• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.519-532
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• 2017

Studies on ancient ironmaking technologies are primarily based on archaeological surveys and scientific analysis data, and technological systems are examined by comparing the results of restorative experiments. In this study, to examine the ancient iron production technologies such as smelting and smithing in the Jungwon area, a restoration experiment was conducted based on archaeological data, and the iron and slag, etc. produced in the experiment were analyzed. Further, the changes in physicochemical properties due to the smelting of the raw material, specifically, iron ore were determined, and the smithing process, which involves fabrication of ironwares, was analyzed along with the characteristics of each step. In the case of smelting, increasing recovery rates and production of high-quality primary iron material were important for the following processes. For the iron bars produced through the smithing process, it was found that quality improvements made by reducing physical defects such as inclusions or gas holes were more important than the composition of the iron itself. The study also yielded comparative study data for various byproducts, such as smithing slag, which could be utilized in other ironmaking technology studies.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.440-452
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• 2019

This research has analyzed SI, the traditional steel, and SIHS(SI + HS), SICS(SI + CS), and SINiS(SI + NiS), the materials that were produced through welding and reprocessing three modern steel- HS, CS, and NiS- that have different carbon content. The purpose of the analyzation was to improve the definition of the multi-layered pattern that appears in the forging process. In observing modified structures on the commissures of three modern steel that have different carbon component to the SI, SINiS produced the most significant multi-layered pattern as well as the excellent welding quality. The excellent welding quality was due to the content of nickel which helped the forge welding process with other materials. There was no significant difference in crystal grain per materials, and SICS showed the highest hardness. At the measurement of EPMA for commissures of the materials, SINiS showed the highest definition of the multi-layered pattern due to the nickel and carbon content. The results above showed that the carbon steel with nickel content is the best material for the most definite multi-layered pattern, expressed from the multi-layered structure which is a characteristic of traditional forge welding technology. It is expected that the result of this research can be utilized as the technical data in further researches regarding the relics excavated from ancient welding process and their multi-layered structure and patterns.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.599-603
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• 2012

The microstructure of a hammer scale excavated from the Bogam-ri was examined in an effort to understand the iron technologies applied in the manufacturing of an iron forging process technology. The microstructures of oxide layer in the hammer scale were found to have crucial information about the ancient iron forging process treatment. The microstructure observed in the hammer scale can be distinguished by the forging process. First, the microstructure of the oxide layer in the hammer scale created by the forging process is Wstite (FeO) in the form of leaves. Latterly, the microstructure of the $W{\ddot{u}}stite$(FeO) in the hammer scale is observed to be in the form of a flat shape formed by a repeating forging process.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.411-427
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• 2015

The purpose of the present study is to examine the objects excavated from the archaeological site of the Nogye Village in terms of their relationships with the iron production facilities such as 1ho smithing hearth and 2ho smelting furnace. 32 samples including slags, iron ores, and wall were analyzed to identify the mineralogical and chemical characterization. In addition, in the case of the 1ho smithing hearth slag, differing points of the cross-section were analyzed to examine its formation in depth. The analysis results suggest that the slags from the each site adjacent to the 1ho smithing hearth and 2ho furnace are related to smithing and smelting process respectively. Furthermore, it is possible to draw some conclusions that the aspects of the increased contents of nonferrous elements such as CaO in the slags in comparison with those of the iron ores are due to various factors such as charcoal ash and analytical reasons rather than an addition of CaO as flux.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.138-153
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• 2015

A Jincheon Seokjangri B23 furnace was reconstructed and iron smelting experiment was performed to investigate an ancient Baekjae iron production process. The work mainly described in this paper is the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ experiments among the several experiments carried out at Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. Iron ore(magnetite) and oak charcoal were used as a source and a foot bellow was used for air supply. Common results of the experiments are masses of iron, slag and charcoal formed in the furnace. Most iron lumps were formed nearby the tuyere rather than the area of tapping hole. Metallographic and chemical analysis shows that the iron lumps can be used for either forge or cast depending on their carbon content. Low Fe content and glassy texture of the inner slags suggest that the operation environment was quite reducing. Based on the results of the iron smelting experiments, measurements and analysis, various information was obtained regarding physical-chemical and metallurgical processes of the ancient iron smelting process. It is firmly believed that its undisclosed contents can be revealed more in depth with continual reconstitution experiments.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.144-179
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• 2010

Investigation into iron manufacture relics has been active since 1970s, especially accelerated in 1990s across the country. Consideration of the importance of production site relics has lately attracted attention to iron manufacture relics. Methodological studies of the investigation into iron manufacture relics, however, were less made compared with those of the investigation into tomb, dwelling, or swampy place relics. It is because the process of iron manufacture is too complicated to understand and also requires professional knowledge of metal engineering. With the recognition of these problems this research is to form an opinion about how to excavate, to rearrange and classify, and to examine iron manufacture relics, based upon the understanding of the nature of iron, iron production process, and metal engineering features of related relics like slag, iron lumps and so on. This research classifies iron manufacture relics into seven types according to the production process; mining, smelting, refining, tempering, melting, steelmaking, and the others. Then it arranges methods to survey in each stage of field study, trial digging, and excavation. It also explains how to classify and examine excavated relics, what field of natural science to be used to know the features of relics, and what efforts have been made to reconstruct a furnace and what their problems were, making the best use of examples, drawings, and photos. It comes to the conclusion, in spite of the lack of in-depth discussion on application and development of various investigation methods, that iron manufacture relics can be classified according to the production process, that natural sciences should be applied to get comprehensive understanding of relics as well as archeological knowledge, and that efforts to reconstruct a furnace should be continued from the aspect of experimental archeology.