• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.81-102
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• 1998

It is common description that modern society is In the era of limitless competition. In order to challenge the change of economy and its management at home and abroad, organization should be changed anew, and in this case, there accompanies conflict or trouble whether the subject of change wants it or not. Therefore, according to change, we should concern with settlement of small troubles as well as big ones, and by managing the conflict or trouble productively and originally, it should be utilized as new fatality and chance to develop something in organization. In the system organized by people, there exist various conflicts in accordance with the target and want of the system, therefore giving no freedom to each Individual member of the system, and this is an unavoidable tate in consideration of the modem society where the survival of mankind and human systems should be guaranteed. Therefore, it determines the coordinates of success of any of organizations to manage conflict or trouble well, and so, when decreasing or increasing conflicts so that the organization exerts its full influence, it is note worthy that conflict itself should be rationally and efficiently managed. In a view point of the theory of organization and its behavior, relating job satisfaction with the performance and validity of organization, the influence of individual conflict is so great on the rate of job transfer within an organization or nonattendance, even on the productivity of the organization. So, the manager to cope with conflict within an organization should devise following three plans to manage conflict for job satisfaction and conflict settlement. In conclusion, it is suggested that in order to manage conflict within an organization well, some plans to control conflict should be well utilized while giving more efforts to improving management of individual conflict, job satisfaction, validity of organization, productivity, etc and all the members of organization should remember that the Issue of conflict within an organization be recognized ad an opportunity of new development and a way to settle a trouble within an organization, and a direction of conflict management should be suggested so that new innovation ca be created.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.216-224
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• 1998

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sesame monoculture and sesame in rotation (SR) with maize. soybean. barley or rye on reduction of injury by continous cropping in sesame. Field studies were conducted for 3-years (1995~1997) at the experimental field of the Crop Experiment Station. Compared to CS (continuous sesame). SR treatments turned out to keep more organic matter and higher exchangeable cation concentrations in soils. BS (barley and sesame in a 1-year rotation) and RS (rye and sesame in a 1-yea r rotation) treatments had significantly greater available $P_2O_5$ contents in soils than CS, MS (maize and sesame in a 3-year rotation) and SbS (soybean a nd sesame in a 3-year rotation). The pH of the soils under different treatments were not significantly different. SR treatments exhibited significantly lower bulk density and higher pore space than CS. Soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) and N (SMBN) were determined by the chloroform fumigation-extraction method. SMBC and SMBN were significantly higher in soils under BS and RS than those under CS, but only during the 1 year of monitoring. MS and SbS treatments resulted in higher SMBC and SMBN than CS. The occurrence of injury by disease of sesame is the important primary factor of injury by continous cropping, but the disease occurrence with rotation did not decrease in th is experiment. Under CS treatment, the growth and grain of sesame was significantly lower than those under other treatments. Compared to CS, the increments of grain yield of sesame were 68, 63, 57 and 51% for MS, RS, SbS and BS, respectively in the first harvest. In the second harvest, they were 24% for MS, 28% for RS, 20% for SbS and 19% for BS. The average increase ratios during the two years were 41, 41, 34, and 33% for MS, RS, SbS and BS, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 1988

