• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 1999.04a
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• pp.29-52
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• 1999

본 연구는 강원도 고랭지에서 자생되는 산채류를 이용하여 총질소함량을 기준으로 소맥대신 이들 산채류를 일정비율로 대체하여 더덕 및 산채혼합 간장을 제조하여 그 특성을 조사하였으며 또한, 감마선조사 또는 블랜칭처리가 참나물 즙액의 선도유지연장에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 제조된 간장의 총 질소함량은 일반적으로 산채 대체량의 증가에 따라 증가하였다. 숙성 4개월 후의 무기질 함량에 있어 더덕 20% 대체간장은 Ca, K 함량이 각각 1.3배, 1.5배의 증가율을 나타내었으며, 산채 혼합 10% 대체간장도 Ca 함량이 1.5배 증가하였다. 대체량 별로 아미노산 함량 변화를 살펴보면 더덕간장 10% 대체군의 경우 threonine과 aspartic acid가, 산채 혼합 10% 대체군은 tyrosine과 arginine이 높은 증가율을 나타내었다. Rec assay system을 이용한 항돌연변이 시험에서, 더덕간장은 10%와 20% 대체군이, 산채혼합 간장은 7%와 10% 대체군이 다른 시료에 비해 높은 항돌연변이성을 나타내었다. 관능검사 결과, 전체적 기호도에 있어 더덕간장은 7% 대체군, 산채혼합 간장은 5% 대체군이 가장 우수하였다. 미생물의 생육변화는 감마선 조사를 하였을 때 두처리구 모두 0.5 kGy 조사에서도 무처리구에 비하여 현저한 생육감소를 나타내었으며 감마선 처리된 녹즙을 저온에서 저장하였을 때는 미생물의 생육억제효과가 높았으나 상온에서는 감마선 효과가 매우 감소함을 나타내었다. 색도변화는 블랜칭한 녹즙이 블랜칭하지 않은 녹즙보다 색깔이 훨씬 선명하고 맑은 녹색을 띄었으며 시간이 경과함에 따라 감마선 조사구가 시간이 경과함에 따라 무처리구에 비하여 L값, a값 및 b값이 훨씬 적게 변화함을 나타내었다. 비타민 C의 변화는 블랜칭 처리한 녹즙의 비타민 C의 함량변화는 블랜칭 처리를 하지않은 녹즙보다 적었으며 감마선 처리구와 거의 차이가 없었으며 온도가 낮을수록 두 처리구 모두 비타민 C의 손실율이 적게 나타났다. 감마선을 조사하였을 때 블랜칭하지않은 녹즙에서는 무처리구와 비교하여 볼 때 밝기, 풀냄새, 쓴맛, 신선감 및 수용성에서 차이가 없었으며 블랜칭한 녹즙에서는 무처리구가 감마선처리구에 비하여 풀냄새와 쓴맛이 증가하였고 신선감과 수용성이 감소되었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.1009-1016
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of substituting NaCl by sodium citrate, potassium lactate and calcium ascorbate (40%) on the quality characteristics of emulsion-type sausages. The pH of emulsion-type sausage of the substitution NaCl with sodium citrate were higher than those of control and the other(P<0.05). The CIE L* value emulsion-type sausage of the substitution NaCl with sodium citrate were higher than those of control and the other(P<0.05). The CIE a* value emulsion-type sausage of the substitution NaCl with potassium lactate were higher than those of control and the other, but CIE b* value were lower(P<0.05). The hardness and gumminess of emulsion-type sausage of the substitution NaCl with sodium citrate were higher than those of control and the other. The Na content of emulsion-type sausage of substitution NaCl with calcium ascorbate were lower than those of control and the other, but Ca content were higher(P<0.05). The K and Fe content of emulsion-type sausage of the substitution NaCl with potassium lactate were higher than those of control and the other(P<0.05). The saltiness of emulsion-type sausage of the substitution NaCl with sodium citrate were higher than those of control and the other(P<0.05). The flavor of emulsion-type sausage of the substitution NaCl with calcium ascorbate were higher than those of control(P<0.05).

