• 종축개량
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.36-40
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• 1993

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 1979

The study was carried out to determine the frequency distribution of trees by diameter classes according to the method of Bruce and Reineke's alignment with the data of pitch pine (Pinus rigida Miller) and Italian poplar (Populus euramericana Guinier) which are prepared for the purpose of yield table construction. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. All through the tree species studied, when their diameters were larger, their distribution range became wider, while the percentage of their distribution frequency became lesser. 2. As for frequency percentage of trees in an average D.B.H. of stands, it became smaller when average D.B.H. of the stand is larger: the percentage of pitch pine stand is 36.2 and that of Italian poplaris 29.0. 3. In case of smaller D.B.H. under the average, the larger their D.B.H. became, the lesser the cumulative frequency percentages became.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.185-189
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• 2006

Optimum tapping size and number for sap collection were investigated to minimize damage on tree growth and secure resources for sap by sap collection of Acer mono. The amounts of sap collected by tapping size of 12 mm, 10 mm and 8 mm was 189 L, 140 L and 193 L, respectively. Fusion rates by tapping size were 100% for 8 mm, 89% for 10 mm and 85% for 12 mm, respectively. Amount of sap by size and number of tapping were much at three, two and three tappings to small, middle and large diameter tree in case of 8 mm tapping, and it was large in quantity at two tappings of 12 mm tapping to large diameter tree, respectively. Trees tapped from one to three tappings of 8 mm size for small diameter tree with treatment of DB ointment (mixture of thiophane ointment and 2% bamboo charcoal powder) were completely filled up within 6 months. Diameter growth by number of tapping of 8 mm size was 0.60 mm for one tapping, 1.12 mm for two tappings and 0.47 mm for three tappings to small, middle and large diameter tree, respectively. In case of 12 mm tapping size, diameter growth was fast in the order of large (0.55 mm), middle (0.30 mm) and small (0.23 mm) diameter tree, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.253-262
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• 2014

This study was conducted to find methods of qualitative landscape assessment for vegetational landscapes using ecological analysis. The study site was Seoraksan National Park in Korea. For this study, differing unique landscape resources were categorized and identified according to ecosystems. After identifying the study areas, the relationship between trail visitor preference and the amount of visible overexposure caused by people to the resources was examined. Landscape resources chosen for ecological analysis at Seoraksan National Park were subalpine vegetation community, high mountain rocks, ombrogenous deciduous broadleaf forest in the valley area, edaphic climax community, big tree community, flowering tree dominant community, autumnal tree dominant community and needle-leaf forest in the subalpine area. As a result of the study, it was found that the landscape resources with the highest correlation to visitor trail preference were big tree community area, flowering tree dominant community area, and needle-leaf forest in the subalpine area. As a result of overlapping the analysis of the amount of visible overexposure to the landscape resources and the analysis of preferential use of trails by visitors, guidance for the appropriate season for each trail can be provided. Since a positive correlation exists between certain sections of the natural landscapes and visitor preference, ecological impact on landscape resource ecosystems did not appear to cover wide areas of the trails, but was limited to certain areas preferred by visitors.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.4
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• pp.600-609
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• 2019

This study was conducted to highlight the necessity for a stand density control management plan in consideration of the shape ratio of Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi in Korea. A total of 2,112 Pinus densiflora samples and 2,030 Larix kaempferi samples were cut, and their diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and clear length were measured for regional shape ratio (height/DBH) comparison and analysis.The shape ratio of Pinus densiflora was 72.3% in the Gangwon district, 64.0% in the central district, and 70.8% on average, indicating a higher percentage of Pinus densiflora in Gangwon than in the central area. Regionally, Yeongju had the highest percentage at 78.4%, with Yeongwol indicating 77.5%. Measured by diameter, results showed a presence of 90.4% for small diameter trees (6-16 cm), 71.7% for medium diameter trees (18-28 cm), and 56.1% for large diameter trees (30 cm). As density increased, the shape ratio of height to tree trunk diameter also increased; below 70% indicated a more stable trunk, while a result above 80% indicated trunks prone to wind hazards and snowstorms, and, therefore, the need for density control in partial areas. The overall shape ratio of Larix kaempferi was 90.6%. Pyeongchang indicated a 108.5% ratio, Yeongju 105.4%, and Danyang 100.5%, respectively.According to diameter class, small diameter trees showed 104.9% occurrence, medium diameter trees 92.7%, and large diameter trees 73.4%. The shape ratio of Larix kaempferi was higher than 80% overall, indicating vulnerability to wind hazards and snowstorms. Therefore, appropriate stand density management is required.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.379-393
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• 2002

Thirty-six plots (each size 100m2) have been set up and surveyed to investigate the plant community structure and the ecological density of Pinus densiflora for. eracta(Chunyang-type) community in Seobyeok-ri, Chungyang-myeon, bonghwa-gun, Kyeongsangbuk-do. Four communities, Community I (large DBH class), Community II (large DBH class), Community III (middle DBH class), Community IV(small DBH class), were classified into by mean DBH and mean height. Pinus densiflora for. eracta dominate in canopy layer, Fraxinus sieboldiana and Quercus mongolica dominate in understory layer, Rhododendron Schlippenbachii and R. mucronulatum dominate in shrub layer. It turned out that thefour communiteis had low species diversity(0.4320~0.9487; unit: 400$m^2$) and high similarity. By the result of ecological density analysis. the mean basal area was proportionated to mean DBH (cm) size. By the result of simple regression analysis between mean DBH(cm), mean distance(m), and the number of individual were as follow: Ecological distance(m) = 0.0934$\times$ DBH(cm) +0.6117, Number of individual=242.47$\times$ DBH(cm)$^{-1.009}$, Ecological distance=9.643$\times$No. of individua $l^{-0.7016}$. In addition to four communities were suitable to the growth of Tricholoma matsutake because average species were about 30~50 years old, litter layer was 0.5~2.5cm and the ratio of coverage shrub was 20% .

