• School Mathematics
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.319-337
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• 2008

Intuitions in independence formed by common language help and also hinder the establishment of new conceptual system about independence as a mathematical term. Intuitions which entail such conflicts can be a driving force in explaining independence but at the same time, it is the impedimental factor causing a misconception. The goal of this paper is to help students use the intuitions properly by distinguishing helpful intuitions and impedimental intuitions. This paper suggests that we need to reveal in teaching the misconception resulting not from mathematic but from linguistic interpretation of independence. This paper points out the need for the clear distinction of independence of trials and independence of events and gives an counterexample of the case that sampling with and without replacement shouldn't be specified as a representative example of independence and dependence of events. The analysis of intuition in this parer is based on intuitions classified by Fischbein and this paper analyzed institutions applied to the concept of independence corresponding intuitions classified by Fischbein.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.257-271
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• 2009

Stochastical independence is separated into two. One can be intuitively judged and the other is not. Independence is a concept based on assumption. However, It is defined as multiplication rule and it has produced extension of concept. Analysis on this issue is needed, assuming the cause is on the intersection sign which is used for both simultaneous events and compatible events. This study presented the extension process of independence concept in detail and constructed twofold interpretation of simultaneous events and compatible events which use the same sign $P(A\cap{B})$ with Pierce Semiotics.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.182-188
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-care training based on ICF(International Classification of functioning, Disability and Health) on functional independence in the young children with spastic cerebral palsy. Total of 43 young children(male=25, female=18; age range from 36month to 72month) with spastic cerebral palsy, classified at GMFCS(Gross Motor Function Classification System) levels III-IV. Total of 32sessions of a self-care training (eating, grooming, bathing, toileting) were given 4 times a week for 30minutes from August 1th to September 30th of 2008. Changes in the functional independence after the training obtained by Wee-FIM(Functional Independence Measure for Children). Results were as follows: Functional independence was significantly increased after the training. As a result, a self-care training should be applied as an effective intervention to improve the functional independence in the young children with spastic cerebral palsy.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.1-39
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• 2013

Considering the relationship between state-owned enterprise (SOE) CEOs and political circles, this study examines the performance impacts of CEO's succession type, board chair separation, and industry expertise and finance expertise of CEOs and outside directors. I propose the definition of political independence in SOE CEOs based on the independence in appearance that might affect general people's perception. It means that there are no relationships or circumstances that might affect SOE CEO's judgment, activity, and report. The definition is able to overcome the limitations of the prior research that could not discover the CEOs who were affiliated to political circles because the research just distinguished the CEOs following their pre-jobs. This study focused on the performance impacts of political independence impaired CEO as well as the CEO's impacts on the relationship between the performance and other corporate governance variables. I selected as dependent variables the average return on asset as operating income divided by total assets and the average customer satisfaction rate evaluated by Korean government during the first three years following the year of the events of explanatory variables. My theory and evidence from the various CEO's personal background and financial information from SOEs in Lee Myung-bak Administration and Rho Moo-hyun Administration suggest the following important things. First, the analysis based on whether or not a SOE CEO keeps political independence shows that a political independence impaired CEO made a significantly negative impact on customer satisfaction rate. Second, the separation between a board chair and a CEO in SOEs introduced by Korean Act on Management of Public Institutions made a significantly positive impact on customer satisfaction rate. However, the positive impact of the board chair separation was removed in a political independence impaired CEO's SOE. Third, outside director's industry expertise made a significantly positive impact on return on asset. However, the positive impact of the outside director's industry expertise was removed in a political independence impaired CEO's SOE. Fourth, the comparison between Lee Myung-bak Administration and Roh Moo-hyun Administration on the corporate governance and performance of SOEs shows that the ratio of political independence impaired CEO was significantly higher in Lee Administration and the ratio of outside director's industry expertise and finance expertise were respectively significantly higher in Roh Administration. Based on these results, I suggested a few policy alternatives for CEO's improved political independence and requirements for executive's expertise in SOEs.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2017.11a
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• pp.204-204
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• 2017

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.367-376
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• 2008

