• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.671-692
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• 2006

In recent years, it seems that a considerable stratum of working poor as a new urban poverty among labor population within large cities has been generated, deepening socio-spatial conflicts. This paper is to bring focus on the working poor which can be seen as a newly emerged special problem intermingling labor and poverty. It first begins with a consideration of definitions on the working poor, then discusses on the internal relationship between labor and poverty problems by analyzing causes of the generation of the working poor and looking into actual conditions of working poor from both static and dynamic perspectives, and finally considers existing policies for supporting the working poor, suggesting some alternative policy tasks for resolving the problem of the working poor.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.27-32
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• 2007

3D based information is demanded increasingly as cities grow three dimensionally and buildings become large and complex. The use of 3D GIS is also getting attention as fundamental data for ubiquitous computing applications such as location-based guidance, path finding and emergency escaping. However, most 3D modeling techniques are focused on the visualization of buildings or terrains and do not have topological structures required in spatial analyses. In this paper, we introduce a method to incorporate topological relationship into 3D models by combining 2D GIS layers and 3D model. We divide indoor spaces of a 3D model into discrete objects and then define the relationship with corresponding features in 2D GIS layers through database records. We also show how to construct hallways network in the 2D-3D integrated building model. Finally, we test different cases of route finding situations inside a building such as normal origin-destination path finding and emergency evacuation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.69-88
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• 1990

This study was conducted to investigate user, use characteristics and use pattern of Soknisan national park. In this study, the questionaire was used which was included the questions on socioeconomic variables of users, visiting motivations, attitudes on management and services, and so on. And to count the passingers, 9 observation points were selected. Visitor's important motivations were to escape from crowded city, to escape from daily routine, to enjoy natural seeing beauty, and so on. Their main activities were temple visit, stroll and mountain climbing. The visitor's composition showed that high school or more graduated twenties were respectively dominant. Perceived crowding level in this park were relatively high and most crowded area was Bupjusa area. Visitors had unsatisfactory attitudes on management and services as like trail, facilities, educational environment and others related services. Accordingly satisfaction level was comparatively low. A major portion of visitors merely visited Bupjusa area, only 15% and less climbed as far as top of mountain.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.947-954
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• 2017

In case of a fire in urban large structures such as super high-rise buildings, evacuation guidance must be provided to the occupants in order to minimize human deaths and injuries. Therefore, it is essential to provide emergency evacuation guidance when a major fire occurs. In order to effectively support evacuation guidance, it is important to identify major items such as fire location, occupant position, escape route, etc. Also, it is important to quickly identify evacuation areas where residents can safely evacuate from a fire. In this paper, we analyze the CCTV video and propose a method of measuring visibility of the evacuation zone from the smoke caused by the fire in order to determine the safety of evacuation area. To do this, we first extract the background video from the smoke video to measure the visibility of the specific area due to smoke. After generating an edge-extracted image for the extracted background video, the degree of visibility is measured by calculating the change in the edge strength due to smoke.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.16 no.5 s.64
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• pp.357-367
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• 2006

Recently, as the construction of new railway and the relocation of existing line increase, tunnel structures grow longer. The railway fire accidents in long tunnel bring large damages of human life and disaster. The interest of safety in long tunnel have a growing and the safety standard of long tunnel is tightening. For that reason, at the planning of long tunnel, the optimum design of safety facility in long tunnel for minimizing the risks and satisfying the safety standard is needed. For the reasonable design of long railway tunnel considering high safety, qualitative estimation for tunnel safety is required. In this study, QRA (Quantitative Risk Assessment) technique is applied to design of long railway tunnel for assuring the safety function and estimating the risk of safety. The case study for safety design in long railway tunnel is tarried out to verifying the QRA technique for two railway tunnels. Thus, the inclined and vertical shaft for escape way and safety facilities in long tunnel are planned, and the risks of tunnel safety for each case are estimated quantitatively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2004.05b
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• pp.753-758
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• 2004