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.543-559
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• 2019

Data often include missing values due to various reasons. If the missing data mechanism is not MCAR, analysis based on fully observed cases may an estimation cause bias and decrease the precision of the estimate since partially observed cases are excluded. Especially when data include many variables, missing values cause more serious problems. Many imputation techniques are suggested to overcome this difficulty. However, imputation methods using parametric models may not fit well with real data which do not satisfy model assumptions. In this study, we review imputation methods using nonlinear models such as kernel, resampling, and spline methods which are robust on model assumptions. In addition, we suggest utilizing imputation classes to improve imputation accuracy or adding random errors to correctly estimate the variance of the estimates in nonlinear imputation models. Performances of imputation methods using nonlinear models are compared under various simulated data settings. Simulation results indicate that the performances of imputation methods are different as data settings change. However, imputation based on the kernel regression or the penalized spline performs better in most situations. Utilizing imputation classes or adding random errors improves the performance of imputation methods using nonlinear models.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.641-648
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• 2020

The objective of this study was to optimize the mixing ratio of mixed bean protein concentrate (MBPC) and to improve the quality of sausage analogues. Soybean (Glycine max MERR), mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.), red bean [Vigna angularis (Wild.)], and pea (Pisum sativum L.) were mixed and processed to produce a MBPC, which was used to make a sausage analogue. The protein, moisture, and carbohydrate content were significantly (p<0.05) different among the samples. A significant (p<0.05) improvement was observed in textural properties (hardness, gumminess, and chewiness), cooking loss, frying loss, and emulsion stability of the sausage analogue. This study suggested the possibility of attaining high-quality sausage analogues and partial sausage analogues using MBPC, which could serve as a potential ingredient in meat analogues.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.647-651
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• 2002

Eleven salt replacements$(SR-1{\sim}SR-11)$ composed of NaCl, KCl, $MgSO_4,\;CaSO_4$, lysine or glutamic acid were prepared and used for the preparation of low salt Kimchi instead of NaCl alone. Some chemical and microbiological characteristics of the low-salt Kimchi with 2.5% salt replacement were determined during the fermentation at $20^{\circ}C$. The pH decrease and acidity increase of low-salt Kimchi were slower than those of control Kimchi with NaCl alone. The total number of microorganism in SR-8 Kimchi added L-lysine was lower than that of control Kimchi until 5 days of fermentation. However, there was no difference in the numer of lactic bacteria between low-salt Kimchi and control Kimchi. The growth of yeasts was found to be slow in low-salt Kimchi with SR-8. The low-salt Kimchi with SR-3 showed the hardest texture among the prepared Kimchi. The overall acceptabilities of low-salt Kimchi prepared with SR-1, SR-3 composed of NaCl, KCl, $MgSO_4,\;CaSO_4$, and SR-10 added 0.2% glutamic acid to the elements were similar to the control Kimchi.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.122-126
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• 2001

The effect of the fermented food wastes (FFW) on growth performance and feeding efficiency war investigated in growing-finishing pigs. Four treatments with different mixing rates [0% FFW (100% commercial diet: control) ; 25% FFW ; 50% FFW ; and 100% FFW] were tried. Twenty heads of cross-bred barrows ($Duroc\;{\times}\;Landrace$, average live weight : 28.5 kg) were divided into 4 treatments with 5 replicates. During entire feeding trial (10 to 27 week), average daily gain increased by 29.4% and 13.9% in 25% FFW and 50% FFW, but decreased by 38.2% in 100% FFW compared to control. Daily feed intake was the highest in 25% FFW and it greatly decreased in 50% and 100% FFW feeding. The amount of feeds required for weight gain was similar with control in 25% FFW or significantly decreased in 50% FFW, while greatly increased in 100% FFW feeding. Cost of feeds per kg weight gain was decreased by 28.6%, 49.4% and 32.6% in 25%, 50% and 100% FFW, respectively. The results showed that replacement up to 50% with fermented food wastes was advantageous with respect to feed efficiency and feed cost, but 100% FFW feeding was disadvantageous because of a very low feed efficiency.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.223-232
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• 2018

