• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.79-90
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• 2020

The inconsistency in different sensory information causes virtual reality (VR) sickness. This research verifies whether the consistent sensory information reduces VR sickness within treadmill-based virtual reality. Furthermore, we examined the inconsistency between the visually perceived walking speed by optical flow in VR and the physically perceived walking speed in treadmill walking on VR sickness. In Experiment 1, participants reported VR sickness levels while experiencing an increase in the virtual reality. We compared the VR sickness level reported on the standing still condition with that on the treadmill-walking condition. Based on our results, less VR sickness and more sense of presence and immersion were reported on the treadmill-walking condition than on the standing still condition. In Experiment 2 and Experiment 3, the effect of inconsistency between perceived visual speed and perceived walking speed on VR sickness was examined. Interestingly, participants reported less sickness when the perceived visual speed was faster than the perceived walking speed, compared to when the sense of speed was consistent. These results imply that allowing participants to walk on a treadmill while experiencing virtual reality reduces VR sickness. Hence, the perceived visual-walking speed consistency is not necessarily required to reduce VR sickness.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.151-164
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• 2018

The appropriate interpretation of social cues is a crucial ability for everyday life. While processing socially relevant information, beyond the low-level physical features of the stimuli to emotional information is known to influence human cognition in various stages, from early perception to later high-level cognition, such as working memory (WM). However, it remains unclear how the influence of each type of emotional information on cognitive processes changes in response to what has occurred in the processing stage. Past studies have largely adopted face stimuli to address this type of research question, but we used a unique class of socially relevant motion stimuli, called biological motion (BM), which depicts various human actions and emotions with moving dots to exhibit the effects of anger, happiness, and neutral emotion on task performance in perceptual and working memory. In this study, participants determined whether two BM stimuli, sequentially presented with a delay between them (WM task) or one immediately after the other (perceptual task), were identical. The perceptual task showed that discrimination accuracies for emotional stimuli (i.e., angry and happy) were lower than those for neutral stimuli, implying that emotional information has a negative impact on early perceptual processes. Alternatively, the results of the WM task showed that the accuracy drop as the interstimulus interval increased was actually lower in emotional BM conditions than in the neutral condition, which suggests that emotional information benefited maintenance. Moreover, anger and happiness had distinct impacts on the performance of perception and WM. Our findings have significance as we provide evidence for the interaction of type of emotion and information-processing stage.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.205-210
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• 2018

Salvianolic acid B, which is a compound in the Salvia miltiorrhiza, has diverse biological activities, In particular, the antioxidative effects were reported to be involved in the protection of hepatocytes, neurons, and various cell types. On the other hand, some phenolic compounds, such as ferulic acid, which is regarded as an antioxidant, plays a pro-oxidative role in the specific transitional metal environment, which could explain the anticancer effect. This study examined the pro-oxidative effects of salvianolic acid B in the presence of $Cu^{2+}$. Treatment with both salvianolic acid B and $Cu^{2+}$ induced the transition of supercoiled DNA to the open circular or linear form but not in the sole salvianolic acid B or $Cu^{2+}$ treatments. Salvianolic acid B reduced the $Cu^{2+}$ to $Cu^+$ using neocuproine, a $Cu^+$ specific chelator. In addition, catalase, an enzyme that breaks down the $H_2O_2$ to water and molecular oxygen, inhibited the DNA breakage. $H_2O_2$, a reactive oxygen species, has detrimental effects on biological molecules, particularly DNA. Overall, the reduction of $Cu^{2+}$ by salvianolic acid B could lead to the production of $H_2O_2$ followed by DNA breakage. These results suggest that the pro-oxidative effects could be the one of the anti-cancer mechanisms of salvianolic acid B, which remains to be explained.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was performed to report the effect of oriental medical treatment in the lower back pain(LBP) with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS). Methods : A 32-years-old man who diagnosed as ALS was admitted with LBP. We treated him by burning acupuncture, herbal medicine, acupuncture, electroacupuncture, moxibustion, cupping therapy and physical therapy from 11th May 2010 to 10th June 2010. Results : After treatment, there was improvement in LBP. Pain Intensity estimated by visual analog scale(VAS) as percentile Pain Intensity Difference(PID), Korean Owestry Disbility Index(KODI) was also improved. Korean version of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Functional rating scale-revised(K-ALSFRS-R) shows that the patient's physical ability has been improved. Conclusions : Our study suggests that oriental medical treatment are significantly effective in the LBP due to ALS. And further studies will be aid to identify underlying mechanism of treatment.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.267-274
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate differences in learning flow and teaching presence according to the lecturer's appearance and the lecturer's speech rate. For this experiment, 183 freshman students from Xingtai University in China were selected as subjects of the experiment, and a total of four types of lecture videos were developed to test the lecturer's appearance and their speech rates. Data was analyzed through multivariate analysis of variance. According to the results of the analysis, first, learning flow and teaching presence of groups who experienced the presence of the lecturer appeared were significantly higher than the groups who learned without the appearance of the lecturer. Second, the groups who learned from videos with a fast speech rate showed higher learning flow and teaching presence than the group who learned at a slow speech rate. Third, there were no significant differences in both learning flow and teaching presence according to the lecturer's appearance and speech rate. This result provides a theoretical and practical basis for developing customized videos according to learners' characteristics.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.15-32
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• 2022

