peak, the proteoglycan was separated by ultrafiltration and column chromatography and then examined the various pharmaceutical effects. High molecular weight fraction possesing high content of ${\beta}-linked$ glucan was exhibited high antitumor activity, against sarcoma 180 bearing ICR mouse. And also, anticomplementary activity was highly observed in high molecule fraction than low it fraction. When the raw 264.7 and murine peritoneal macrophage treated with low fraction, high fraction and other stimuli. The activities inducing tumor necrosis factor of the high factions were $2.2{\sim}2.5$ times stronger than that of low fraction.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.498-504
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• 2006

A suspension polymerization of styrene In aqueous phase was employed to study if polystyrene particles ranging from 1 to $20{\mu}m$ can be produced. Hydrophobic silica was selected as a stabilizer and azo-bisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. Polymerization reaction was carried out at a selected temperature in the range of $65{\sim}95^{\circ}C$. Stabilizer concentration was varied from 0.17 to 3.33 wt% compared to the water while the concentration of the initiator was raised from 0.13 to 6.0 wt% compared to the monomer. Dispersion of hydrophobic silica into the water phase was achieved by precise control of pH. Optimum dispersion of silica was obtained at pH 10. Average particle diameter decreased with increasing amounts of stabilizer concentration initially, exhibiting the minimum average diameter at 1.67 wt% of stabilizer concentration, after which it started to Increase. It is speculated that an excessive presence of stabilizer encouraged a secondary reaction in the reaction medium, which led to particle agglomeration, and as a result an increase in average particle diameter. Molecular weight was found to be independent of stabilizer concentration between 0.13 and 1.00 wt% whereas, it increased when stabilizer concentration exceeded 1.67 wt%. Variation of molecular weight was probably caused by the reduced activity and efficiency of initiator due to the high concentration of silica, and the secondary reaction in the reaction medium, as well. An increase in the Initiator concentration and/or reaction temperature resulted in an increase in both reaction rate and particle diameter. Consequently, we have confirmed that spherical polystyrene particles with $1{\sim}20{\mu}m$ in diameter can be prepared by careful selection of the concentration of stabilizer, initiator, pH and reaction temperature.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.2 s.64
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• pp.261-272
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• 2006

As we cannot think of our lives without a nation, it is closely related to almost every part of our daily lives. The role of government is becoming more important in the complex modern society as an essential element of national authority even though the government has indirect and secondary characteristics in its functional performance. Therefore, the government has to be efficient in planning and executing its policies, and it needs to be representative and fair as part of a national authoritative community. In the 21st century when symbolic and cultural importance of images are becoming more important, it is crucial for the government organizations to have an integrated identity design system that can satisfy both of these requirements of the government. However, the C.I.(Corporate Identity) of each Korean administrative branch has been developed separately and sporadically, which resulted in lack of consistency as part of the government. Shape and material of their C.I.s that follow short term design trend and popularity also lack uniqueness which can be distinguished from those of any private corporation. This may show that our government lacks systematic administrative capability, since image of a feature represents its characteristics and reality, and their recognition and evaluation from others become identity of the feature. In this perspective, the purpose of this thesis is to suggest an identity design system that has certain rules and regularity with wide variety of possible alterations for the central administration in Korea. In order to represent this visually, identity design system with both integrity and variety of possible alteration is created based on traditional Korean culture, especially the concept of Umyang-ohaeng and Samjae.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.2 s.64
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• pp.241-250
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• 2006

Hangeul as the Korean unique characters were invented according to some character-making principles and based on scholars' exhaustive researches. While most of the characters in the world evolved naturally, Hangeul was invented based on a precise linguistic analysis of the time, and therefore, it is most scientific and reasonable among various characters throughout the world. Nevertheless, Hangeul typeface designs do not seem to inherit the ideology of scientific and reasonable Hangeul correctly. For the square forms have been used intact due to the influences from the Chinese characters which prevailed during the time. If a single set of square characters should be designed, as much as 11,172 fonts should be designed, which suggests that advantages of Mangeul may not well be used fully; Hangeul was invented to visualize every sound with the combinations of 28 vowels and consonants. Problems of such square fonts began to be identified since 1900's when typewriters were introduced first from the West. Since a typewriter is designed with 28 characters laid out on its keyboard by using such combinations, the letters may be easily combined on it. The so-called the flexibility square-format typeface was born as such. Specially, the three-pairs fonts of these can be combined up to 67 letters including vowels and consonants. The three-pairs fonts system can help to solve the problems arising form the conventional square fonts and inherit the original ideology of Hangeul invention. This study aims to review the history of the three-pairs fonts designs facilitated by mechanic encoding of Hangeul and thereupon, suggest some desirable directions for future Hangeul fonts. Since the flexibility square-format typeface is expected to evolve more and more owing to development of the digital technology, they would serve our age of information in terms of both functions and convenience. Just as Hunminjongum tried to be literally independent from the Chinese characters, so the flexibility square-format typeface designs would serve to recover identity of our Hangeul font designs.