건천화란 하천이 건천이 되어가는 과정이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 이의 정량적 접근이 어려운 이유는 건천이 되어가는 과정에 대한 현상을 지속적으로 관찰하기 어렵고, 순수한 자연현상이라기보다 인위적 요소가 간섭한 결과이기 때문이다. 본 연구는 건천이 되어가는 하천 중에서도 도시화에 의한 건천화의 영향이 큰 것으로 보이는 우이천 유역에 대해 건천화의 원인을 분석하여 몇 가지 결론과 대책을 제시하였다. 우이천은 유역면적 $27.67km^2$, 유로연장 11.75km의 비교적 좁은 면적 내에 인구 461,351명이 거주하고 주변 행정구역 총 인구가 604,282명인 지방2급하천이다. 유역 내 북부와 북서부의 산악지역을 통과하는 상류는 대부분 계류(溪流)로서 자연상태를 유지하고 있으나, 중${\cdot}$하류는 양안의 셋방, 복개, 직강화, 보 및 낙차공 등 인공구조물로 인해 하천형상이 크게 왜곡되어 있는 전형적인 도시하천유역이다. 본 연구는 우이천에 대한 건천화 원인분석을 위해 크게 4가지 방봅으로 접근하였는데 반분포형 유출모형인 TOPMODEL에 의한 장기유출분석, 수문${\cdot}$기상자료에 의한 분석, 인문${\cdot}$사회자료의 분석, 지하수위 분석 등이었다. 분석결과 우이천 유역과 같이 장기간에 걸쳐 도시화가 진행된 유역은 수문순환계의 왜곡이 돌이킬 수 없는 수준이므로, 적절한 건천화 방지대책의 방향은 건천화의 원인이 되는 인자를 제거함으로써 줄어든 유량을 회복하는 방안보다는 인위적이고 강제적인 방식으로 추가적인 하천수량을 확보하는 것이 타당하다 사료된다. 하천의 건천화는 하나의 주된 원인이 지배적일 수도 있지만 간접적인 영향이 많고, 하나의 원인이 다른 인자에 영향을 주어 연쇄적인 영향을 미칠 수도 있는 복잡한 현상이다. 따라서 다양한 각도에서 다양할 접근방식으로 방지대책을 수립하여야 할 것이다.적에 따른 임계지속기간과 유출량의 변화를 검토해 보았다.이를 각각의 경우의 해석해 결과와 비교${\cdot}$분석하였다. 후방추적 퍼프모형은 전방추적 퍼프모형에 비하여 사용된 퍼프수와 관계없이 작은 오차를 발생하였으며, 전체적으로 퍼프 모형이 입자모형보다는 훨씬 적은 수의 계산을 통해서도 작은 오차를 나타낼 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 Gaussian 분포를 갖는 퍼프모형은 전단흐름에서의 긴 유선형 농도분포를 모의할 수 없었고, 이에 관한 오차는 전단계수가 증가함에 따라 비선형적으로 증가하였다. 향후, 보다 다양한 흐름영역에서 장${\cdot}$단점 분석 및 오차해석을 수행한 후에 각각의 Lagrangian 모형의 장점만을 갖는 모형결합 방법을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.mm/$m^{2}$로 감소한 소견을 보였다. 승모판 성형술은 전 승모판엽 탈출증이 있는 두 환아에서 동시에 시행하였다. 수술 후 1년 내 시행한 심초음파에서 모든 환아에서 단지 경등도 이하의 승모판 폐쇄 부전 소견을 보였다. 수술 후 조기 사망은 없었으며, 합병증으로는 유미흉이 한 명에서 있었다. 술 후 10개월째 허혈성 확장성 심근증이 호전되지 않아 Dor 술식을 시행한 후 사망한 예를 제외한 나머지 6명은 특이 증상 없이 정상 생활 중이다 결론: 좌관상동맥 페동맥이상 기시증은 드물기는 하나, 영유아기에 심근경색 및 허혈성 심근증 또는 선천성 승모판 폐쇄 부전등을 초래하는 심각한 선천성 심질환이다. 그러나 진단 즉시 직접 좌관상동맥-대동맥 이식술로 수술적 교정을 해줌으로써 좋은 성적을 기대할 수 있음을 보여주었다.특히 교사들이 중요하게 인식하는 해방적 행동에 대한 목표를 강조하여 적용할 필요가 있음을 시사하고 있다.교하여 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 HSP 환자군에서도 $IL1RN^{*}2$ allele 빈도와 carria

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.1-15
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• 2015

