• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.343-349
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• 2002

background: In an attempt to investigate the role of oxidants in the activation of phospholipase $A_2$(PLA$_2$) and endogenous oxidative stress in the lung. acute inflammatory lung injury was induced by the instillation of hydrogen peroxide into the trachea of Sprague-Dawley rats. Material and Method: To prove the hypothesis thats released oxidants from neutrophils activate the PLA$_2$ retrogradely, activities of PLA$_2$ and lysoplatelet activating factor acetyltransferase(lysoPAF AT) were assayed i hours after instillation of hydrogen peroxide. In addition, to confirm the impairing effects of the activation of PLA$_2$ associated with endogenous oxidative stress, lung weight/body weight ratio(L$\times$10$^{-3}$ B), protein contents(mg/two lungs) in bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) were measured. As neutrophilic respiratory burst has been known to play a pivotal role in the genesis of endogenous oxidative stress associated with acute inflammatory lung injury, BAL neutrophils counts and level of lung myelperoxidase(MPO) were measured after hydorgen peroxide insult. Morphological and histochemical studies were also performed to identify the effect of the endogenous oxidative stress. Result: Five hours after hydrogen peroxide instillation, lungs showed marked infiltration of neutrophils and increased weight. Protein contents in BAL increased significantly compared to those of normal rats. PLA$_2$ activity was enhanced in the hydrogen peroxide instilled group. Interestingly, the accelerated production of platelet activating factor(PAF) was confirmed by the increased activity of lysoPAF AT in the $H_2O$$_2$ employed lung. Morphologically, light microscopic findings of lungs after instillation of hydrogen peroxide showed atelectasis and infiltration of inflammatory cells, which was thought to be caused by lipid mediators produced by PLA$_2$ activation. In cerium chloride cytochemical electron microscopy, dense deposits of cerrous perhydroxide were identified. In contrast, no deposit of cerrous perhydroxide was found in the normal lung.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 2007

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze the epidemiology, causative organism, clinical manifestation and prognosis of bacterial meningitis for children after the introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine in Daejeon and Chungcheong area. Methods : We analyzed retrospectively 53 medical records who had been diagnosed with bacterial meningitis at 10 general or university hospitals in Daejeon and Chungcheong area. All patients aged 1 month-14 years admitted between January 2001 through December 2005. Results : During the 5-year study period, 40 of all cases were positive for bacterial growth. Of the 40 cases that were CSF culture-proven bacterial meningitis, Streptococcus peumoniae was the most common bacteria for 17 (32.1%) of all cases, followed by H. influenzae for 10 (18.9%), Neisseria meningitidis for 3 (5.7%). In this study, the most common clinical manifestation is fever, accompanied by all cases. CSF leukocyte count was more than $100/mm^3$ in 45 (84.1%) cases. CSF glucose concentration was less than 50 mg/dL in 42 (79.2%) cases and protein concentration was more than 45 mg/dL in 49 (92.5%) cases. 45 of all cases made a recovery after treatment and were discharged. Most common complication after treatment is subdural effusion (19.0%) and hearing disturbance (9.4%). Conclusion : The most common organism of culture-proven bacterial meningitis in the children beyond neonatal period was S. pneumoniae. Continued surveillance studies were demanded to know the altered incidence of bacterial meningitis, because we expect the incidence of S. pneumoniae meninigitis will be on the decrease after more active innoculation of pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.280-288
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• 1990

Quality stability of dried lavers during roasting and storage was investigated by measuring the changes of pigment contents including chlorophyll a, carotenoids and biliproteins, the content of trypsin indigestible substrates(TIS), in vitro apparent protein digestibility, and dietary fiber. In heat treatment or roasting of dried laver, carotenoids and chlorophyll a were found to be more stable than biliproteins. Chlorophyll a and carotenoids were retained more than $85\%$ during roasting for 1 hour at $120^{\circ}C$ while biliproteins were retained only $10\%$ at the same temperature. The in vitro digestility of dried layers tended to increase with raising the roasting temperature. The in vitro digestibility of $85\%$ for the roasted laver at $100^{\circ}C$ was higher than that observed in the control of $80\%$. There was a correlation between the decrease in TIS and biliproteins as the laver was roasted. The soulble dietary fiber(SDF) content was substantially increased by heat treatment. The extent of protein digestiblility appeared to be related to the increase of SDF content. In the storage of roasted lavers under both water activities 0.1 and 0.65, the loss of the pigments and TlS were markedly retarded at Aw 0.1. Chlorophyll a was retained about $20\%$ at aw 0.65 and $75\%$ at aw 0.1 after 20 week sto-rage. At worst, more than $90\%$ of the carotenoids were lost at aw 0.65 after 20 week, while biliproteins were comparatively stable at the same water activity. TIS decreased about $15\%$ and in vitro apparent protein digestibility increased up to $92\%$ at aw 0.65 during storage.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.355-365
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• 2011