The viscous force of fluids and the capillary force acting on the pore network of the porous media are important factors determining the immiscible displacement during geological $CO_2$ sequestration, these were directly affected by geological formation conditions and injection conditions. This study aimed to observe the migration and distribution of injected fluid and pore water, and quantitatively investigate displacement efficiency on various injection temperatures. This study aimed to perform micromodel experiments by applying n-hexane used as a proxy fluid for supercritical $CO_2$. In this study, immiscible displacement process from beginning of n-hexane injection to equilibrium of the distribution of the n-hexane and pore water was observed. The images from experiment were used to observe the displacement pattern and estimate the areal displacment efficiency of the n-hexane. For investigate the affects of the injection temperatures on the migration in macroscopic, migration of n-hexane in single pore was analyzed. The measurement revealed that the displacement efficiency at equilibrium state decreases as the temperature increases. The result from experiments indicate that the temperatures can affect the displacement pattern by changing the viscous forces and the capillary forces. The experimental results could provide important fundamental information on reservoir conditions and fluid injection conditions during geological $CO_2$ sequestration.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 1999

This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of food waste as a feed resources by fermentation and fermented food waste as a substitute of rat feed on the performance with measuring the liveweight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion and digestibility Sixty-two grams Sprague-Dawley line 36 rats were allocated three treatments 12 rats of each(3replication ${\times}$ 4 rats). The substitution level of fermented food waste to commercial broiler feed were control, 0: 100: treatment I, 10: 90: treatment II, 20:80. The chemical composition of fermented food waste was appeared to follows : dry matter, 88.47% : crude ash. 12.95: crude protein, 20.82%; crude fiber, 13.62; ether extract, 9.15%. The body weight of treatment I and II at 1 weeks was significantly lower than those of control(p<.05) and weekly weight gain of control at 0-1 weeks was significantly higher than those of treatment I and II(p<.05). Those were higher in treatment I than those of rest groups at 1-2 weeks(p<.05). Total weight gain of treatment II was significantly lower than those of control and treatment I(p<.05) Total feed consumption of treatment II was significantly higher than those of control (p<.05) and weekly feed consumption of control and treatment II at 3-4 weeks was significantly higher than those of treatment II(p<.05). but those were higher in treatment I and II than those of control at 2-3 weeks(p<.05). Commutative feed conversion of treatment II was significantly higher than those of control(p<.05) and weekly feed conversion of treatment II and III at 0-1 weeks was significantly higher than those of control(p<.05) Dry matter digestibility of control and treatment I was significantly higher than those of treatment II(p<.05) and organic matter digestibility was higher in control than those of treatment II(p<.05).

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.182-188
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• 2008

This paper is to compare the carbon-balanced and liner air-fuel ratio determination methods for alternative fuels. In the previous work, expansion of Eltinge chart, unburned hydrocarbon compensation, comparison of the results from various methods were discussed. It has been also concluded that Eltinge method might be regarded as the most general equation of AFR determination among the existing ones. In the recent years, however, increasing demand for the environmental preservation, including global warming-up protection, and energy conservation lead to introduce the alternative fuel to the internal combustion engine. Therefore, the exact calculations of AFR for these fuels are needed. Especially, for the fuel that contains oxygen, all AFR calculation equations except Eltinge have to be re-formulated. In this paper, the AFR for alternative fuel were calculated by re-formulated carbon balance, accuracy of which was already confirmed, and linear equations, which are newly proposed by statistical method for each fuel. The results show that AFRs based on carbon balance have a little more error compared with gasoline, however, the accuracy is enough for this formula to apply to various fuel. The proposed linear equation also have excellent accuracy below $\lambda=1.2$.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.763-779
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• 2015

This study estimate the adequate replacement rate of retirement income by income brackets and suggests roles of pension and non-pension income sources to achieve it for each income bracket. Priori research focused on elderly poverty; however, there has been little discussion about an adequate income level for retirement. We calculate an adequate income replacement rate separately for the poor, middle, and high income group as well as the average level of replacement rate for all groups. We also investigate the gap between the adequate income replacement rates and realized rates, and propose roles for each income source to curtail the gap. It is essential to recognize that the adequate income for retirement is unable to be met only by an annuity. To emove the gap, it is vital to utilize non-pension income although annuity is a primary source for retirement. Especially, the public and private pension plays a role to overcome poverty and live affluent in retirement, respectively.