Changgyeongwon emerged as pleasure grounds following the creation of a museum, zoo and botanical garden in Changgyeonggung Palace during the Japanese colonial period. Pleasure grounds offer space for entertainment and have maintained the image of a paradise apart from reality. This study examined the creation process of pleasure grounds within a royal palace and the following spatial changes. By analyzing the image of Changgyeongwon as an artificial paradise, this study explored its landscape and cultural aspects. Literature reviews on the intention and process showed that the Changgyeongwon pleasure grounds were created as a 'royal garden' for the amusement of Sunjong, as well as 'public pleasure grounds' in the process of colonization. It was one of the first public spaces open to everyone who could afford the entrance fee. The layout of Changgyeongwon was studied by a comparison and analyzation of modern plans and photographs. It was composed of the central museum zone, northern botanical garden zone, and southern zoological garden zone. A conservatory and greenhouse to exhibit and maintain tropical plants were intensively built in the botanical garden zone while an aviary was created on the zoo pond. In the vicinity of the aviary a vivarium was constructed. Museum exhibition facilities included a main building as well as existing buildings, and a western flower garden was created between the buildings. Space for children including a playground and horse-riding course were created in the 1930's. The paradisiacal image and pleasure grounds culture of Changgyeongwon were studied as follows. Firstly, it shows that Changgyeongwon's paradisiacal image where rare animals and exotic plants were open to the public was promoted by the zoo and botanical garden. This led to the creation of new popular leisure activities such as flower appreciation and animal watching. Secondly, Changgyeongwon offered an urban leisure space, symbolizing the 'non-urban nature within the city' where the urban residents could escape from the daily routine. Thirdly, Changgyeongwon was known for its 'fantastic night landscape' by its night opening during the cherry blossom season. This cherry blossom viewing at night sadly degenerated by various shows and drinking, and as a result, an image of a deviant paradise was given to Changgyeongwon. Changgyeongwon contributed to creating a new space with its diverse facilities, and the public embraced the urban culture through experiences of pleasure and entertainment.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.222-235
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• 2020

This study examines the poverty progress and its factors which drove the lives of the middle-aged men in Chokbang area. The observed examples are the retired government officials and the self-employed who have been classified as the ones in the economically-middle class but currently as the welfare recipients. According to the results of in-depth interview and observation, the poverty of the observed has undergone the progress of trigger, worsening, breakup, desperation and stabilizing stages. The poverty factors found in this study could be categorized into two factors; circumstantial factors(bankruptcy after IMF, debt guarantee for relatives) and inner factors(the participants' behavior and characteristics). The circumstantial factors worked mainly in the trigger stage and the inner factors contributed to worsening economic crisis and facilitating the progress. According to the result, this study suggests not only individual-scale measures such as encouragement of familial bond or medical treatment of the alcoholism but also social measures including proper regulation of shark loan and opportunity supply to exit from poverty.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2004.05b
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• pp.971-976
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• 2004