This study investigated how dietary fat affects muscle atrophy and lipid metabolism in various muscles during hindlimb immobilization in rats. Twenty-four male Sprague?Dawley rats had their left hindlimb immobilized and were divided into four groups by dietary fat content and composition. The contralateral hindlimb (control) was compared with the immobilized limb in all dietary groups. Rats (n = 6/group) were fed a 4% corn oil diet (CO), 2.6% corn oil + 1.4% fish oil diet (FO), 30% corn oil diet (HCO), or a 30% beef tallow diet (HBT)after their hind limbs were immobilized for 10 days. Data were collected for the gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus muscles. Muscle atrophy was induced significantly after 10 days of hindlimb immobilization, resulting in significantly decreased muscle mass and total muscle protein content. The protein levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ${\delta}$ (PPAR${\delta}$) in the plantaris, gastrocnemius, and soleus increased following hindlimb immobilization irrespective of dietary fat intake. Interestingly, the PPAR${\delta}$ mRNA level in the plantaris decreased significantly in all groups and that in the FO group was lower than that in the other groups. The soleus PPAR${\delta}$ mRNA level decreased significantly following hindlimb immobilization in the FO group only. Muscle carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (mCPT1) mRNA level was not affected by hindlimb immobilization. However, the mCPT1 mRNA level in the FO group was significantly lower in the plantaris but higher in the soleus than that in the other groups. The pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) mRNA level in the plantaris decreased significantly, whereas that in the soleus increased significantly following hindlimb immobilization. The plantaris, but not soleus, PDK4 mRNA level was significantly higher in the FO group than that in the CO group. The increased PPAR${\delta}$ protein level following hindlimb immobilization may have suppressed triglyceride accumulation in muscles and different types of dietary fat may have differentially affected muscle atrophy according to muscle type. Our results suggest that ${\omega}$-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may suppress muscle atrophy and lipid accumulation by positively affecting the expression level and activity of PPAR${\delta}$ and PPAR${\delta}$-related enzymes, which are supposed to play an important role in muscle lipid metabolism.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1019-1027
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• 2021

There are a lot of efforts to develop new compounds having skin whitening effect from natural products. Sparassis crispa is a medicinal mushroom containing more than 40% β-glucan, which exhibits anticancer and immunostimulating effects. The aim of this study was to assess the availability of β-glucan extracted from cauliflower mushroom S. crispa as a skin whitener through the evaluation of inhibitory effects of melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity and their mechanisms. B16F1 cells were treated with S. crispa β-glucan (10, 100, and 1,000 ㎍/ml, respectively) and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), simultaneously. Content of melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity were determined. The expressions levels of tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1), TRP-2 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) were also measured by western blotting. Treatment with 10, 100 and 1,000 ㎍/ml S. crispa β-glucan and 200 nM α-MSH significantly decreased melanin synthesis by 13.9%, 18.7% and 39.5%, respectively, and tyrosinase activity by 15.6%, 26.9% and 43.2%, respectively, compared to the α-MSH alone group. In addition, S. crispa β-glucan inhibited expressions of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 and MITF induced by α-MSH. These results indicated that S. crispa β-glucan inhibited MITF expression, thereby reducing tyrosinase expression and inhibiting melanin production in B16F1 melanoma cells. Therefore, S. crispa β-glucan might be available as a skin whitener.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.20-22
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• 2004