The purpose of this essay is to check what are the problems of the current Korean independent films and to find the solutions for effective circulation of the Korean independent films in terms of its intimacy to public. For this, I would like to define 'independent film' and 'its ambiguous distinction', and then I presented the current issues of the Korean independent films and suggested the alternatives of the effective circulation of its production and distribution. Independent films can be defined through our understanding and identification, and it is significant of mutual communication with the audience, so that I will classify the cases of box office of the independent films. The effectiveness of production can be suggested by lower budget and many financial supports, and the effectiveness of distribution is to have many occasions to release, to benefit with them and to release in many festivals. The effort of independent filmmakers, mutual communication between filmmakers and the audience, and the official supporting system will make it possible for effective production and distribution. With this possibility, the future of Korean independent film will be bright.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.46
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• pp.590-626
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• 2009

The limitation and scarcity of broadcasting waves provide important rationale behind the idea of public ownership of broadcasting waves which can facilitate communications among people with diverse backgrounds and values in the society. Independence of broadcasting industry from the regulatory organization is imperative for the broadcasting industry to serve the public interest that has been historically defined by each county. For the Korean broadcasting industry, history of modern Korea taught us that the broadcasting regulatory organizations such as Korea Communications Commission(KCC) should be kept from any political influence for the industry to best serve the public. Recent controversies on the role of the CEO of KBS and the appointment of the CEO of YTN by the president of the country provide evidence that the independence of broadcasting in Korean society is a critical topic. This study examined the corporate structures of broadcasting industry and the political independence of the industry in relation to the changes in the concept of public interest and the role of broadcasting. It is critically important to investigate the political independence of broadcasting in Korea because the core argument of independence of broadcasting which is about the freedom of expression protected by the constitution is still contested in the country. For the purpose of collecting diverse perspectives on broadcasting, survey method was adopted in this study. Three groups Abstracts 697 of participants were recruited: reporters, experts in the field, and regular citizens. The result indicated that the independence of broadcasting was in the process of deterioration. Also, the participants of the study understood that it was impossible for the broadcasting to serve the public interest when the broadcasting was not free from the influence of regulatory institutions such as KCC.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.3-12
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• 1998

블럭암호의 비도는 S-box의 비도와 운영방식에 의존된다. S-box 의 비도는 이 한수의 성분함수인 Book함수의 비선형성, 상관면역위수, SAS, 균형성 등에 의존되며, S-box자체의 비선형성, 입력성부(또는 입력비트)에 대한 출력성분(또는 출력비트)의 독립성 등에 의존된다. 이와 같은 출력 성분의 독립성에 관한 개념의 하나가 완비성이다. 본 논문에서는 Galois 체 GF(2)위해 n차원 벡터공간 GF(2)$^{n}$ 에서 완비함수의 존재성에 관한 몇 가지 알고리즘과 완비함수가 만족하는 성질들을 조사하였다.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.35-53
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• 2019

A standing auditor can perform the monitoring and control activities for the opportunistic behaviors of top manager. However, for this purpose she/he must have the independence from top manager. Thus, this study is designed to analyze the factors that influences the independence of standing auditor. The independence of standing auditor as dependent variable was measured in terms of school and company ties to top manager. The relationship between the shareholding of professional top manager and independence of standing auditor, and the moderating effects of the shareholdings of related-party, institutional investors, and foreign investors were examined by implementing multiple regression and conditional moderating effect analyses. The findings present a negative relationship between the shareholding of professional top managers and the independence of standing auditor. They also reveal a positive moderating effect of the shareholding of related-party on that relationship. On the other hand, the shareholdings of foreign and institutional investors did not significant change the relationship between the shareholding of professional top manager and the independence of standing auditor. The findings imply that professional manager might be able to lower the controlling mechanism by appointing a standing auditor having low independence. Related-party as an internal control mechanism might be beneficial to reduce this effect while institutional investors or foreign investors as an external control mechanisms might not. This is the first study that examine the antecedents of the independence of standing auditor in terms of the characteristics of ownership structure. It provides a guideline for selecting an effective standing auditor with the consideration for ownership structure.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1245-1255
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• 2015

In this paper, we investigated the major 8 companies of Korean stock market, and carried out the goodness of fit and independence tests. We found out the distributions of absolute returns are closed to compressed exponential distribution. The parameters are dominant that 1 < ${\beta}$ < 2, followed by ${\beta}=1$(exponential distribution) and ${\beta}=2$(normal distribution). Meanwhile, we assured that most of the absolute returns for major 8 companies have relevance to each other by chi-square independence test.