하천유지를 위한 하천내 최소유량의 충족은 사실상 환경문제에 제공되는 것으로서 기본적으로 하천변 수생식물의 생태계 서식처를 유지하거나 복원하기 위해 제공된다. 또한 하천유지유량은 하천의 고유종 동${\cdot}$식물을 보전하고, 아름다운 하천에 대한 심미적 질을 유지하며 여가활동 및 상업적 어획고를 최대로 늘릴 수 있거나 과학적 또는 문화적 관심사의 특성을 보호하는 기능을 위한 목적으로도 제공된다. 그러므로 생태학적인 하천유지유량 차원에서 무엇보다 중요한 것은 충분한 물을 확보하고 쾌적한 하천을 유지할 수 있는 맑은 물을 하천에 흐르도록 하는 것이다. 이와 더불어 하천의 생태학적인 측면에서는 서식지 보호를 고려한 계획이 뒷받침되어야 할 것이다. 기존의 개발은 하천정비, 골재채취, 수중 보와 하구 둑 등 하천시설물 건설, 그리고 댐 및 교량건설 등 인위적인 요인에 의하여 하천환경이 심각하게 변화는 경우가 많다. 특히 댐 건설로 인해 하류지역에 수리학적 변화와 하상 변동 등이 발생하고, 이로 인하여 생태계의 변화를 초래하기도 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 금강 최상류에 건설된 용담다목적댐에 의해 인위적으로 하천유입량이 감소하고 이로 인해 발생할 수 있는 수리학적 변화를 모의하여 댐 건설이 금강 상류에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 한다. 이를 위해 2차원 유한요소모형을 이용하였으며, 댐 건설전 자연유출량 및 댐 건설후 하천유지유량에 의한 하천의 건조면적, 습지면적을 산정하였다. 또한 하천의 한계소류력과 하도를 형성하는 재료에 따라 바닥면 전단응력을 산정하여 그 차(差)를 활용하여 유량에 따른 유사이송현황을 모의하였다. 모의된 결과를 visual하게 표현하고자 GIS 기법을 이용하여 주요구간에 대한 유사이송현황을 도시하였다.유역의 고도차를 이용한 흐름특성 분석을 위해 수치고도자료를 이용하여 유역흐름특성을 분석할 수 있는 TOPAZ(Topographic PArameteri-Zation) 프로그램을 이용하였다. TOPAZ 프로그램을 통해 분석된 각 격자별 분포형 수문 매개변수는 적합한 관계식을 통해 분포형 유출량을 모의하는데 적용된다.다 정확한 유입량 예측이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.이 작은 오차를 발생하였으며, 전체적으로 퍼프 모형이 입자모형보다는 훨씬 적은 수의 계산을 통해서도 작은 오차를 나타낼 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 Gaussian 분포를 갖는 퍼프모형은 전단흐름에서의 긴 유선형 농도분포를 모의할 수 없었고, 이에 관한 오차는 전단계수가 증가함에 따라 비선형적으로 증가하였다. 향후, 보다 다양한 흐름영역에서 장${\cdot}$단점 분석 및 오차해석을 수행한 후에 각각의 Lagrangian 모형의 장점만을 갖는 모형결합 방법을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.mm/$m^{2}$로 감소한 소견을 보였다. 승모판 성형술은 전 승모판엽 탈출증이 있는 두 환아에서 동시에 시행하였다. 수술 후 1년 내 시행한 심초음파에서 모든 환아에서 단지 경등도 이하의 승모판 폐쇄 부전 소견을 보였다. 수술 후 조기 사망은 없었으며, 합병증으로는 유미흉이 한 명에서 있었다. 술 후 10개월째 허혈성 확장성 심근증이 호전되지 않아 Dor 술식을 시행한 후 사망한 예를 제외한 나머지 6명은 특이 증상 없이 정상 생활 중이다 결론: 좌관상동맥 페동맥이상 기시증은 드물기는 하나, 영유아기에 심근경색 및 허혈성 심근증 또는 선천성 승모판 폐쇄 부전등을 초래하는 심각한 선천성 심질환이다. 그러나 진단 즉시 직접 좌관상동맥-대동맥 이식술로 수술

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.29-38
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• 2021

According to the theory of concentration recovery(ART), experiencing landscapes with healing properties can heal human mental fatigue caused by intentional concentration. The ART illustrates four healing qualities of the landscape. ART admits that various landscapes can have healing properties, the four healing properties of the landscape explained that the greater the perceptual strength, the stronger the healing effect. Until now, research on healing landscapes has been mainly done on natural and urban landscapes. The purpose of this study is as follows. First, eIt is intended to evaluate the healing characteristics of the Yangdong village landscape using RCS and investigate the impact of the healing characteristics on the visiting preference of the target landscape. Second, Evaluating the landscape image of Yangdong Village landscape, Investigating the effect of landscape images on the healing properties of landscape. This study was conducted in Yangdong Village, Gyeongju, 127 college students participated in the survey. SD 16 items to analyze landscape images and RCS 22 items from Laumann(2001) to evaluate healing properties were used as measurement tools. The findings are summarized as follows. First, The landscape image of Yangdong Village was analyzed through SD method, the analysis of the factors of Yangdong Village landscape image results in two factors: place and singularity. Second, It demonstrates the reliability and validity of RCS, Three factors were extracted from the factor analysis results. Third, Landscape images have a positive effect on the three healing characteristics of RCS. Fourth, Three healing properties of RCS have been shown to have a positive effect on visiting preferences, The order of influence on the relative visiting preferences was analyzed as attractiveness, fit, sense of escape, and sense of space. The findings suggest that future work requires research to re-validate the reliability of RCS. It is also necessary to analyze landscape images for various landscape types to specifically understand the effects on healing characteristics.