This study seeks to clarify the mechanisms of anthropomorphism and positive user experience. This study adopts the "computers are social actors" (CASA) paradigm to verify the causal relationship between social response and anthropomorphism and correctly explicate this paradigm. The intimacy-forming and anthropomorphizing effects of deep self-disclosure in interpersonal relationships were replicated in relationships between humans and conversational agents to induce both social response and anthropomorphism. Then, the mediating effect of intimacy on the anthropomorphizing effect of deep self-disclosure was explored with psychological models that revealed the causal relationships between social connections, including intimacy and anthropomorphism. Furthermore, we explored how intimacy and anthropomorphism trigger positive user experiences. The results demonstrated that the deeper the self-disclosure depth was, the more intimate and humanly the agent was perceived and the more positive the user experience was. In addition, the effect of self-disclosure depth on anthropomorphism and positive user experience was completely mediated by intimacy. This means that when using a computer with interpersonal characteristics, people anthropomorphize it and have a positive experience because people react socially to objects with social cues. This study bridges the gap between the CASA paradigm and anthropomorphism research, suggesting the possibility of psychological explanations for the principle of human-computer interactions. In addition, it explicates the mechanism of anthropomorphism and positive user experience, emphasizing the importance of social response-that is, intimacy.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.277-285
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to quantitatively and empirically investigate whether cartoon-realism, which is referred to as a guideline for avoiding the uncanny valley phenomenon, is actually effective. An experiment was carried out to investigate whether or not methods that try to realistically express the texture of human skin while making 3D models whose outward appearance abstract like a cartoon actually reduce the negative sentiments associated with the uncanny valley phenomenon. The results found that when human skin textures were applied to cartoon-type 3D models, the degree of eeriness significantly increased (p<0.05), while there was no change in the degree of human likeness. When cartoon-style skin textures were applied to human-type 3D models, there was no significant difference in the degree of eeriness, but the degree of human likeness significantly decreased (p<0.05). These results show that, cartoon realism is not actually effective, and rather creates a perceptual conflict and induces the uncanny valley phenomenon. The results of this study are expected to be used as quantitative and empirical data for developing design guidelines that will overcome the uncanny valley phenomenon in the future.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.163-176
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• 2012

Effective porosity has been measured for cement specimen as a function of vacuum time and pressure in the vacuum saturation process. Six cement specimen are used; three of them are made of the same ratio of cement and sand, the other three are 100% cement mortar, of which average porosity is about 25% and 40%, respectively. Using the 6 samples, measured effective porosities are compared and examined with 5 different vacuum pressures (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 torr) and times (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 minute), respectively. Comparing measured effective porosity from experiments when vacuum time varies from 100 minute to 20 minute with 20 minute step and vacuum pressure is fixed to 10, 6, and 2 torr, average deviation decreases as 0.6, 0.5, and 0.2% respectively. Comparing measured effective porosity from experiments when vacuum pressure varies from 2 torr to 10 torr with 2 torr step and vacuum time is fixed to 100, 60, and 20 minute, average deviation increases as vacuum time decreases. These results can be a background of suggested method of ISRM that describes the vacuum time longer than 60 minute and vacuum pressure higher than 6 torr. In this study, only qualitative discussion can be possible for the effects on the effective porosity by decreasing 20 minute vacuuming time at the same pressure or by decreasing 2 torr of vacuum pressure at the same vacuum time. This is because the sample could not reached to perfectly dried condition even though the sample were dried at $105^{\circ}C$ and following the ISRM suggested method, so that initial water content could not be the same at each experiment.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.188-195
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• 2000

Using Ginseng saponins (crude saponin and total saponin) and ginsenoside Rbl Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rhl, and Rh2 in this study, we have examined the effects of the compounds on the induction of differentiation in normal rat mammary epithelial cells and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumor cells in culture. When normal rat mammary organoids were cultured in 100-mm culture plates in the presence or absence of ginseng saponins, there were four different cell colonies after two weeks in culture: cobble stone, spindle, honey comb, and senescence type colonies. Ginseng saponins showed different effects on the development of each colonies. Scrape-loading dye transfer tech-nique was performed to measure the effects of total saponin, Rhl, and Rh2 on intercellular junctional communication. Intercellular communication was not observed at short cultilral time, e.g., four or seven days, but when it cultured it up to two weeks, cell to cell communication was observed in saponin-treated cells. Reconstituted basement membrane, Matrigel, supported the growth and development several different multicellular structures from normal mammary organoids (e.g., ductal, webbed, stellate, and squamous colonies) or DMBA-induced mammary tumor (e.g., alveolar unit, foamy alveolar unit, squamous metaplasia, lobule-ductal, stellate, and webbed colony). In ginseng saponin-treated groups, webbed colonies were more and squamous colonies were less than control group. Moreover, the ductal colonies, marker tructure of well-differentiate mammary epithelial cells, were developed more in saponin-treated group than in control group. In conclusion, ginseng saponins affected on the differentiation of normal rat mammary epithelial cells and DMBA-induced mammary tumor cells in culture.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.401-410
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• 2022

This study deals with the relationship among trust, attachment and brand loyalty of agricultural products' rice co-brands, which are the staple food of the people. The research method established the hypothesis of the study under the foundation of prior research and developed the survey. The subjects of the study were distributed, retrieved, and analyzed the survey of 163 rice farmers in Buyeo-gun, Chungcheongnam-do. The empirical analysis results show that: First, hypothesis 1 of the brand awareness and image that "rice brand assets will be a positive relationship to trust" were statistically adopted. In particular, statistical t values showed a difference in consumer confidence over recognition>images. Second, hypothesis 2 of the trust of agricultural rice brands will be a positive influence on attachment and loyalty' statistically supported. In this regard, brand trust was higher in loyalty than attachment. Third, the attachment of agricultural products to rice brands will be a positive influence on loyalty,' was statistically supported. The strategic implications of this study are as follows. First, consumers should be given clues of trust(ex, GAP of Natioanl Approval Licesing, Fam Tour) as they distrust the perceived quality of the rice in the market. Second, the effect of the origin of rice is questionable, so the spread of the production power system should prevent the mixing of rice varieties, that is the spread of the production history systems.