내담자와 상담자간의 관계형성 추진에 관한 연구가 C. Rogers에 의해 시작된 이래, 돕는자 또는 상담자가 가져야 할 주요 조건으로서 공감, 존중, 온정, 확고부동함, 진지성, 자기노출, 직면반응 등을 들고 있으며 이중 둘 또는 세 요소 등을 선택하여 그 효과를 보고 있으나 역시 가장 주요한 요소로써는 공감을 들고 있다. 공감에 관한 연구는 그 본질의 정서적 측면, 인지적 측면 또는 복합적인 측면을 강조하면서 시도되고 있으나 간호원은 돕는자로써 환자의 문제해결을 위한 전수자적 역할을 해야한다는 점을 고려할때 간호현상에서의 공감에 관한 연구는 복합적인 측면을 강조하는 공감이 어 야 한다고 생각한다. 간호학자들도 간호원의 돕는 행위중 주요 요소로써 공감을 들고 있으며 특히 Lamonica는 공감측정을 위한 도구를 개발하였으며 공감이란 환자가 간호원이 환자의 입장을 이해하고 도와준다는 사실을 인지하고 그 고마움을 표현하는 것을 의미한다고 하였다. 본 연구자는 간호원-환자간의 촉진적 관계형성을 위한 교육내용 개발에 대한 기본 연구로써 한국인의 공감 정도를 측정할 수 있는 도구개발의 중요성을 느껴 Lamonica 의 공감측정 도구를 번역하게 되었다. 본 연구의 구체적인 목적은 미국문화권에서 사용되는 공감측정 도구가 한국인에게 적합하고 의미있게 번역되었는지를 확인하고 또한 한국인이 인지한 공감에 대한 탐색을 하는데 있다. 위 목적달성을 위하여 횡문화적 연구과정을 통한 개념분석, 도구 개발에 대한 통계분석을 시도하였다. 한국인의 공감 개념 분석을 위하여 미국 텍사스 오스틴에 있는 한국인에게 공감의 뜻, 동의어, 어떤 경우에 공감을 느꼈는지, 어떤 경우에 비공감적임을 느꼈는지를 물은 결과 한국인이 갖는 공감의 의미는 미국인의 것과 유사하지만 그 표현방법의 차이가 있음을 알게 되었다. 따라서 두 국가에서 사용되는 공감의 의미가 유사하고 또한 간호학자인 Lamonica가 개발한 공감측정 도구를 한국인에게 사용하는데 무리가 없을 것으로 판단되었다. 도구의 번역은 텍사스 주립대학 박사과정 지원생인 임상 심리 학자에게 의뢰하고 그 정확성을 판단하기 위해 인간을 대상으로 하는 학문을 연구하는 한국인(간호학, 사회학, 신문방송, 광고학, 심리학 전공)에게 그 정확성 유무를 물어 최고 27점, 최하 9점중 22점 미만인 문항에 대해서는 미국 간호학자와 의논하여 수정ㆍ보완하였다. 그 후 일반인으로 간주되는 한국인에게 그 도구의 이해 여부를 확인한 후 통계분석을 시도하였다. 대상자는 미국 텍사스 오스틴에 거주하면서 한국을 떠난지 3년 미만인 성인 45명을 대상으로 하였다. 2차에 걸친 자료수집 과정상 5명의 자료는 분석 불가능하다고 판단되어 총 40명의 자료를 spss- X를 이용하여 cronbach's alpha, test-retest stability, intercorrelation matrix 분석을 통한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) cronbach's alpha는 1차 .9353 2차 .9666으로써 문항의 동질성을 보였고, 3, 4주 간격으로 행한 test-retest stability는 .7619(p＝000)이였다. 2) 반면에 intercorrelation matrix에서는 역관계 또는 무관계를 보였으며 84문항중 26문항의 item-to-total correlation값이 .35미만이었고 이 중 16문항은 .30 미만이었다. 이들을 제외한 68문항과 58문항의 각각의 item-to-total correlation간은 .96이었고 test retest stability 역시 .76으로써 84문항 전체에 관한 값과 유사하였다. 3) 역상관 또는 무상관의 값을 보인 문항을 미국 간호학자와 재검토한 결과 본래 문항에서의 단어 의미가 복합적이거나 불분명한 것이었고 또는 미국 문화권에서 사용되는 특이한 용어임을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 한국인 공감 측정 도구의 타당성을 높이기 위해 역통역을 시도하였다. 그후 공감에 관한 연구를 하고 있는 미국 학자에게 그 정확성을 판단하여 최종적으로 58문항이 한국인 공감측정 도구로서 적합하다는 판단을 하였다. 위 결과를 통한 결론 및 제언은 다음과 같다. 인간의 행위는 조건화된 문화권에 따라 다를 수 있으며, 이것은 같은 현상을 인지하는데도 영향을 미치게 되며 본 연구와 같이 어떤 현상에 대한 횡문화적 연구는 그 행위를 이해하는데 도움을 준다. 그러나 한국에서 간호에 대한 연구가 한국적 토착화 과정에 있으므로 그 연구 방법이나 도구사용이 서구의 것을 도입해야 하는 입장을 고려할 때 도구번역 과정은 원래의 의미나 함축성을 내포한 번역이어야 하며 소홀히 해서는 안될 과정임을 재확인되었다. 또한 추후 연구로써 다양한 계층의 다수를 대상으로 한 한국인 공감 측정 도구의 타당성을 재확인해야 하며 요인분석을 시도할 필요성이 있다고 사려된다.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.101-112
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• 2012