Bacterial infection of canine atopic dermatitis is largely caused by Staphylococcus intermedius and may be a superficial or deep pyoderma. The Purpose of this study was to identify the major proteins of S. intermedius cell surface components in humoral immune response of atopic dermatitis dog. Sera samples were obtained from dogs with atopic dermatitis and superficial pyoderma referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Konkuk University. An isolate of S. intermedius from a clinical case of canine atopic dermatitis was cultured in brain heart infusion broth overnight at $37^{\circ}C$ in aerobic conditions on an orbital shaker. Following culture, Staphylococci were harvested by centrifugation, washed in PBS, and resuspended in PBS containing lysostaphin. The soluble components were separated by centrifugation and were collected. The soluble extract of S. intermedius was separated by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The proteins were electrophoretically transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane. Western blotting for the specificity of serum IgG antistaphylococcal antibody was performed with anti-dog-IgG and sera obtained from an atopic dermatitis case and a normal dog. The molecular masses of four major proteins of S. intermedius recognized by serum obtained from an atopic dermatitis case were 18, 31, 75, and 110 kDa as determined by Western blot analysis. The present study indicates that most dogs of S. intermedius infection with atopic dermatitis could have a significant humoral immune response to bacterial proteins of the causative organism.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.117-126
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• 2016

This study was performed to provide information for improving the quality characteristics of tangerine peel Soksungjang. Tangerine peel Soksungjangs were prepared with 10% tangerine peel powder by addition of different koji such as Rhizopus oligosporus (RS, RTS) and Aspergillus oryzae (AS, ATS). As a result, the moisture content was not changed and crude protein content decreased during fermentation in all samples. The pH of RS (Soksungjang manufactured with Rhizopus oligosporus koji) and RTS (Soksungjang manufactured with Rhizopus oligosporus koji and 10% tangerine peel powder) was not changed, whereas pH of AS (Soksungjang manufactured with Aspergillus oryzae) and ATS (Soksungjang manufactured with Aspergillus oryzae koji and 10% tangerine peel powder) decreased rapidly after 10 days of fermentation. The acidity values of all the samples increased during fermentation. The major free sugars were glucose, fructose, and maltose; while, the major organic acids were citric acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid in all the samples. The amino nitrogen content and protease activity were highest in the AS and ATS. Conversely, the reducing sugar content and ${\alpha}$-amylase activity were highest in the RS and RTS. The major free amino acids in all samples were glutamic acid, lysine, leucine, and arginine. Sixty kinds of volatile flavor compounds were identified from all samples; the majority of which were 21 alcohols, 14 hydrocarbons, 5 esters, and others identifies as acids, ketones, and aldehydes.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.264-269
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• 2007

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized pathologically by the presence of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and deposition of ${\beta}-amyloid $ (A ${\beta}$) peptides, which are generated by processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP). It is urgent to develop effective therapies for the treatment of AD, since our society rapidly accelerate aging. A${\beta}$ peptides have been believed to be neurotoxic and now are also considered to have effects on the mechanism of memory formation. In this study, effects of radicicol on the metabolism of APP were analyzed. Radicicol inhibited the secretion of A${\beta}$ from the Neuro2a cell line (APPswe cell) expressing APPswe. Beta-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE) fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay revealed that it inhibited BACE activity in a dose dependently manner. Immunoblotting study showed that it inhibited intracellular heat shock protein (HSP)90 and it increased the secretion of HSP90 from the APPswe cells. We suggest that radicicol inhibits APP metabolism and Ap generation by the means of HSP90 inhibitory mechanism and partially BACE inhibitory mechanism. This is the first report that radicicol inhibits the secretion of A${\beta}$ peptides from neuroblastoma cells.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.39-42
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• 1974