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.270-282
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• 1997

This investgation was performed to provide basic data for the management program of the Soraksan national park. Sixty plots were set up and surveyed in the Sinhungsa-Wasondae Area. The vegetation was divided into two communities, Pinus densiflora community and Quercus serrata community, according to the analysis of DCA ordination. It was found out that the succession of the Pinus densiflora comunity would proceed to Quercus serrata community of which components was dominant in understory layer and shrub layer. And it was found out that in the Quercus serrata community the Pinus densiflora being mainly big size in DBH would becomr dominant comtinuously. Shannon's diversity of both community were 1.2554 and 1.1134 respectively. The numbers of woody species per 100m$^{2}$ ranged 7 to 26, and the average number of woody species was 13.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of trails on breeding bird community by territory mapping method from April to August 1999 in Chirisan National Park. Twenty-five bird species were observed and 18 bird species bred in 4 study sites. Thirteen species bred in Imgullyung site 14 species in Imgullyung trail site 14 species in the Nogodan site and 15 species in the Nogodan trail site. There were bred 62.0 pairs of birds in the Imgullyung site 55.0 pairs in the Imgullyung trail site 36.5 pairs in the Nogodan site and 36.5 pairs in the Nogodan trail site in the breeding season 1999. There were no differences in breeding bird communities among 4 sites. The nesting and foraging guild structures were similar among 4 sites. It seems that trails do not influences on the breeding bird community becasuse the canopy layer was similair and connected and understory vegetation was developed around the trails. It would be needed the maintenance and management of canopy layer and understory vegetation for the protection and management of bird communities around the trails.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 1978

This study was carried out to determine the proper transplanting time of Platanus occidentalis L. (plane tree, sycamore) with 5 to 6 cm and 25 to 30 cm in diameter of breast height at the forest nursery of Chonnam National University in 1977. For that purpose, the experiment of the time of transplantation, and the moisture content and soluble sugar were analysed. The results are as follows: 1. Both its rooting and growth were slightly different in the period of January to early April (before bud-break), but remarkably declined after its bud-break (mid-April to May). 2. And also, its moisture content and soluble sugar were slightly different (January to early April), but, on the other hand, considerably increased in the content of moisture and sharply decreased in soluble sugar after bud-break (mid-April to May). 3. In comparision with healthy trees, rooting and growth of trees infected with Cankers were unusually retarded and its moisture content and soluble sugar were much less. 4. The proper time to plant sycamore was recognized to be the period of November to March, since the higher amounts of soluble sugar and the lesser amounts of moisture in that period. 5. The sudden exposure to the sun of the boles of diseased and wounded trees could be in death in case of sun-scald on the side of south-west. 6. Pruning wounds should be treated with an antiseptic, as soon as they are made, to prevent entrance of decay or disease while the wound is healing. 7. The wound and sun-scald can be presented by covering the trunk with straw ropes before transplantations.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.132-144
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• 2011

We studied the forest environment and characteristics of bird community between April and September of 2010 on the Hyangjeokbong area(A), Baekryunsa area(B) and Anseong area(C), all in the Deogyusan National Park. Hyangjeokbong area of the high latitude ridge was characterized by the Taxus cuspidata and Abies koreana etc., and deciduous broadleaf forest species, such as the Quercus mongolica, with abundance of subalpine zone coniferous trees, the Hemerocallis fulva and the Rhododendron schlippenbachii, while the areas Baekryunsa and Anseong were primarily characterized by deciduous broadleaf forests, with the valleys showing Fraxinus mandshurica colonies. In terms of the DBH(diameter at breast height) of trees, between 11 and 20cm showed the highest frequencies, while over 30cm was the highest in Baekryunsa area and the lowest in Hyangjeokbong area. Furthermore, in terms of coverage in relation to layers, in Hyangjeokbong area, the coverage volume of the lower layer was very high, in Baekryunsa area, the coverage volume of the middle layer between 8 and 12m was the highest, and in Anseong area, the coverage volume of the upper layer over 18m was the highest. A total of 53 bird species were observed during the study period at the Deogyusan National Park. The numbers of species and density of areas were 25 species and 45.20 Ind./km for Hyangjeokbong area, 50 species and 58.63 Ind./km for Baekryunsa area and 35 species and 66.89 Ind./km for Anseong area, with Baekryunsa area showing the highest number of species and Anseong area showing the highest level of density. In terms of dominant species, in Hyangjeokbong area, Cettia diphone, along with species which inhabit in grassland and shrubs, were the dominant species, and species which live in the canopy layer, including the Aegithalos caudatus, were found to be dominant in Baekryunsa and Anseong areas. For guild structure, bush nesting guild and bush foraging guild species were the highest in all areas, and the hole nesting guild and the air foraging guild species showed the lowest proportion. This seems to be the result of the low number of trees with diameter at breast height of over 30cm, which results in the lack of nesting grounds for hole nesting guild species.