Business consulting which aims at advising overall management, comparative advantage in competitive environment, administration and so forth is deemed to be significant so that a credit union may flexibly respond to rapid and complicated financial environment. Accordingly, business consulting has been initiated and implemented in credit union since 2002, which seemingly leads to positive outcome to enhance its competitiveness. However, very few research exists which analyze the credit union's competitiveness and business performance after the business consulting. Thus, the research intends to verify how consulting influences on management performance by its various factors. With the above studies in mind, hypothesis is formed that the characteristics of a consulting comsumer and the characteristics of supplier will give a meaningful impact on management performance. The test shows the result as followings: Firstly, a primary credit union's trust and NACUFOK's expertise demonstrate that they are closely relevant to financial and non financial management performance. Secondly, support and willingness to apply states that they influences on non financial performance, while no direct impact is found to financial performance. Thirdly, NACUFOK's capability is rarely interrelated to financial and non financial performance. The present study implies that the credit union as a consulting beneficiary should participate in the consulting, accept the result, and make effort to solve the management problems. In addition, NACUFOK as a consulting supplier should initiate the organization in exclusive charge, perform the professional group, and foster the professional consultant for the development of consulting method, the improvement of consulting process, and the specialization of consultant including the enhancement of core competencies. When these perspectives are sufficient, it will be connected to the management outcomes, further, it will be boosted up the competitiveness of the Credit Union. Hopefully the present study helps to motivate the consulting of primary credit union, boost up the effectiveness of consulting, further, providing the perspective on consulting the credit union. And these may result in the indication of consulting development direction and the competitiveness of Credit Union.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.26-37
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• 2016

As activities and convenience of residents in outdoor spaces in apartment houses have been considered important, strategies for making outdoor spaces in apartment houses healing spaces have emerged as a major interest. The purpose of this study is to draw elements for planning healing to create healing spaces in collective housing areas and to present design guidelines. The findings of this study are as follows. Functional elements of a healing environment were classified into safe environment, therapeutic environment, ancillary environment, orientation-reinforcing environment, amenities, and social environment. Outdoor spaces in collective housing areas were divided into collective housing entrance areas, internal and external spread areas, outdoor activity areas, and areas by theme. First, collective housing entrance areas should be planned in such a manner that residents can feel the area is private and easy to recognize. Second, internal and external spread areas should be planned in such a manner that they are easy to access and communicate with neighbors. Third, outdoor activity areas should be divided into an open space, resting space, playing space, and sports space. Open spaces should be planned in such a manner that they can command a fine view and respect the privacy of nearby residents. Resting spaces should be equipped with a shelter that protects users from direct sunlight, rain, and snow as well as include a movable bench. Playing spaces should be built considering development of children's curiosity, adventurous spirit, character, stimulation, and physical health. Playing spaces should be designed in such a manner that roadways and sidewalks can be separated for safe traffic. Sport spaces should be planned in such a manner that they can be associated with a pavilion and trail that provide residents with an opportunity to communicate with each other and rest. Fourth, spaces by theme are classified into sense garden, therapeutic garden, experiential garden, and learning garden. Sense gardens are a small garden based on the five senses. Sense gardens should be designed in such a manner that they can improve users' mental and physical health through programs that stimulate the sense of sight, auditory sense, and olfactory sense. Therapeutic gardens should be designed in such a manner that they can provide a comfortable and relaxing space by minimizing noise. It is advisable for therapeutic gardens to be equipped with a medicinal herb garden, meditation garden, and sense garden. Experiential and learning gardens should be designed in such a manner that they can provide users with a space in which they can enjoy nature and leisure activities. It is advisable for experiential and learning gardens to be equipped with a tea garden, vegetable garden, and camping garden. Healing programs should be designed in such a manner that users can feel relaxed by providing a healing environment, making the most of the natural environment. Further research on evaluating whether the findings of this study are effective in healing in a qualitative and quantitative manner is needed.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.135-168
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• 2006