Despite a considerable amount of investigation there continues to be disagreement concerning the proteins present in human seminal plasma. Recently their identification has assumed a greater importance following evidence that infertility in men and women may have an immunological cause (Katsh, 1959; Quinlivan, 1969). Seminal plasma is composed of fluids secreted by the prostate, seminal vesicles, ampullae, ducti deferentes, bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands, urethral(Littre's) glands and the epididymes. Prostatic juice, one of the major components of seminal plasma, has an important role in secretion of acid phosphatase and prostaglandin. A few studies have been reported of human prostatic juice, since, in human subjects, there were some problems in studying prostatic juice due to quite small amount of secretion and possibility of contamination with fluids from the seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts. The purpose of the present study was to determine the basic components of proteins in human prostatic juice. Prostatic juice was obtained from normal healthy man of $20{\sim}30\;year-old$ by massage of the prostate, and protein components were separated by means of disc electrophoresis. The results are summarized as follows; 1) Total numbers of protein fractions of normal human serum and prostatic juice are $14{\sim}18$ bands and $9{\sim}12$ bands, respectively. Prostatic juice produces two deeply staining bands which appear similar to those formed by $beta-_1$ globulin and albumin. 2) $Alpha-_1$ globulin area in the fractions of prostatic juice shows 4 bands and one more band is found than that of serum. On the other hand, the fractions of immunoglobulin and $alpha-_2$ globulin areas are eight in serum and it has three bands more than that of prostatic juice. 3) $Alpha-_1$ globulin area in the prostatic juice is more deeply stained than that of serum. In contrast with $alpha-_1$ globulin area, immunoglobulin and $alpha-_2$ globulin areas in the prostatic juice show weaker staining than serum.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.66-66
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• 2003

Protein tyrosine kinases는 표적단백질의 tyrosine 잔기를 인산화하는 효소로서 다양한 종류의 성장인자, peptide 호르몬, cytokine 수용체 하위의 세포 내 신호전달에 관여한다. Non-receptor tyrosine kinase의 일종인 c-Src는 세포막에서 발생한 ligand-receptor 상호작용 하위의 신호전달에서 중요한 역할을 하며 C-terminal Src kinase (Csk)는 Src kinase의 C-terminal tyrosine 잔기를 인산화시켜 Src kinase의 활성을 저해한다. 이러한 Src-Csk loop를 통한 세포 내 신호전달과정은 세포의 증식과 분화, 사멸 조절에 중요한 기능을 갖지만 정소의 발생과 분화 과정에서 Src-Csk loop의 발현 및 정자형성 과정에서의 기능은 밝혀지지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 생쥐 정소에서 출생 후 성적 성숙과정에서 Csk의 발현과 Src kinase 활성의 변동을 조사하였다. Csk mRNA 발현은 생 후 2주령 이하의 미성숙 정소에서 다량으로 발현되었고 사춘기 정소 이후에는 오히려 감소하였다. Csk 단백질의 발현 양상은 mRNA 발현양상과 일치하였다. c-Src kinase 활성은 생 후 2주에 급격히 증가하고 이 후 4주령에서 감소하다가 성체 (8주령)에서 다시 증가하여 가장 높았다. 성체 조직의 Csk 단백질 현존량이 미성숙 개체보다 적은 반면 Src kinase 활성은 가장 높아 Csk 발현의 감소는 Src kinase 활성을 증가하는 것으로 사료된다. 면역조직화학방법으로 정소 조직 내 Csk의 발현양상을 조사한 결과 Leydig cell, Sertoli cell, germ cell 등 도처에서 발현되었으며 Sertoli cell 에서의 발현은 세정관 상피의 구성에 따른 차이가 확인되었다. 성체의 세정관 내에서는 감수분열 이후의 정세포(spermatid)를 감싸고 있는 Sertoli cell의 강소측에서 강한 Csk 활성이 검출되어 생식세포의 분화과정 동안 세정관 상피의 조직재구성에 관여하는 것으로 사료된다. Leydig cell에서의 발현은 생후 1주령까지는 미미하였으나 이후 2주령 이후에는 다량으로 발현함이 확인되어 adult type Leydig cell에서 진행되는 steroidogenesis와의 관련성을 추측할 수 있다. 미성숙 정소로부터 분리한 Sertoli cell-enriched culture에 200 nM testosterone을 처리하였을 때 Csk mRNA의 발현의 증가를 확인할 수 있었으므로 androgen에 의한 Sertoli cell의 분화과정에 Csk가 관여하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 결론적으로 성적 성숙에 따른 생쥐 정소 내 Src-Csk loop의 발현과 Src kinase 활성의 변동은 정소 내 간충조직, 세정관 상피의 증식 및 기능적 분화 과정을 매개하는 생리적 활성분자 수용체 하위의 신호전달 과정에 Src-Csk loop에 의한 조절가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.