This study reviewed pension reform's overall characteristic and(anticipated) positive negative effect in OECD countries's and then analysed middle-old age's retirement transition and determinants of full/gradual retirement through the $3{\sim}7th$ Korea Labor and Income Panel considering that Korea has been aging society quickly and it is necessary to suggest not only solution of early retirement and working age reduction but also pension reform. As a result of this study, about 1/4 of 50 years and older have been continuing to work through various pathways after retirement and 98% among fully retired older who passed by re-employment step of occupational status including retirement are still searching for jobs. This showed that it is also inappropriate to typical retirement concept itself on the lines of labour market participation in Korea and part-time/temporary work or self-employment have been used by means of alternatives of maintaining works for middle-old ages. However, the duration of changed occupational status of gradual retirees is mostly only $1{\sim}2$ years. Therefore it is necessary to support the gradual retirement to minimize a term of income insecurity and promote the work of the old ages who have will and capacity of work. Most of all, partial pension system which is main program of gradual retirement, should make the rules that beneficiaries are those who age less than pensionable age and benefit levels should be actuarial fairness together with pension system and provide substantial help. But, the introduction of partial pension system is not the only way to solve and needs overall social economic approach. Especially guarantee the increase of quantitative qualitative employment for middle-old ages linking labor market policy and supporting gradual retirement not ought to be abused to force the part time works and early retirement route against their own will.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.35-50
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• 2022

After the introduction of the central bus lane system, bus traffic was prioritized. This resulted in improved trust from bus users. However, the low capacity at the central bus stop reduces traffic speed and punctuality. In addition, physical constraints are inevitable because the construction of central bus lanes and bus stops considers the city's road geometry. Therefore, this study attempted to optimize the effective green time of the traffic signal system at the entrance and exit of the central bus stop to remedy its insufficient operational capacity. The Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual and Korea Highway Capacity Manual were used as the analysis methodologies. The number of stop areas for central bus stops to be built was determined by excluding variable physical factors, and field survey data collected from nine randomly selected central bus stops currently installed in Seoul were used. A scenario analysis was conducted on the central bus stops with insufficient capacity by adjusting the effective green time, and the capacity of the central bus stop was set as the dependent variable. According to the results, 26.7 percent of the central bus stops with insufficient capacity can solve the problem of insufficient capacity. Therefore, the results of this study can be verified by improving the operation level, and it can be effective even if the number of central bus stops calculated by engineering is not guaranteed during the planning stage of the central bus stop. As the number of central bus stops is expected to increase further as the number of central bus stops increases, it is necessary to improve the number of central bus stops. Therefore, it is hoped that the results presented in this study will be used as basic data for the improvement plan at the operational level before introducing the physical improvement plan.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.7 s.252
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• pp.489-495
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• 2005

In the surgical treatment of aortic dissection, aortic arch replacement under total circulatory arrest is often performed after careful inspection to determine the severity of disease progression. Under circulatory arrest, antegrade or retrograde cerebral perfusion is required for brain protection. Recently, antegrade cerebral perfusion has been used more, because of the limitation of retrograde cerebral perfusion. This study is to compare these two methods especially in the respect to neurological complications. Material and Method: Forty patients with aortic dissection involving aortic arch from May 2000 to May 2004 were enrolled in this study, and the methods of operation, clinical recovery, and neurological complications were retrospectively reviewed. Result: In the ACP (antegrade cerebral perfusion) group, axillary artery cannulation was performed in 10 out of 15 cases. In the RCP (retrograde cerebral perfusion) group, femoral artery Cannulation was performed in 24 out of 25 cases. The average esophageal and rectal temperature under total circulatory arrest was $17.2^{\circ}C\;and\;22.8^{\circ}C$ in the group A, and $16.0^{\circ}C\;and\;19.7^{\circ}C$ in the group B, respectively. Higher temperature in the ACP group may have brought the shorter operation and cardiopulmonary bypass time. However, the length of period for postoperative clinical recovery and admission duration did not show any statistically significant differences. Eleven out of the total 15 cases in the ACP group and thirteen out of the total 25 cases in the RCP group showed neurological complication but did not show statistically significant difference. In each group, there were 5 cases with permanent neurological complications. All 5 cases in the ACP group showed some improvements that enabled routine exercise. However all 5 cases in RCP group did not show significant improvements. Conclusion: The Antegrade, cerebral perfusion, which maintains orthordromic circulation, brings moderate degree of hypothermia and, therefore, shortens the operation time and cardiopulmonary bypass time. We concluded that Antegrade cerebral perfusion is safe and can be used widely under total circulatory arrest.